Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

Topic 3D- Life Structure, Function and

Control (Cell Cycle)

H. Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle:

what are the
implications to you

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The Cell Cycle

consists of
Interphase (cell growth and copying of
chromosomes in preparation for cell division)
Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

The Cell Cycle

Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be
divided into subphases:
G1 phase (first gap)
S phase (synthesis)
G2 phase (second gap)

the cell grows during all three phases, but

chromosomes are duplicated only during the S
phase
A cell grows (G1), continues to grow as it copies/duplicates its
chromosomes (S), grows more as it completes preparations for cell division
(G2), and divides (M).

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The Cell Cycle

Mitosis is conventionally divided into five
phases:
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Cell division- reproduction of cells

Mitosis- the division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis- division of the
cytoplasm

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Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

The mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle alternates

with the much longer interphase.
The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
Interphase accounts
for 90% of the cell
cycle.

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G2 of Interphase

-Chromosomes, duplicated during S phase,

cannot be seen individually because they
have not yet condensed.

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Prophase
Each duplicated chromosome
appears as two identical sister
chromatids joined together at their
centromeres
The mitotic spindle begins to
form
The centrosomes move away
from each other.

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Prometaphase
The nuclear envelope
fragments.
The chromosomes have become
even more condensed.
Each of the two chromatids of
each chromosome now has a
kinetochore, a specialized protein
structure located at the
centromere.

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Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

Metaphase

Anaphase

Metaphase is the longest

stage of mitosis, often lasting
about 20 minutes.

Anaphase is the shortest stage of

mitosis, often lasting only a few minutes,
Two sister chromatids of each pair to
part suddenly. Each chromatid thus
becomes a full-fledged chromosome.

The centrosomes are now at

opposite poles of the cell.

The two liberated daughter

chromosomes begin moving toward
opposite ends.

The chromosomes and

chromosomes' centromeres
convene on the metaphase
plate.

By the end of anaphase, the two ends of

the cell have equivalent-and completecollections of chromosomes.

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Telophase
Two daughter nuclei form in the cell.
Nuclear envelopes arise
Nucleoli reappear.
The chromosomes become less condensed.
Mitosis, the division of one nucleus into two
genetically identical nuclei, is now complete,
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm is usually well
under way by late telophase.
In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the
formation of a cleavage furrow, which pinches
the cell in two.

A eukaryotic cell has

multiple chromosomes.
Before duplication, each
chromosome has a single
DNA molecule

Once replicated, a
chromosome consists of
two sister chromatids
connected along their
entire lengths by sister
chromatid cohesion. Each
chromatid contains a copy
of the DNA molecule

Mechanical processes
separate the sister
chromatids into two
chromosomes and
distribute them to two
daughter cells.

Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

Cytokinesis, division of
the cytoplasm, typically
follows mitosis.
In animals, the first sign
of cytokinesis (cleavage)
is the appearance of a
cleavage furrow in the
cell surface near the old
metaphase plate.

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During telophase in
plants, vesicles from
the Golgi coalesce
at the metaphase
plate, forming a cell
plate.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

The frequency of cell division varies with cell

type.
Investigation of the molecular mechanisms
regulating these differences provide important
insights into how normal cells operate, but also
how cancer cells escape controls.

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Meiosis
preceded by the replication of chromosomes
reduces the number of chromosome sets
takes place in two sets of cell divisions, called
meiosis I and meiosis II

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Genetics - the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

Offsprings acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes, or homologs two chromosomes
composing a pair have the same length, centromere, position, and
staining pattern
.
Diploid cell - any cell with two chromosome sets with a diploid
number of chromosomes, abbreviated 2n
Haploid cell- contain a single chromosome set, abbreviated n
Meiosis- type of cell division that reduces the number of sets of
chromosomes from two to one in the gametes
- reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to
haploid

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

Fertilization
restores the
diploid
condition

Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer

questions about nature

Methods in the Study of Biology

The word science is derived from a Latin verb

meaning to know. Science is a way of knowing.
Scientists
use inductive reasoning to draw general
conclusions from many observations and
deductive reasoning to come up with ways to test a
hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of
observations.The logic flows from general premises
to the specific results we should expect if the
premises are true.
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The Scientific Method

The Nature of Science

Inductive Reasoning
Discovering general principles
through examination of specific
cases.

The Scientific Method

The Nature of Science

Deductive Reasoning
Examining individual cases by
applying accepted general
principles.
Mathematics
Philosophy
Politics

Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer

questions about nature
How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A
scientific theory is
much broader in scope than a hypothesis,
usually general enough to generate many new,
specific hypotheses, which can then be tested, and
supported by a large and usually growing body of
evidence.

1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share

their results
We solve everyday problems by using
hypotheses.
A common example would be the reasoning we use
to answer the question, Why doesnt a flashlight
work?
Using deductive reasoning we realize that the
problem is either (1) the bulb or (2) the batteries.
Further, a hypothesis must be
testable and
falsifiable.

In this example, two hypotheses are tested.

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9A_s1

Figure 1.9A_s2

Observation

Observation

Question

Question

Hypothesis 1:
Dead batteries

Hypothesis 1:
Dead batteries

Hypothesis 2:
Burned-out bulb

Hypothesis 2:
Burned-out bulb

Prediction:

Prediction:

Replacing batteries
will fix problem.

Replacing bulb
will fix problem.

Experiment:

Experiment:

Test prediction by
replacing batteries.

Test prediction by
replacing bulb.

Figure 1.9A_s3

Observation

The Scientific Method

Question

Scientific Process
Hypothesis 1:
Dead batteries

Hypothesis 2:
Burned-out bulb

Prediction:

Prediction:

Replacing batteries
will fix problem.

Replacing bulb
will fix problem.

Experiment:

Experiment:

Test prediction by
replacing batteries.

Test prediction by
replacing bulb.

Test falsifies
hypothesis. Revise
hypothesis or
pose new one.

Observation - Careful observation of a process

or phenomenon
Hypothesis - Guess concerning the
observation
May generate multiple hypotheses.

Test does not

falsify hypothesis.
Make additional
predictions and
test them.

Prediction - Expected consequences of a

correct hypothesis
Experiment - Test of a hypothesis

Biology 1 Topic 3D- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Cycle)

The Scientific Method

Scientific Process
Experiment - Test of a hypothesis
Controlled Experiment - All factors influencing the
experiment (controls) must be kept constant.

Conclusion - Draw a conclusion from the

results
Reject or fail to reject hypothesis

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

Limitations of Science

Theory and Certainty

Theory - set of hypotheses that have been
thoroughly tested over time, and generally
accepted by the scientific community
acceptance is always provisional
to the general public a theory is synonymous with a
guess due to lack of knowledge

1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share

their results

Scientific study is limited to area that can be

observed and measured.
Cannot be used to address all questions.
Bound by practical limits
Temporal and spatial considerations

1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and

society are connected in important ways

Science is a social activity with most scientists

working in teams.

Many issues facing society are related to biology.

Most involve our expanding technology.

Scientists share information in many ways.

The basic goals of science and technology differ.

Science seeks natural causes for natural

phenomena.

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The goal of science is to understand natural

phenomena.
The goal of technology is to apply scientific
knowledge for some specific purpose.

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