Magnetic Circuits

Outline
Amperes Law Revisited
Review of Last Time: Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Circuits
Examples

Electric Fields

 dA
=
o E
S

Magnetic Fields

 dA
=0
B

dV
V

= Qenclosed
GAUSS

GAUSS

FARADAY

d


E dl =
dt
C

AMPERE


 dA

B


S

d
emf = v =
dt
2

 dl
H
C 

d


 dA

=
J dA +
E
dt S
S

Amperes Law Revisited

In the case of the magnetic field we can see that our old Amperes law can
not be the whole story. Here is an example in which current does not gives
rise to the magnetic field:
 = 0??
B


B

Side
View

I

B


B

Consider the case of charging up a capacitor C which is connected to very long wires.
The charging current is I. From the symmetry it is easy to see that an application of
Amperes law will produce B fields which go in circles around the wire and whose
magnitude is B(r) = oI/(2r). But there is no charge flow in the gap across the capacitor
plates and according to Amperes law the B field in the plane parallel to the capacitor
plates and going through the capacitor gap should be zero!
This seems unphysical.
3

Amperes Law Revisited (cont.)

If instead we drew the Amperian surface as sketched below,
we would have concluded that B in non-zero !

B


B

Side
View

I
I


B
Maxwell resolved this problem by adding a term to the Amperes Law.
In equivalence to Faradays Law,
the changing electric field can generate the magnetic field:

 dl =
H
C

d


J dA +
dt
S
4

 dA

E
S

COMPLETE
AMPERES LAW

Faradays Law and Motional emf

What is the emf over the resistor ?

vt

dmag
emf =
dt


B

In a short time t the bar moves a

distance x = v*t, and the flux
increases by mag = B (L v*t)

mag
= BLv
emf =
t

There is an increase in flux through the circuit

as the bar of length L moves to the right
(orthogonal to magnetic field H) at velocity, v.

from Chabay and Sherwood, Ch 22

5

from Chabay and Sherwood, Ch 22

Faradays Law for a Coil

The induced emf in a coil of N turns is equal to
N times the rate of change of the magnetic flux on one loop of the coil.

Moving a magnet towards a coil produces a

time-varying magnetic field inside the coil

Rotating a bar of magnet (or the coil)

produces a time-varying magnetic field
inside the coil

Will the current run

CLOCKWISE or ANTICLOCKWISE ?
6

Complex Magnetic Systems

DC Brushless

Reluctance Motor

Stepper Motor

 dl = Ienclosed
H
C

 dA
=0
B

Induction Motor




f = q v B

We need better (more powerful) tools

Magnetic Circuits: Reduce Maxwell to (scalar) circuit problem
Energy Method:

Look at change in stored energy to calculate force

Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Field Intensity

[Wb] (Webers)
B [Wb/m2] = T (Teslas)
H [Amp-turn/m]

due to macroscopic
currents

due to macroscopic
& microscopic

 = o r H
 = o H
 +M
 = o H
 + m H

B
Faradays Law

emf =

emf =

 N C dl
E

d mag
dt

and

8

mag =

 n

B
dA

Example: Magnetic Write Head

Ring Inductive
Write Head

Shield
GMR
Read
Head

Recording Medium
Horizontal
Magnetized Bits
Bit density is limited by how well the field can be localized in write head
9

Review: Ferromagnetic Materials

B

r
B

C
H

s
B

B,J

C
H

Initial
Magnetization
Curve

H>0

r
B
hysteresis

s
B

Slope =
i
Behavior of an initially unmagnetized
C
Hr : coercive magnetic field strength material.
Domain configuration during several stages
B S : remanence flux density
of magnetization.
B : saturation flux density

10

Thin Film Write Head

Recording Current
Magnetic Head Coil

Magnetic Head Core

Recording Magnetic
Field

How do we apply Amperes Law to this geometry (low symmetry) ?

 dl =
H
C

S
11


J dA

Electrical Circuit Analogy

Charge is conserved

i
+

Flux is conserved

 dA
=0
B
S

i
i

EQUIVALENT
CIRCUITS

Electrical

Magnetic

i
V

12

Electrical Circuit Analogy

Electromotive force (charge push)=

v=

Magneto-motive force (flux push)=

 dl
E

 dl = Ienclosed
H
C

i
+

EQUIVALENT
CIRCUITS

Electrical

Magnetic

13

Electrical Circuit Analogy

Material properties and geometry determine flow push relationship

OHMs LAW

 = o r H

B

 DC
J = E


B

Recovering macroscopic variables:

I=

V


E dA = A
l
l
l
V =I
= I = IR
A
A
=
J dA

14


H

N i = 

Reluctance of Magnetic Bar

Magnetic OHMs LAW

N i = 

l
=
A

15

Flux Density in a Toroidal Core

Core centerline

N i
B=
2R

2R
N turn
coil

N i = 2RB = lB
l
lB
=
mmf = N i =

A
(of an N-turn coil)

mmf = 

16

Electrical Circuit Analogy

Electrical

Magnetic

Voltage v
Current i
Resistance R
Conductivity 1/
Current Density J
Electric Field E

Magnetomotive Force  = N i
Magnetic Flux
Reluctance 
Permeability
Magnetic Flux Density B
Magnetic Field Intensity H
17

Toroid with Air Gap

Magnetic
flux

Electric
current

A = cross-section area

Why is the flux confined mainly to the core ?

Can the reluctance ever be infinite (magnetic insulator) ?
Why does the flux not leak out further in the gap ?
18

Fields from a Toroid

 dl =
H
C

Magnetic
flux


J dA

Electric
current

= Ienclosed

A = cross-section area

Ni
H=
2R

 +M

 = o H
B


Ni
B=
2R
A
= BA = N i
2R

19

Scaling Magnetic Flux

Magnetic
flux

N i = 
&

l
=
A

2R
=
A

Electric
current

A = cross-section area

A
= BA = N i
2R
Same answer as Amperes Law (slide 9)
20

Magnetic Circuit for Write Head

Core Thickness = 3cm
2cm

l
=
A

8cm 2cm
0.5cm

core
i

gap

N=500
+

A = cross-section area

21

Parallel Magnetic Circuits

10cm

1cm

Gap a

10cm

0.5cm

Gap b

A = cross-section area

22

A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances in Series and Parallel

Shell Type Transformer

Magnetic Circuit
1

+
v1

N1 turns



l2

l1

+
v2
-

N2 turns



a
+

3

N1 i1
N2 i2

Depth A
l=l1+l2

l1
1 =
A
23

b
2

+ c
-

l2
2 =
A

Faraday Law and Magnetic Circuits

i1
+
sinusoidal
-

+
v1
-

i2

N1

N2

Primary

Load

Secondary
Laminated Iron Core

Flux linkage

+
v2
-

= N

Step 1: Estimate voltage v1 due to time-varying flux

Step 2: Estimate voltage v2 due to time-varying flux
24

A = cross-section area

d
v=
dt
v2
=
v1

Complex Magnetic Systems

DC Brushless

Reluctance Motor

Stepper Motor

Induction Motor

Powerful tools
Magnetic Circuits: Reduce Maxwell to (scalar) circuit problem

Makes it easy to calculate B, H,

Energy Method:

Look at change in stored energy to calculate force

25

Stored Energy in Inductors

In the absence of mechanical displacement


WS =


Pelec dt =


ivdt =

d
i
=
dt


i () d

For a linear inductor:

i () =
L

Stored energy


WS =
26

 
2
d =
L
2L

Relating Stored Energy to Force

Lets use chain rule

WS (, r)
WS d WS dr
=
+
dt
dt
r dt
This looks familiar

dr
dWS
= i v fr
dt
dt
di
dr
= iL fr
dt
dt
Comparing similar terms suggests

WS
fr =
r
27

Energy Balance

iv
electrical

heat

dWS
dt

dWS (, r)
WS d WS dr
=
+
dt
dt
r dt
For magnetostatic system, d=0 no electrical power flow

dWS
dr
= fr
dt
dt
28

dr
fr
dt

mechanical

neglect heat

Linear Machines: Solenoid Actuator

Coil attached to cone

If we can find the stored energy, we can immediately compute the force
lets take all the things we know to put this together

1 2
WS (, r) =
2 L

WS
|
fr =
r
29

KEY TAKEAWAYS

 dl =
H

COMPLETE AMPERES LAW

d


J dA +
dt
S

Electrical

Magnetic

Voltage v
Current i
Resistance R
Conductivity 1/
Current Density J
Electric Field E

Magnetomotive Force  = N i
Magnetic Flux
Reluctance 
Permeability
Magnetic Flux Density B
Magnetic Field Intensity H
30

 dA

E
S

RELUCTANCE

l
=
A

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

6.007 Electromagnetic Energy: From Motors to Lasers

Spring 2011

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