ran Veda College af L MEMORY/AID IN poUTICAL LAW) aS ee —___esvofyivp ns pouien. wt Es alates POLITICAL LAW. brancl of public iaw which deals with the orga govern.nental organs of the State anc defines | felations of the State with the Inhabitants of territory. (People v. Perfecto, 42 Phil 887, +922) CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ~ designates the taw embodied in the Constitution and tho togal Drinciples growing out of the interpretation and application of its provisions by the covris in specific casos, CONSTITUTION ~ the document which serves 8 “he fundamental law of the atate; thet wrilton instrument enacted ay the direct action of ii Perple by which the fundamontal powers cf th government are establishiad, limited and defined, and vy which thuso powors are distributed amon} the several dapariments for their safe tind useful exercise, for the benefit, of the borly politic (Malcolm, Phil, Ccnstitutenial Lav) Classification of Constitutions: 4. written v unweitten + 2 enacted — (conventional), (cumulative) ' 3. Migid v. flexible evolved + The Philippine Constitution ig writen, enacted tnd rigid (Art, XVII). * The 1887 Constitution took offoct on February 2, *967, he dale of its ratitication in the plebiscite held on that same dste and not ‘on the date its ratification was proctaimed (D0 Loon v, Eeguorra,: No,'L+76059, August 31, 1987 ). 7 Interpratation of the Conatitution 1. Verba legis, Le, whenever posible, tha words used in the Constitilion must be giver ‘E:CUTIVE COMMITTEE: nn Sareey amy XA eake a HUB R thelr ordinary meshing except where {echnical tezms are employed, 2. Where there is ambiguiy, ratio legis et anima. ‘fhe words of the Constitution should ba Interpreted In accordance vith the Intent of the framers. 3. Ut_magis valeat quam pereat, ie, the Constitution has {6 be interpeled as @ whole (Francisco v, HR, GR. No, 160261, Novembor 70, 2003), aL doubt. tho provisions should bo considered solfexccuting; manctatory rather than directory: and prospective rather than feteoactive (Nuchura, Roviowr in Potton! Law, 2008 od, 1.3), STATE + a community of persons; more of les Cumerous, permananiiy occupying a definite portion of ‘teritory, ‘Independent of external Conti, and possessing @ govarciment to ahich a Great body of the inhabitants render hablival Obedience; a pattcally arganiznd soveroign community indepandent of ouside control bound by ties afipall Tree CANIN ABUGAN overall chaly an ele aeactenics operations, NANDLO ADEL SANDS chub hetel operations, GRACE FATAL Trina hat or operations, RUAN CARIOS NUCSTRO vice choi for academies, MAE ANGELT ETANG vlenetlr for seennoe Esra PHINABELLEE1HPOS Me eho or once, EIREENE ONA ACOSTA len chal far ep, AL JELLO CONCERCION x cheirlocloeate Poumcat uv: BFRMADCTTE BATHAN aubjet eal, MARY CHRISTINE OADU ox FULIME Aublet chal, CYPHUNE MANEEL DALOG ada, ROX 1 tonal lw 3, JO¥CE SALLA consul ew 2, ROSE JENNIFER OF 10° elacion ina, MARLYN BACANY somotnnce Recaro ko ‘on public ofa, ERIE JOSIIIA VILENA In en publ corporation, DIQANIME MARAE WINAGA pubtatcocrer Ta semacns: ‘Scotia Cuan, Norsts Ann Dabato, Ante Moi i. Varese vie, Ane Rota ar, Ryan Mhrende, Love Mae Palmares ‘um Hanessce Res atin er Lnvense Pur ne Sari, Mare Maa St, A Shino St.M, Sr Nine Tordoneg ‘non Hae Tecson, Revie Taras tin HEEB feat eT2,}2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS ‘ines: t + & Legal = the powor to Issue cuunmanris; SENSES NS Roitual.+ the: sun total of all the + jnfluonces which tle betting the Izv. b, Intoral + te supreme. power over ‘everything within tts teritory: External: fregdom from external control Permanent; Exclusive; iM Indivisiola; | | Inaienabla; and | Imprascriptibie. Doctrine .of | Autoriimitation- | doctine ‘whorgin tho Philippines adhera 10 prnelples of |iniprnatlcnal law a> a + lrstation,. to/|) the exercise of | its sovare'gnty. Kiyneans that any stale msy, by lis consent express or Implied, suuent {0 2 restriction of tls sovereign rights. A state then, if f.chooses to, inay retrain from the exargise of what otherwise is ‘imitable competence, There may ‘hus ‘be ¥ curtallmant of what otherwise is power plenary, In character, (Roaaun ¥. Commissionur of intemal Revenue, G.R. No. L-26379, December 27, 196°) tho Stal ‘eupucty of the stale to govern” us} 12 own oF woquica inbvaced In the | property. (Lee Hon Hoori¢ent F| Hok v, Duvid, No. t- : sovervlgnty; Inolydas | 30280, Onc. nbor passing www | 27, 1972). govariing w saritory, frainteinlng peace wund order ovar i and defending It against foreign inveyion tte of Boliguant Oscuphton ~ no change in sovareignly, However, pollcal laws, except those’ of reason, ae, suspond funiefpal “lays remain. "in force nie ‘changed by tha balligarent occupant. Principle of Jug Postliminium ~ At he end of tne pccupaiion, when the occupant is ousted {rgd tho teritoty, the politial awe which had ‘been suspended during the’ occupation shall , automatically become effective again (Porotia 8), Bracor of Prisons, Ne 48, Novemoer 2, 1945). Effect of Change ‘of Soversignty-— potitizal laws of the former sovervign, wheltic: compallblé or not with thase ofthe naw sovereign, . ard auomatcally "ebrogat 1, ‘unioss thay ara expressly re-enacted by the affrmelive act'sof” the ew | soverehyn. Municipals laws remaln in -icutlve powers Is vosted Ins Prime MI isler who Is. chosen by, ‘and Accounta’ ie to, Parllement & Unitary v, Fedoral Governmiont Functions: iy 2 Consiitliant.. -ceompvloory because Constitutive ofthe socity; 6. Ministrant undertaken to edvance the General Interest of the Bociely (Bacan! v- NAGCOGO, No. L+9687, Noverbor 25, 1956); merely optional", , MEMORY AIDIN POLITICAL LAW) 3 Doctrine of Parans Putrina =the government fs guardian of tha ‘rights of people. my Initiate tego! sctions for and in behall ey Particular’ Individual (Gewornmont oF ‘Paitppind Istonds. Et Mono do Plodad, ee 1.9960, Dacembar 13, 1915), INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE: 1, Police power 2, Power ofeminent domain + 3. Power to tai Similarities: 1 Inherent in the State, exorcised even without need of exnress constitutional grant, 2, Necossary ans irdispenaa'ilo, State cannot be effective without them: 3. Mothods ‘sy which Siote interteres with private propery, . Presuppose equivaicnt compensation: 5. Exercised primarily by the Legisiature ml Regulates” ‘bath f Altec Bory Peal ‘Atiects any Properly ighis ‘Crerclane by tho Govornmant Pubic necosti ie blood theory “ary | say ant the right of the State snd of {he public to soir ; 6 Sci-protection Proper noxious the {pubic tor the use ot PriAlo property power: of galning and Sperty,4 12009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS, Sin Beda College of Law Basle: pubtio necessity and the'right of the State 4nd of the: publla to/,solt-protection and selt- Prerervation, ‘f ‘Charactoitptice: tt Is the most pervasive, tio {east imitabia, ana the, most demanding of thu ‘threa powers.’ The justifcation Is found in the Latin maxlms::selus popit! sl suprema 1x and ‘0’ utora tuo ut alionum non iaodes. (Nachura, "2006 od: 9.43; Caielang v. Willams, No, 47800, Docunber 2, 1940) + Solus Popul ~ the wil of the people Ie the supreme law + Sle Utero -- use your property 89 as not 10 Injuce the property nights of others " Who may oxereise: Generally, the leglstatiro, but also, upon valid dolegauon, any of tie following: 4, Presidant; 2. Acministrativo bodies; wad 3, Lawemaking bodias of LGUs, + The power of eminent domain muy be used as ‘an iinplement of po'lce power (Association of ‘Smal Landownors iin the Philipvines v. Souroary of Agrariin . Roform, G.R. No, 78742, July 14, 1989), + The taxny: power may be ured 96 an Implement of pollca power (Lutz v, Avancta GAR. No;'t-7859, Oogombar 22, 1958). Requistes: EH 1, Lawl Subjoct = tia’ interesis of thy public in gene:a', as distingulshod from thore of @ pacular lass, rogutre the exercge of the power, 2, Lawful otoans'~ wie moana employes are reasonably. “necessary forthe accompishmont ‘ofthe. purpose, and nt Unduly oppressive on insu; riod bya ealogate ranean 2 fifi taroral inf ~ for LGUs. oxcop tion exert pee water sup ae a. tet nt bo cone Ye POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN’ = power of the Slate to forcibly take private propany tor pursic use upon paymert of ust compensation, Basie: néegssly of he property for pti use Who may uxerclve: Genurally, the legislature, but also upon valid’ delegallon, any of the following: J 1. President; 7 a 3 t Law-making bodies of LGUs; Public corporations; 4, Quasl-public corporatine: ana 5, Administrative Roquisitos: ’ Necessity ~ the necessity must be of public character if Wren exercised by: Congress ~ poliica! question; Delegate - jusiciable question. Srivate property — all private property capable of ownership ‘may Re expropriated, except money and chosesin actin: may include sarvices (Republic v. PLOT, No. l= 18641, January 27, 1989), + Privale property devoted for public use iiesBemetery) is also a proper subject of ‘oxptRpriation (City of Manila v. Chin3se Community af Manila, G.R. No. L+143¢6, Cciober 31, 1649) Taking ‘Thare ls (aking when: owner 8 actually deprived or o'spossessud of his property, . "here Js practical destruction or material impaifment ofthe value of the property: ©, owner Is deprived of the ordinary use of als property; ane owner Is daprived of Jurisdiction, suupeivislon arid control of his property. Ruquisites of taking! 4, expropriator mut entar a pri any mua nade for @ moma Froperty; ry poriod be under @ warrant or color ofa ae _ = 2a Meda College of Kay bul a'so those whieh redound to their indirnet Senet; that only a few would actualy bereft from the expropriation of the pronetty doos not necessarily diminish tha essence ani Sharnicter of pudtic use (Munose ¥. Cont of Appoois, G.R. No. 106440, Janvary 25, 1996). : * Once expropriated, change of piiblic use '3 of lo moment, it's well within the rights of the condamnor ws owner to alter and docide its use so long as It stil for public, uuse (Ropuolic v. CA, G.R. Ne. 146567, July 2, 2002), 5. Just. compensation ~ the full acd jai equivalent of the property: taken: the lair ‘market value of the property (NPC v. hong, GR. No, 12436, Augu's: 20, 2003) * Fair market vulua Is'the price that may be greed upon by parties wito are willing but ae not compellad to erter Into 9 coiitracL Of sale. Fteckoning polnt is dutermined as of the date of the fling of the corp aint for eminent domain or the sclual ‘aking. Whichever somes first, but where ‘ne filing of the complaint occurs AFTER the actual faking of the property and the owner would be given undue incre-nantal ‘advantages arising from the use to which the government devotes dhe property expropriated, just enmpensation ie Consequential danieges — * “consist of “injuries directly caused on the residue of the Private property taken by reason m i > Entitlement to interes: — when thera Is delay tn the payment of Just componsation, the ownor is entitod (0 payment of Interest if claimed: ‘otherwise, inteest is deemed” waived, ° (Uituin. Ropubille. No, L-22064, Saruory 31, 1968) a eet MEMGRY AID IN POLITICAL LAW] 5 + Just comeftsaten maans not only the correct amdenl to be paid to the ower of the land but also payment” wiinin a feseonabi no fom ts (Esl nbon it No, "746062, Juno 26, 6. Due prpeoss’ df law ~ the property owner must be alven in opportunity to be heard in {he determination of the fair market valve of ‘tha property.’ POWER OF TAXATION ~ power by which the Siote raltes rovenio to dotray the necessary oxpenses of the Govemnmont, Scopni ent prdons, arpa or occupation to be taxed within the tng Jurisdiction, ‘Sas's: power emanating trom necessity (ilablcod theory) Who may exorcive: Generally, the legislature, bul ols0. upon valid delegation, any of the {ollowing: ; 1. Lawemaking bodes of LGUs (Sec.5, Art. Xi and Q 2. The Prosident, under See, 26 (2), Art. VI of the Constitution or as an incident of emergency powers that Congress may grant to him under Sec, 23(2), Art. VI. Limtations:on the Féwar of Takdtion: ntrent limitations: i Public purpos ‘ 2. Non-delegability ef power; |! if 3, Torrtoraly or alt of taxation; 4, Exemption of government from taxation; £ Interatona! comity,i i i: i 6 12009 CENTRALIZLD BAR OPERATION ELZOQORCENTRALZED BAROPERATIONS 11, Tax exemption of revenues and assets of, lnuding grants, endawments, donaticns, of . sontrbutlons ta, educational Institulor & Double Taxation ~ adaltlonal taxes nf tine same ‘ ‘charuator aro laid: bc; taxing juriscetion; during the same taxing period; and {or the same purpose, Dosplte the lack of specific constitutions rohibition, double taxation wil not be ‘allowed if ine same will result In a volalion of the’ equal protection clause (Wachurn, Reviewer in Political Law, 2006 04, 1) 62) The power of taxation may be used ar an Implement of iolice power, particuary in discorraging businesses or unde. taking Sought 1 bo rpsiited by the gavernnant (Lute v. Arunite, No, L-7859,-Decomiver 24,1955), \ cor 1 It can also bo used as an implement for the exercise of the power of eminent domain (GIR ¥: Contral Luzon, G.R, No, 159647, Apri 18; 2005). ‘Tax Exomptions Requisite: No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of Congress (Sec. Amount 1s limited to teoat of: (2) issuing the y und” (v) | necessary Inspect'on’| ‘or police surveillance colacied 13. unlimited’ provided not Imposed property ‘on persons or | Paid for privilege of dolng something nut privilege is -evecable TERRITORY OF THE PHILIPPINES of the “Philippines | (Art, 1, 1987 Constitution), IMPORTANT GONCEPTS FOUND IN 19 San Beda College of Law TTDI the lan The national Yerrtory comprises Phillppine archipelago, with il the ‘and waters embraced thersin, and all other leritaries ‘over which’ the Philippines has sovereignty oF Jurisdiction, consisting of terrestrial, fuvial, and’ aerial domains ‘ncluaing ha terrtorlal sea, the seabed, the subsoll, the insular sheives, and other marine areas The waters around, A, and connecting tie Islands of the aretipelaco, regardiess of thelt breadth and dimensions, form part of the Intarnal wators INVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA Archipolago,.a group of Islands, Inciuding parts of Islands, Inlerconnecting waters ang other natural features which are closely Interrolated that puch, islands, wate.s and ‘ores natural features form an intrinsic ‘gecgraphical, economic und poitical.entiy, oF which “historically have been regarcet as such . Archipelagi¢ State - means a State constituted ‘wholly by one or more ‘archipelagos and may include ‘ther islands. Tertitorlal $be - consists of a marginal belt cof mariima wa:ers adjacent tothe bau lines extending twelve ‘nautical miles. outward ulalde the leritorial see are the high seas.than Bede Coltege of Haww a ARCHIPE!.AGIC DOCTRINE Integration ofa group of islands to tho sxa ant {heir oneress so that together thay ean constlivte fone unit, “one country, and one state An iningivary single basoline is drawn around tne Islands by joining appropriate points ct. the Oulermost istands of the, archipelago wih stiaight lines and ail istands and waters encinsi-d win te besoine form patt of the terrory. The mat Durpesa is to protect the terrtodal in-cresis of an archipelago (see last sentence, Article 1, 1987 Constitution) DEMOGRATIC AND REPUBLICAN STATE Tre Philppines 18 q demovralle and republican stole. Sovereignty resides in thy peuple and all government authority emanates fram them Sec. y Democratic Stato - rule of tha majority, Republican State- a stale whersin all governmant authority emar.ater from "ix. paola and is exeicised by representatives. chosen Uy the people i FOREIGN POLIGY °°? The Philppines renounces war a8 an instrument of national policy, aoonts *he. generailv acenptod principles of international lew 98 part of the low of the land and adheres to Jhe policy of peace, ccualiy, justice, freedom, cooperation, and emily wih all nations (See: 2). DOCTRINE Of INCORPORATION — By virtue of this doctrine, the Courts have upplied the rules of Internati¢nal law in @..number of cases even it Such rules had not previously been subject of slatutory enactments, because these generally Berepled principles “of Intemational law are automaticelly part of cur.own laws (Kuroda v, velendoni, G.R. No, 2662, March 26, 1949). CILIAN SUPREMAGY © Chl “med Forces of the Philippines Is {he protector of the peopio and the Slate, its goal 's to secure thr: sovetdlgnty of the Stete and the integrity ofthe national tanttory (See, 3). Ensured by: » 1. tho instaltstion of the Prosideni, the aichost elution authority, as the commonderinchiel « of all the armed forces of the Philippines { (See, 48, arti); and & MEMORY AION POLITICAL LAWL 2. the requirement that members of the AFP S094 to Uphold. and defend the Cenattuten, which'Is the fundamental taw of tha clei governmont (Ske, § (4), Act. XVI), COMPULSGRY MILITARY AND CIVIL SERVICE; PROTECTION OF PEOPLE AND STATE The prime duty of tha. Government Is to seve and frotect the penple, Tho Goverment tay call Lupan the people to\detensd thel State and. y fre {ulfitment thereot, il citizens may be required, under coriditions' provided by law, to. rendu Personal rillary, or civil service (Sec. 4) PEACE AND ORDER, GENERAL WELFARE ‘he maintenance of peace and order, the protection of If, liberty, and propity, and the Promotion of the general wellare are essential ior she enjoyment by al the people of the blessings of democraey:(S0c..§): SEPARALION OF CHURCH AND STATE The separation of Church and State shalt be nvlolable (See, 6), ‘ Reinforced by: + 4. Froadom of rligbr clau 2. Hon-estabilshnientof religion clause; 3. No rligious tont lauso (Sec. 6 Art. i); % No sectors! représcntative from’ roliglous sector See, 8 (2), Art. Vij, 5 Peonibition ageinst appropriation for sectarian benefits (Dec. 29/2), Ar. Vi: and 5 Nun-regisfration of religious denominations, fand sects as pullizal parties (Sec. 2 (5) Art, 1x0), o i" dee i % “chur deg Res a ae A ana ef Wve MEARE ig, ch bees P49) safigs edi12009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS an Beds College of ‘Law 8.2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS oe Mits Emplayaos Organization ¥. Phi, Blooming Mils Co. Ino, G.R, HO, L-31195, duro 6, 197'9) INPENDENT FOREIGN’ "" POLIGY AND FREEDOM FROM NUCLEAR WEAPONS ‘Thera Is a marked antipathy tr the Constitution towards foreign miltary pregence in the county, cf of foraign Infuenca th general (Lim v. xox, 1, Saorotury, G.R. No, 181448, Apa! 11, 2002) EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND AGUEGE FOR PUBLIC SERVICE, This “provision does not contain @ judicially enforceable constitutional right and merely specifies a guideline lor legislative action. Its not intended to compel the Stale te enact pestive measures that would accornmadate es many 03 possible Into public office. The privilege may 08 Subjected to limitations such as the 3rovision of the Omnibus Eleclon .Code on nuisance candidaies (Pamalong v., Camelsc, GR. No. 161872, Apel 13, 2004), Gareraliy, the provisions of Article I! of the 1987 Conalitution do not con'er righis as they are mercy dactaration of principles and poicles However, the right to a bolansed and nealthful ‘ecology snunciated in Article li, Section 10 gives fige to ¢ cause of action that may be enfevced by lany atizen (Opasa v. Factorun, G.R. No. 101039, uly 30, 1999). Set ef prescriptions setting forth the furvsanvintat ‘Avil and politcal rights of the indiviaual, ane Imposing. limitations on the poviers of the government as a means of secuing the ‘enjoyment af those rights. CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS: 1. Political rights ~ granted by aw to membury ot community Ia relation to their dinct o: “indirect partelpaion in the estovirhment or adminisiation othe government; 2. Civil rights + rights whish municipal lav wit ‘enforce at the Insiancé of private individuals for the purpose, of securing them the ‘enjoyment of thelr iaans of happiness, _ BECTION 4 piliaoy of natin sighte ‘vor yroperty eghts te Yecugnizad becatiea these freudom are colicate and vuinerabla, as Wai ae supremely precious in ‘ur soclaly and the threat of sanctions ray detor thelr exercise glimoat us potonty as tie uctual icutlon of wanélions, they need vrewthing pace Wd auWNO, poring goverment faguiaion only! wilh’ narrow specificity, Human Fights are Impreserpllle, (Phuippir Wlosnaing Duo Process of Law.» a lawihich hears 2ofore it condemns, wiich praceeds vpon Ingully and renders Judgment, only College, v. Woodwerd, 4 Wiealon 518). Aspects. of Due Process: ‘after tral (Dertmouth Subslartivesdce process ~ this serves a8 & restriction on the gavernmant’s law ar.d rule making powers, +) Must be @ guarantee against the exercise of.arbt even when the power Is exercisad:according to proper forms and procedure. Regulates: 2, the interests of the public In general, as iatinguished from those uf 2 pariculer lass, require the Intervention of the Stat b. the means employed are cesisonably necessary for the accomplishment of he purpose and aot unduly oppressive on individual, Void-fer-vagueness rule ~ accused is denied the rignt to be Informed of tha charge ageinst him, and to due process as well ‘here the slaiute itself is couched in such Indofinita language that A is not possibio for men of orcinary inteligence to determine therelom what acts or omisrlony oe punished and, hence shall be avoided (Poopio v. Nazario, G.R, No, 44143, August 31, 1968) + Publication of lows is part of substantive ¥ Tagado v. Tuvere, No,+ Right fo appeat is not # natural rignt or part of ue proces, It is a mere statutory righ" bot once given, denial constitules violation o doe process (Nactiire, Ruviewer in Pojiical Lave, 2006 wt, p. 91). Requisites of Adininistrative due process 1 Right to hearing ~ineludes right to procent ‘one's case and rubrait evidance to spon therecr 2 Trunal or boty or any of ts welgos smut act on its own indepenaent considsiation ot the taw and facts of the controversy +3 Tribunal “must consider the presented 4 Evidence must be substantial, whien ineans felevant evidenve 38 & reatonnbie night fccept as adequata to support a conclusion 5." Decision must tava, something te support itseir ovidenca 7 5 Decision musi be 'Lased on evidence t Presentoa during hearing or at least Conlained in the record und ditclosed by ihe : parties L 7 7 Decision mus: be rendered in a manner thot {he parties can know the various issues 5 involved and the reason for the decision fendered (Ang Tibay v. CIR, GR. No Ln 46496, February 27, 1940), Exiual Protection of Law « all perso%s or inings Sirilarly situated must be simiatly treated vere : is 10 tants conferred “and tesponsibillien : umposed. * The.guaranty of the equal protect’on clause is ot violated bya legislation based on - feasonable classification. (Poop v. No. 45987, May 6, 1939) * Equal projection clause does not require efor uniformity of laws, Le, zoning atdinences, but thera Is a limit to allewable torrtorial leek of unitermity r Rowisiter of Valid Classification: (SNAG) 1. Such classification, rests upon aubstartal distinctions; ¢ itis not contined to existing conditions oniy; I" applies equally to all members of the seme class; 4-1 ls germane to the purposes of the law - (People v. Cayat, No, 45987, May §, 1939) Relative Constitutionality = under the concept of {elatlve constitutionally, tha constitutionally cf» piitute cannot, in every instance, be determined by 'a mere comparison of is provisions "wih apalicable provisions ef the Constitution since the statule may be constitutionally vai ax epplicd to 5 3 Bon Meda College of Laiw ; MEMORY AIO IN POLITICAL LAW 9 One Set of facts aiid Invalid in tte application to anolner ‘A statute valkd at one time may becomes old at “another time because of atone Gtcumstances. This, ia stalute In iy praction Cheration becomes arbitrary 6 confscatory. te valisity, even. though atfiried by a femes Alucication, is open to inquiry and investigaton in tne ligat of chenged condions, (Contra Bork Euplovoos Association v, BSP, G.R.No. 140308 Dowambar 18, 2004). SECTION 2 7 SEARCHES AND SEIZURES Scope: a popula right, Persons, (ocluclng aliens (Qua Chea Gan w Peporiatioh Board, No. L:10280, Saplomber 30, for ) and, 10 a liniled extent, inticial persone (Banta & Cow \tnc\ vy. Rule, No. L-92408, February 27, 1971).-1 hence, protects sit +. Available to ‘at’ persons, including liens whethar accusec of crime or not, * Aitfiict parsons vive ontitiod te the: guaranty but they may beraquired to oven ther books of accounts for:oxamination by the State th tho oxerelta of tre police power or the power of Laxation. The: premisos may be rot be Searched nor may tneir papers and etfects be veized except by virue of a valid worrant * The sight is persci:t may ba invoked onty by the person nities 10 it (Stonahi t Cirkno, No. L-19450, Juno 19, 1967). Such TQM sey be waived elther’ expressly or impliedly. + Whlver must be mide by the person whose. "ight is invaded, Fat by one "sho Ts not duly ‘ihorad waiver (opie “poy ny” “Annet tamer obable iB PTTof Madi Chita, a acts: sought In Ant foe otfense re In tho lace eolght tp be Reached (Burgos ¥,+m 2012009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS Chiof of Stat, No. L-64281, December 26, 1984), + For 9 warrant of arrost ~ such fucte and . Creumstancus ! which would lead Fousonably discrete and prudent ran to believe that an offense has been committed by tha person vought to be arrested (Wadd v, Do Loon GR. No. 121234, August 23, 1996), 2. Determination of probable cause personally by the judgo; 3. After, parsonal exainination under eth or affirmation of the complainant and the ‘witnesses he may produce; i CEG Wis not necessary that ine judge shou's personally ‘oxamino tha cor plainant end his vitnosses (Solivan v, Mekusisr, GR. No. 02588, 14 Novmnbun 1996); he would “siuply personally taview tho {nial deterrninal an uf tne Prosecutor to see if iL Supported by substantia cvidenca; he mataly detorminos the Probabilly, 13 the certainty ofthe guit of the faccused and. in so dow, fhe need not conduct a oo rove liearing (hiv. 0 Leon, GA No 171294 August 23, 1635; The "judge must Porsonally examine in the form of searching uoslions and answare, In wating: ond under oath, the complainant and any Witnesses ho | may produce on tacts personaly known: to them (Sec. 4, Rule 126, Rules of Coury: The dutermination of probable cause dopends {fo @ larie extent: upon, tho findingfopinion of the Judge who conducted the Faqules oxamination of the applicant and tha(| witnessur (Kho v. Judge Mokainal GR. No. 4902-08, Apt 24, ‘aoieripton Property to be sgla eo ol ve (echnical accurate nor nogossarty praca, and its natu will necusseriy vary Eecording to whether the IWontty of tho property of iy charactor te a: crater ‘ubconeatny i reiqulred lo ve enaciic only In 80 far a8 the clroumelances af | “Gansrat™ Wait anis”” sve proscribed ang Unconstitutional (Norasco v. Puno, No. 1-69805, Octovor 8, 1985); but, a Jorn Doe Warrant (ware true name on tr pe fo bo ariowtot ip wuriknow) th onuihulionat ruauirrns W there 1s xome dusts zg parsonue which wit ‘wil alow (iho v. sudge | enable the uilcor “to Mokativ'al G.R.;. NO. | dantity the escused 94902-08, Apa’ 21, | (Pangundemar v. Caan, 1906), No, 74782, Al 14 1080 me +e perEonal examination” mal ol be merely routnary oF pro forme, bul rust bbe orobiny and exhaustive. The purpose of this rule is to-salisty the oxumming “i gan Beda College of Law $B Beda Colle iudge ua to the existence of probable cause. ‘ i Tost of Sufficiency of Cat ‘bsten draws in such a manner that perjury "whether it nad sould be charged thereon and affiant be hold able for damajes caused (Alvarez v, Court of First Instance, 64 Phil 33, 1937) ‘+4 On the basis of thelr personal knowledge of the facts they ara testifying to; and, 5. The warrant inust describe particularly the place to be searched and the persons of {things to be salzed, + Addascriofion cf the place to be searched {s sufficlent if the officer with Uw warrant can, with tearcnable effort, ascertain and ‘denny the place Intended. + Sutficiency of the description of the object Is closely ‘rolated with the suficiont paricularty of iho avermonte of the otterse, + Howover, it's not required that a teohiucal description be given (People v. Rubio, G.R. No. 118315, Juno 20, 1996) Genoral Rule; Only the judge has the power to issue a warrant after the proper procedure has been duly taken, Exceptions: 4. The Commissioner cf Immigration and ‘Deportation may issue werrants only for the purpone of carrying out a final decision of deportation (CIO v. Wudge De la Rosa, G.R. No. 96122-23 1991 and Qua’ CheeB an Meda College of Raw Wa rrantle: Searches for fishing expedition are prohibitad since the Constitution requires probable ca..se al the inception, Although the properties may have been selzed in violation of the Consttuion, i does ‘ot ‘ollow that ils Bwner shell be enliled to Fecover it immediately, if the said pioperty Is the subject of Iilgétion, tke @ prosecution for Wogel possession of firearms, It will remain in custodia logis untl the case is terminated, "the property Is prohibited by 9 Tike illegal ‘drugs, it shall be conf-scated a1 destroyed, Seizira fs limited to those items particulaty described in a valid searcn wanant, Searching officers are without direrotion fegarding what articles. thoy -shall soize, Evidence selzed on the occasior, of exch an oreasonable search anc selzute is tainted and ex:luded for being the proverbial "rut, of @ poisnous wee.” In the langunge of the fundamental tsw, i shall be inadmissibis in evidence for any purpose in ony proce ding (Oe Roserio v. Poople, G.R. No 112295 May 31, 2001). Arrest, V.hon Vati ‘when pergun to be arrested has comnilied, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense; when: 8. an offense has just been committed; and b. he has probable cause to beliave based en personal knowledgn of facts or circumstances" that tho person to be arteuted has committed It; and when a person to be arrostéd Is en escance OF detention prisoner. eo. &, Rulo 113, Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure), * The tong-stanging rule In this juristiction, applied. with degree of consistency, it that! alone Is not sufficient te justify a warrantless sirest_under Section & (a), Rule 113, ‘The rule requires, in addition, that the accused perforn sumo overt act that would , Indicate" mat to "has * committed, 1$actuelly committing, or Is ‘atlempiing to commit an offense.” The officer arresting @ porson who has just committad, ‘ts committing, or Is about to commit an offense must have porsona! knowledge of thot fact. The offense must also be committed in his presence or within hls view." (Puople v. Nye! Tudtud MERAGRY AID IWiPOLITIEAL LAW} 13° MEMORY A And Dindt| Bowing. GR. NO, 144097, Scptombok 26, 2003). W Membership ih organizations ike NPA ts 6 continuing ottinne, this, a person can bo arrosted anytine, (Umit v. Rumas, GR. No. 79731, July, 1980) When'the sight 18 walveu by the person arrested, provided the. knew’of euch right and knowingly deckied not (GiHivoke I . + AN applicaién for oF isdmission to bal shall ot ber tha accused trom chaltenging the validity of his arrest, provided that he raises ther bafero entoring his plea (Soc, 26, Rule 144, Revised Rules of Grlminal Procedure): : rrentioss Sarchos, When Valid: when right has been voluntary wolved (Poople v. Melesugui, No, 44935, July $0, 1936); . 88 An incident to a lawtul arrest, Provided search Is conieyapornneous to arrest. and within pepmissile area of searc (see Sec 13, Rule’ 126, Revised Kules on ‘Crimina! Procoduro); 7 +A valid’ arrest’ must precede the search; the orocess cannot be reversed (Poop! ¥. Chua Ho Sen, G.R. Nu, 126222, dune 17; 1009): By +A warrantioss search “incidontal to a lawful arrest mdy be made only within the Permissible area of search, of the place ‘within “the ‘irimediate control of the Person being arrasted (Espano v.. Court ©! Appeals, «G.R, No., 120434 Apri’, 7998)..weling places. (Papa v. Maga, Na, L:27360, Fobruury 28, 1968 ); 5, Inspection of buildings and other promises for the enforcement of fre, sanitary and bulging Foguiatons; . viaual search at chockpoints (Vaimonts v, de , Vil, 3.8. No, 83938, Soptambor 28, 1963 Conduct of Magrlal targait zoning’ and ‘saluralion drive” In the exercise of miliary owara of the President (Guanzon v. da Vili, » S GRNo,., 80508, January 30, 1950): 4." when she is a genuine reason to “stop-and- “ask* in the light of the police offcur's experience ond surrounding. conditions to Warrant u belief that the person detained has weapons concealed (Malacel v, Cou’ of “Appaals, G.R. No.: 123898, December 1, 1997 cling Tamry vs. Ohio) 8, ore pitti dos ae in pat, vw (Citta . -Actg, Cctagtar of Customs, 6. No, 1.43810, Soptamber 26, 198: 10. doctrine of exigait: circumstances. undvr Such urjehey and exigency of the moment where @ search wirrant should be lawfully dispensed with (People v. De Gracia. G.? Nas. 102608-10, July 6,194) Knock and’ Announes Principle -nolice office: are obliged 10 give notice, show their authority ano demano that they be allowed entry. They ‘may only break open any outer or liner door oF Window of @ tiouse to execute the search weirant 4 alter such notice and centand, such ollicers are refused entry to the place of directed searh Exceptions: . Intrusion into tne premises is peimissibie when: 1." 3 paly whose premises of Is enlilled (2 the fossessicn thereot refuses, upon demano, to opens i "when seh person in the premises avady kKnww of tn ident of the oficers and of tha authori and persons; when the officers are justiied in the nonest “belle thot here is an imminent peri to ite or ib; ad “ 4 when those in te premises, aware of tno Presence uf someone outside’ (aecause, for @xampio, there has ‘been a Knock at tno oor) 2t@. then engugad in aciity which usted thé officers tq bebiave that an escape OF tie Hedtructon of evidence is berg attempies! (People v. Huong Zhen Ha a ogy too, 6, 2004) 2 No. 139901, Soptombar 26, Frain View Doctrine = tha objects within the sight of aa officer ‘tho has a right to be In Position to have that view are subject to selzur and may bo presented as eviderca (open to the eye and hand), + Tho..plain view doctrine Is. us applied where the police officer is not saarching for evidence againat “the —acuused, Dut fe inadvertently comes upon_an ing object (Pooplo v, Musa, G.R. No, 16177, January 27, 1982), Elements: 1. prior vulld Intusion based on a valid Warrartiess arrau\ in which the poice are legally present in tho pureut of their offal atlas; 42 the evidence wes ine dvertently discovered by the pollee who have the right to o@ where the 3. the evidence mustbe immediately epparein; 4. plain view justified mere seizure of evidense withcut further search (People v. Eciasa, Gh No, 125754, Dedtmber 22, 1999). The right againsti unreasonable soarch end Soizure Is a reatralnt Lpon the government It dovs:nct apply ‘so as to require exclusion cf evidence which came into tne possession of the Government thraugh @ search made by 3 buvate chizen (Pooplo v. Mart, No, L-32625, August 4, 1979). SEVTION 3 PRIVACY OF COMMUNICATION AND. ‘CORRESPONDENCE oVided by ia Oe Lay saeSe ee ee ee San Beda College ‘ot Zar Anpaats, GR. Nov 407383 Fobnuay 20, 1996), : AnthWiro Tapping Act (R.A. 4200) - prohibits ‘any ‘person, not being: audiorized by ll tha parties to any private communication or spoken word to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other device or artaingement, to secretly overhear, intercept’ or record thu. samo, or to communicate whe content thereof to any cther person + Its illegal for any person not authorized by ail parties to any communication, to secretly record such communication by means o! tape fecorder, The lav: doas nol make any distinction, and as suet RA 4200 may be Violated ‘even by party to. the Communication. (RamMoz v. Ci, GR. No, 93633, September 28, 1995) ‘+ A telephone extension ‘ine 18 not among the doviees covered by RA 4200 (Guana 1 v, IAC, No, £-69809, Octobor 16, 1986). + The aw prohibits the overhearing, Intercopting, or rocording of private communications but :net thoso which are, Public in character (Navarro v. Coun of Annoals, GR. No, 121037, August 26, 199), +The authorities inay, upon a writan orde- of tha Court of Appeals, listen to, inlercopt ani record, with tha ure of eny modo, forms kind or type of electronic or other surveliaice equipment or intercepting anc tracking doviees, or with the use of any other suitabl ways end means tor that purocse, any commun cation, mestago, corversatien, discussion, of spokon of written words dotwoen members of terrorist grout. as ofined in the Human Socurity Act of 2007 Provided, That surveillance, Intercention and recording of ammunicalions between lawyers and eliente, doctors rnd patients, Journalists and their sourcas and confidential dusiness corresponderico shall not be authorized (See. 7, Human Security Act of 2007). eat US Supreme Court: Istiere end! seated packenes in the malis may be examined only ss to their external appearance and weight and may not be opened except in accordance wilh the constitutional requirements of search and ‘solzure, Exclusionary Rule =" Cvidenca obtained in violation of Geo. 2, Ar, Il, shall be inadmissitie for any purpose. in any’ proceeding (Fruit of ___ MEMORY. AtD IN POUTICAL LAW] 13 Pulxonous Troe Dosttina) (Stonehill v. Diokno, GAR. Vo, L- 19660, Juno 19, 1967). + Evidenco obtainéd In violation of the search, and seizure eleuna, whethor or not i is also solLineriminating: fortimonin| evidenco, Is inadmissible, |) ‘+ The illegally seized object must be veturned if Kis nota peotibited object (Bagatiion v, Farnendez, GR. No, 92270, June 27, 1991);but if cont.aband, it can be confiscated (Alt v. Castro, G.R, No, 18949897, June 26, 1987) Two-part test lo delermite iuersonebleness of person's expectation of privacy, , * 4. Whether by his conduct, the kdvidual has exhibltey an expectation of privacy 2. Whether-this expectation is one that society. recognizes os reasonable (plo v, Toros, “GR. No, 127685 July 23, 1998). "SECTION 4 All he rights mentioned under this section, while not Identical, are inseparable, In every case, therefore there is imitation. placed ‘on the ‘exercise of this right:tha judiciary fs called upon to @xamine thu alfects of the’ challenged gevernmental; actualion (Reyes v. Bagalsing, GR No, b-65306, Movember 9, 1983) FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ‘+ Speech, expression and pross Include every form of expression, whether! oral, written, lape oridise recorded, It algo Inclides movies as well as symbolic speech’ such as the wearing. an gem bandas @ symbol of protest,.28 well \ceful picketing, + Sovergientty ait gif thay were jg See ition 2H) phopilt of roub the af whl reitie 2. Lan of sift PSHE coheuines eaGWateep the ged jlotwpvalblites onlyElamonts or Aspocts. of Froodom of very likely inevitable (Gonzulos Exprossion: Comotoe, No, L-27 , 1. freedom trom censorship or pric reswaint Pe eee «means freedom from official governmertal —-«2.--‘Dangerous tendency rule ~ words utered {estritions on the press ‘or other forms of eats a dangerous tundency of an evil wien expression in advance of | actval the State has a right to preven. (Cabansag 7. publication oF dissemination Femanciaz, No. L+8974, October 18, 1957). + Live TV coverage may be protitited since + Its sufficient ifthe natural tendency ard the right of the accused :aust prevall over probable effect of the unerance be 10 {he fight of the pudlic to information and bring about the substantive evil which te Head of te pre (A No: Oi 9- legislative bory seeks to pre ent wt «The doctrine of freadom of speech wes 9. Balancing of Iiterast rule ~. when a fermulated primary for the protection of particular conduct ia regulated in the Interest the ‘core speech", speech which Cf public order, and the regulation resuits In an communicates paiildal, social or religious Indirect, conditional ard partial abridgment of ideas. ; speech, the uuty of tha court is to determine + Itdoes not apply to commsrcial speech ‘which of tha tW0 canfliting Interests deman cr the communication which no more the greater protecton under the particular then proposes ¢ commercial transaction. cicumstances "presented (Amertoun + For “commarciat | speech 12 enjoy Communications sation v, Dcuds, No, 10, Protection, it must not be talse or May 8, 1950). | Inisieading @nd.shouly not propose un llugal traneveton (Frlodman v. Royors, GAL No. 77-1103, Pobruary 21, 1979 is aie ‘and. Pilsburgh’ Press Co. v. Humen ASS ena eT Aen Relations Commission, G.R, No, 72-419, OY Tera Oma Mcgee rs sua 21, 1973) ui a + However, even truthful and tawaul commercial apeach may be repulated it degree of evii end | whose abject is riot (@) govaramont has substantat interes to proximity ofevi | the prevention of ev! protect, (2), the regulation direct" measurable in terms advarncos that interet, end (3) It Is Hot of “proximity and more oxtensive than’ Is nenessary {0 7 dogo protect that inlereat (Coniral Hudson Gas Eviivads Wa" he | Used for commercial nd Eloctis Comp v. Punifle Sowice context at | speech. Commissian of NY, No. 79-668, Junw 20, prosecuion for 1980; Seultous speech 2. treedoin (rom subs equent punishment + Allimitation on tha power of thy state to Impose a punishment after publication o dissernination, Tosts for Vutld Govornmont Interforonee to Froodom of Exprousiont 4. Cloar and. prosant danger rule ~ when ‘wards re used ln such circumstance and ol Sucl\ pure as to create a clear and pret sit anges that will bring about the substantive evi tial tho State hos a right to prevent (Bolionck v. US, No. 437, 436, March 1919) 7 a, cleer = cause! connéction with the danger of the subs'antive evi arising from the uttetance questioned; unc b. proscnt~ Wind clament, Identified with imminent ang: immediate denger, the danger must"hot énly Be probatie, bul person having ‘ Itcontains ineriminatery mater which witrout we Taoe mer Sid ete aban Heda College of Farw pivilege, (Lodi 1997), would be libelous and astionabie Mv. CA, GR, Na, 1132/6, Sentember 5, Requisites of Privitegod Communigation: 1. “Person who made the communication had a legal, moral or social diity to make the Cotaritunication, of at least had an interest (> protect, which may elther be his own or of the ‘ono fo Whom ft is made; ? Gomrnunication In addressed io an of‘icer cr 2 board, or superior having some interest or uty inthe matter, and who has the power to furnish the protection sought 3. Starements in the communication are made in good faith and without malice Kinds of Privileged Communication: 41. Absolutaly Privileged Communication (2 sentence of Sec. 41, Art Vi}; and 2, Qualiiedly Privileged Commcnication 8. 2 private communication made by any person to anather In the pertormarer ct (oF social duty: (Art, 354, oda) 2 fair and tue report, made is. grec faith, without any comments or remarks of any Judicial oF other official procercings. which 212 not of confidential nature, ar of any statement, report ot speach delivarce in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers In ‘hu exe: sso of their functions, (Art. 354, Revised Pens! Code) ©. faic commentaries on mailers of public interest (Boral vs. Court of Apes, GR No, 126466, Januery 14, 1999) ‘As to criticism of an official condust: Fhe people have a right lo scrutinize and communt or condemn the conduct of their chosen tapresentatives in the goverment. As long as their comments are made In GOOD FAITH and WITH JUSTIFIABLE ENDS, they are insulated {from prosecution of dumene gulls for defemation even if such views are faund to be iacuurale of ‘erroneous A public offcer must tiot be too thin- skinned with reference to comment upon his office! wels (U.S.v. Bustos, GR, No. 112592, March 6, 1918), 7 "label of Pubily Officlats and Pubtie i‘Iguros ‘public official ‘is prohibited trom racovering damages for a dofamatory farschood tolating to hh's offtial conduct unless hd proves ‘hat the statement was made with actual malice. As to ponding iitigation: The Philippinas aroseribe public comment! oi pending litigation, on the ground that it would interfere. with the MEMORY AID IN POLITICAL LAW} 15 administration of justice. Publication tending to impede, obstruct, ambarcass or Inference the courts In-fgmninisforhg justice in a pending sult or proceeding constitulos criminal contempt which Is Purishable by the courts (sub jdico rv), As to prt and obscenity: It was observed thal rovies, compared fo other media of expression, have ‘greater czancity “tor evil and are consoquontly suliject to moro regulation. The turden of “proving the im is) unprotected ~2xpression must reat on CENSCR. Tost of obscenity (Milor v. California, No. 70-73, sore 21, 1973) Whether the! average porson applying contemporéry tommunity standards, would find thal the work, isken as a whole, appeels. to the prurtent interest 2. Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently oliencive way, ‘sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable law. 3, Whether the work, taken asa whole, lacks soriuus Merary, artistic pcilticat or sclentiic values. + Courts shoud apply the STANDARD OF THE COMMUNITY In which the maierla! is being tested, + Stricter ruled cculd ve folownd for le'evislon (Gonzales yan Kalighok GR Non L-69500," Sty. 22, 1908) Slrctar reg Have also barn allowed for radio,espectally because of ie pervasive qualily|and beeause of the interast in the protection of phildren (FCC v, Pacifica Fuundation, No. 77-526, July 3, 1978) Assembly and Fattion: The rght.to essemble is 1 subj Aah a a tbe ol subje st a may 4Ssstained (Phil Bs. Onantzetion v.Bhi, Binoming Mily Co, Inc, GR. No. be + 31195, uno §, 1973) 2. To justify limitations on froodom of arsuinb'y there must be proof of sufficient weight to ‘Satisfy the cloar and presont danger test (iL Royes v. Mayor Baga'sing, G.R, No, L-65364 November 9, 1963) 3, The Philippine ohtgation Under the Vienna Convention to protect the premises. at embasales must @.tonored but It does 1.0! Breclude “plication ofthe clear and present anger rule, + if asuembly Is to be held at a publio place, Permit for the use of such place, and not for tha assembly iol, may be validly required. Power of local officials is merely for requtation and not for prohibition (Prinle.as v, Fugosa, No. L-1800, January 27, 1948), Rules on Assembly and:Petition (J.B, v, Bagatsing, GR. No L-65366 Nove 1983) 1. The applicant for a perinit to hold an us.enibly Should inform the ticenaing authorly of the dale, the public place whore and the time whan it wll take place. zi + ICitis a private place, only the cousent of the owner of of the one entitled to ils legal ossossie.is required, Reyes bor 9, Such application should be fled ahead in time {e enable “the public” offclal concerned to appraise whether there may bea valk! objections io the grant of tha patml oF to it: ‘unt bul to erethes publi place * 1a an indispeneanie condition to suen ‘e{usal ot mociligetion that the clear ant rosent dangar tost bo the standard for the Aeclsion reached, | 3 The decision of tho public author, fevoradto or adverse, must be transmitted lo the ‘pplicant at we eamiest possible opportunity 20 they can have recourse Io the prover Judicial autncriy. Pormit for public assembly Is NOT necessary Wt maoting is to be held int 1. private place; ie 2 the campus of @ government-owned or operated educational inatitutlon; and 3. ftoadom park. (0.P, Bly, 880:Tho Pubic Assomary Act Of 1968), Tests of a lewiul assermbly, a own gucou Gvurye ui xa 1. purpose for whichlit is held regarsiéss of the upices under which itis erganized 2. auspices. test ~ natura of the people compusing the sasembly + Tho provisions of BP No, 880 are not an Susolute han of public gasemblies but a festriction that simply regulates the time, plece and manner of the asserbiids, Th Court referred to as a “content-neutral ‘regulation, + In view of the maxium tolerance mandated by BP No. 880; Cafbrated Pro-emptve Rosponse serves no valid purpose if ineans the same thing as maximum tol srance and Is iagal if i! means something else Accordingly, what 8 to be folwod is and thould bo that mandated by the law Reci, nanely, | maximum tolerance, which Shaclicaly muans ‘the highest degrae ol rastalnt that ha mitery, police and otner Foxe Keeping auhortles shall observe during pubic aesembly or in the disperaal of tha same." (Bayan, a at v. Ermita, ot ay GR. No, 168838, Api 26, 2606) Proceduce uiider BP 880 ‘An application for the permit fo assembio shall be filed beiore the Office of the Mayar within 3 working days before the scheduled punic assembly. “Upon receipt, the same shal! immediately be postad at a consp'cuous place In the city or municipal building. The mayor shall act ‘on tha apptcation within 2 working days from the dale the apglication was filed, falling which, ihe Fermi shali be deemed granted. Should for any feason vie sTayor oF jury official acting in Tis ohall refuge to accdpl tne application fora Prt, said eoplleatigh shall be posted by ihe applicant build Petition the right to set jetermine under whet~~ wee oe Ban Meda College of Law crcurastanecstaling grades sutce ior tun Groulsion of students, i cannot be uliized ty dlscaminate against’ those students. wie Grercise thelr constitutional right 10 Peacoable assembly und free spouch Sight of Association = en'braced in the eredam Pi exPeession because it can be used a8 venice {er expression of vinws that has a bomiing on tic Public weltare. * The ight to association also includes the Tight not to join any organ'zation (Viatorians sepitaldo Rope Workers! Union, GAR No, L 28246, Soplombr 12, 1974) * The constitutional right to association coos Fer A oclude the imposition of relevant Giaiteations for | membership in. ay Graunization. As-such, any persr vito dane pot meet the qualifications of a parlicuise organization ‘cannct invoke his. ‘right te Association if mombershia Is donice, SECTION 5 FREEDOM OF RELIGION Eouislon = any specie system of bulet, woh, Sonduct. ete. often Involving a code of ethics ana Ra esaENY: Erofessien of fath to an acinus one Hal binds’ and elevates man fo his Cente (aliay v. Ruiz, GR. No, Lot5189, sie 13, 1937) * Separation of church and state datneate the, Poundaties betweon two Institutions to ove) encroachment by one ugaist another A. Non-estoblishment clause Scope: {State cannot set up a ellurch; Cannot pass laws. which “aid one or al religions or grefer ong over another, 3 Cannot intuunce a porson to 90 to or remain away trom church against hie will or 4° Force hilo profess a belief of elabel! in any religion, * Nether the state nor the government car set hn, PaS3. laws which aid one Feligions, oF profer one eatigion connolher. Nelther by legistature, aE SECTION | Citizonahip membership in a political Community which 18 personal and more or loss Permanent in character, ‘Moses of acquiring citizenship: 1. By bith Jus sanguinis ~ acquisition of citizenship ‘on tho basis of blood relationstip 1. Jus soli~ acquisition of cilzenship on the basis of place of birth 2 By naturalization ~ legal act of adopting an lion and clothing him with the privilegs of & native born clizen 3, By marriage to a foreigner whosw laws ‘sulomalically make the spouse cilizen oF iis country Cltizuns of the Philippines 1., Those who’ are Filipino ultzens at ume of adoplion of the 1987 Constitution; 2 & Those who are citzens under the T+ zaly of Pavis, b, “Those ‘declared clizens by judicial sdeciaration applying the jus soli princixe, 204 ofora Tle Tlamiv, Republic (28 Ari 1957, G.R, No, L-B602}: & Those who are naturdlized In accordancs wilh aw (Act 2827) '; 4 Thova who are cilzen’ under the 1933, «.. Sonetittion; © Those who ara ‘otizons under the 1973 “Constitution, {Thiobe whose fathers of motnars ara etizons tthe Philippines; “Those Lo"a bofare Januury 17, +973, of Filpine rrathera, who elect Phiippine Stlzonship upon reaching the age of majaily: + Time to clock: 9 yours, after age of 2 +n ordi in boar win a 30 Ban Beds College of Law + In Cov HRET (G.R, Nos. 9219-92 July 20, 1981 she Supreme Court affirmed the finding of ine HRET that the exercise of the right of suffrage “and participation In election ‘exercises constitute a positive act of elector of Phitippine Citizenship, + BUT in In Re: Ching (Bar Matiar No. 914 October 1, 1999), where Ching, having Lorn cn April 11, 1934, was already 35 yé ‘old when he complied with the requirements’ of CA 625 on June 16, 1999, or over 14 years alter he had reached the age of majority, By ‘any reasonable yardstick, Ching’s election was cleaity beyond the’ allowable perioci within which to exercise the privilege. All his ‘roentionad acts canrot vest in him citizenship as the iow gives the requirement ior election, of Filipino citizenship ‘which Ching did. nut curnply with, + The diferance inthe: above-mentionex! ‘uiings, of the Supreme Court les-on the fact ‘hat in the case of Ca, the privete respondent ucquired the age of majanty before th: «adoption of the 1973 and 1987 Coristitutions As sulcn, the Supreme Count noled that i is unreasonable to rayuire the respondent to lake an exprass election 31 Philippine citizenship when thers -is no law which requires such express election, In re: Ching, the petitioner reached the aga of majority vider tha 1987 Constitution which requires uit express election of citizenship, and Shorefore, implied jelscuon is nut acceptabia ‘aceoraing to che Supreme Court. Caram Rule ~ unser tha 1935 Conslitution, host err in the Philippines of forelgn parent, who before the adoption of the Constitution had beer alacteu to public office in the Philippines, ars considered Fiiping 1973 of4 _2ean Reda. College of Zaw 3. character: Kinds of Naturalization: ‘A Direct Naturattzation etfecied by +. individual, ‘procesdings, usually. juticia, under general naturaliz ition lr 2. special act of the logisiature éfien in favor of distinguished foreigners wo “have fendered some notable Service to the local state 3. collective change of nationally as + rosut of cession or subjugation; and 4, adoption of orphan minors as nalionals of he State wh re they are born B. Derivative Naturalization conterred cn 1. wife of the naturalized husband 2. minor childien of naturalized parent 3. alien woman upon mantiage 16 a noticnat + does rot always follow = subdjuct to Sitingent resttictior:s and conditions * Allen woman’ irarind tot Filipino Shall acquite’ citizenship only if she herscif might be lawfully naturalized, Qualifications for Naturalization: 1 not less than 18 years of age on the date of hearing of petition (1 amended by RA 6802); 2 resided in tha Philippines for not loss Ure years; may be reduced to § years 8. hone: ably held office in the Philippinos: b. established new industry or introduced a Useful invention; ©. mairied to a Filipino woman; 4. engaged es teacher In Philippine public ‘or privale school not established for exclusive instruction to a particular ‘alionality 0° race, or In any brareiee of education or industry for @ period of not tess than 2 years: and @._ bor in the Philippines 8. (004 moral character; 5. belleves in tho Constitution; © conducted himself in an iireprouchabie Conduct during his étay In the Phitipninas. 4. Ovms real estate in the Philippines nol less than PS,000 in value; or hae some lucrative {rade, profession or ‘lawful occupation that an support himaelf and his family 5. Speaks and writes English oF Flipino and any Biincipal Philinnine dlalocte; (as amore Dy Sec. 6 Art. XIV): and 8. Enrolled minor children In ariy puviic o: Private sc:100l recognized by the goverament where Priippine history, government. and clvics are taught 88 part of the currcciuns, uring the entire period of residence priet 1 hearing of pettion, MEMORY AID IN POLITICAL LAW| 33 — Disqualifications for Naturalization: 1. opposed (0 organized governmont «or offilates. win any association oF group oF persons Which upholt! und tench Goetnce Sp}.osing altorgaiized govemments 2. defending o- teaching nesessity or propriety of violence, personal assaul: or assassination for the suczess or predominance of thelr Wdeas; “ polygamnists or beliavers in polygamy; suffering from!mental alienation or incurable contagious disease; convicted of crime Inwolving moral turpitude; who curing rasidence in the Philopines have fo! mingled socially with Filpings, or not ‘avinced singere desire to lnam and embrace customs, traciions and idecis of Flipiios, 7 clizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philorines I at war, dutlig the period. ot such wary, & alllzens oF subjects of, 9 foreign country whore iawa do not grant Viipinos she “ight (2 vacome naturalized citizens of subjects thereof (no resiprocity), rt treasure at 1. Dedlotution oj Intention ~ must be fled with {no Office of the Salictor General one year Datere fling the application for naturalization Purpose: To:enable the government to make. intial Investigations Into his ceumatancoe se Getorrine, his finan for itizenship, set (2 test hs sincerity Exceptions: , > 3 Those born “in the Philippines and fecolved primary . nd secondary education ing Philippine school, b Those wig have resided’ in the APR eng, J: a ites Ene applicant Pas fit ‘Piectongae‘922009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 3. Upon the rocaipt of the petition, the ctor of court has the duly of publishing i li tie * Ofidal Gazette and in one nawepeper of “generul sirculution inthe Frovince or ciy geo n Week for three consecutive weeks and o post notices thereat and of the hearing, 4, Nonobsarance will make the proceadings "null and voi 5. “AL least 6 months alter the last publication but inno case within 39, days before any election, the hearing shall begin, at which the ‘petitioner shall estab all the allegations of his petition, to be corroborated by at least 2 credibie witnesses, 4. If the petitioner Is able to prove his ualications © end no dlsquaificatlons, patitlon shai be granted and it will Beco ne final aRer 30 days froin nals. Bul the order shail on'y become executor after the period of 2 years during which the petitioner shai be under profation T. Aller probation, applicant may apply for aoministra’ion of oath of citizenship in accordance with the decision rendeied. His motion shall be granted provided. ‘a Petiloner has not left the country b. Devoted himself to a tawtul calling © Has not been convicted ef any violation of law 4, Hae not committed uny actin contevantion of any guvernmesit ‘announced policies 8. Administration of cath of citizenship, vy vitue o! which the petitioner shall emorace Philippine clizenshig and rencunce allegiance to any foreign State, Effects of Naturullzation: 1. On the Wife » vests ciizenship on the wile Who might herself be lawfully. naturalized, She need not prove her qualifications but only that ehe is not isqualified, (Moy Ya Lins Yao. Comin, of “Immigration, L-21289, October 4, 1971): On tho atinor Children W born in tho Piilippinos Upon its next adjournment. 3. Teuill powers of the President + Sec. 28(2), Art. Vi. The Congress may by law authorize the President to fix witnin specified timits, and subject to sucn limitations And’ mstsctions as it may Pose, tariff rates, Import and export ‘dues, and fay within’ the Maldcevelopy MSan Beda College of Kay laa + Tho stand-ry authority granted to the President tn increase tho rate of VAT from 10% to 12% is fot an undue detegalion of legis‘ative power, There Is bul simply doleyation of ascurtainment of facts upon hich enforcement and sdministraion of the increase rate’ under the law is. contngant Congress des not abdicate it functions o| unduly delegate.:power when it doseries what job must be dane, who must do it, and what fs the scups of his authonty “Abad 1 Giro v. Exvoullva Socrotary, CR No, 180086, Scptombor 4, 2005). PEOPLE'S = PARTICIPATION NTHIL: GOVERNMENT CONSISTS OF: 1. Sulfrage 2. Plobiscite 3. initiative and Referenaum Initiative ~ power of the people. lo propise amendinents to the Constitution or te propose and enact legislation dhrough an election callee for the purpose. Classes of initiative: 4. Initiative on the Constiteton ~ rettion proposing amendments to the Constitution; 2, Initiative on Statutes = petition proposing to enact a netional legislatian: 3. Initiative on Local Legislation — petition proposing to enact.a regional, provincial, cily, municioal-or barangay law, royolution or ‘ordinance, Limitations; 1. power of local initiative shall.not be exercisad ‘more than on3e a yuar; 2. Intiatives shall extend only ‘o subjects of matters which ere within the legsi powers of the local legisfative budies to cnact; 3. if at anytime before the Initiative Is hold, the toca! legislative body should adopt in tot tha proposition presented, the initiative shall be cancelled, {UmHtation.on Local Legislative Body vis- dus Local initiatiza .* | * Any propostion. jor ordingnce approved {through an initiate. and raferendum shall it tbe ‘epealed, moaiied or aimended by tho Sanagunlan Within @ mantha from tha date sf aporoval thereal, and may ba amended, modified of repealed within 3 yeara (iereatte- by a vote of % ofall ly members. In case of barangays, the period shall be 18 morits after approval, (So. 125, RA 7160) MEMORY AID IN POLITICAL LAW] 85 my Indirect Initiate ~ exercise of invatve by tho eopte through @ propostian "son! “to” the Congress or fe ca! legisintve body fr acon Referendum power of the cloctorate to approve or reject legistyloi through jin tldetion called tor shel purpose. | Classes of Refsendum: 4. Statutes + fetition to approve or reject an sct oF law, oF pbrt thereof, passed by Congress; 2. Referendum on Local Laws ~ legal process whereby the registered voters of the iocal government units may approve, amend or feject any ordinanco:svenacted by, the Sonqgunian (Sec. 126,RA740C } Tho fallowing aannot be ‘the’ subject of an initiativa or referendum petition: 1, Patilion embracing more than cne subject ‘shall ba submitted to the electorate: 2. Stalules involving emergency measures, the enactment of whic is specifically voeted in Ccngross iby the Constitution cannot be subject fo referendum until 90 days after ineit effectivity (See. 10, R.A. 6738). COMPOSITIONQUALIFICATIONS: 1. Sonate + Composition: 24, elovted at iatgo by the sputifes voters of tne Pippin: gianes + Qualifisaions: No person shall be a ‘Senatorinless he:is) | 8. natutal-born éitzério! the Philippines, b, on the day of {h¢ election, Is at least thirty-five years (35) years of aga, 4, able lo tead ond wile, 4d. atte ote Hh i i “OSCR aap cess oe (sets AI LS Be Gi 4 aM BAD, Toymasol Origa yeagran ator et and the “Motrdpolitan Mania area; : 35 th rh |_LBewoes ramsey SemRMMEN ZEN mt cpstR a eBr Sr semen o amneRIesnenn35 12009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS RATIONS 30 b. Party-lst Poprasuntutivas - shan Consiltute 20% of the total rumbar of Fepresontalives lected through a * partysist system — of registered Prational, regional und sectoral purtios oF organizations (RA 7941), Quaiifcations: ‘No person shal, bo a Mombar of tne Housa of Representatives Unless ho is: 8a natural-bomn Phitppines > Natural-bom eitizo.5- those who are: citzens ofthe Phiippines from bits without having to perform any acl to acquire or perfect their Philippine elizenship, >A natural-born citizen who foxes his ctzenship by naturalizaion in another “country but later iy epalriated recovers his. status of boing a naluralsborn citizen “and therefore is“ qualifed to. baa member of Congress (Sengzon Crus, GR Ne. 142640 May 1, 2001). b- on the day of the election, is at least ‘ovonty-five (28) yaurs of age © able © reac and write & excep! the partyrist representatives, @ Tea'stered voer in the district in wi ich he shall be elected 2 a resident tnerea! for @ period of not {e%s than ona (1) year Immediately Preceding the day of the election (Soe. 6, Art, V > The torm “residence as use in {he election law is aymonymous with “domicto’, which imports ‘ot only Intention t> reside na fixod place “but also. personat Presenca in that place ‘eouploc with conduct indicate of ich intontion (Gollego v. Vorra, Git No. L-18841,” Novemer 24, 1941) . > In order to acquita 0 domicite by cholee, thera must concur, i. rasidance or bodily presence In the ney locally” and on intention “to remain. there (2nitaus mionendne ant an intention to abandan the SI domiale (animus 01 ‘ravertundd, > Ih tha case" of Romualdee Murcos Vv. COMELEC, two Geaclusions may be drawn (1 if 2 ‘person retaing his domicile of grein, “for purposes uf ui citzen of the an Beva Coltege of Law Bele Coltege of Lat Fesidanca requirement — fo: representatives the one-yoa: Peilod is Irelavant because. by egal ficton, wherever ne may be he is a resident of nis comicie o- origin; (2) if a parson ros establishes ~ a previously ‘atanconed domicile or acquire & new "one, the one-year Fequlrement must Le satisfied, 1. the partyxist representative must be bona fide member of the party he ‘Seaks 10 represent at least G0 days before cleciion day, 9 the youth repieventative must not be more than 39 years oid but may Continue bayonu that age unui the eng ot his term Note: The qualifications are exclusive under {6s principle of exprassic unias es! exclusio allornus, with the result that i, is not competent for the Congress to provide by mere legislation for additional qualifications ‘9 malter haw relevant they may be. (Cruz, Phillopive Poliical Lav, p. 112) Term: of Office: 3 ywa's, and no memuer ct HOR shall serve for more than 3 cons cutive terms. Voluntery renunciation of the office (ar ary length of time shalt Not be considered wa an interruption in the Continuity of his service for the til term for which ne was eldcted, ‘atlonally, partys apipgoizationsuri) machi Voie moire organizes, | ony wrens pa | ont teresernton tat destates St aeresecer | : To a sie ures ary ny aici] ia tang i, “aan | Wah doce lg? Wb cb ee | . anoint ae Tose S63 Berton in the puly 7 Organization baseg . On the fist suiomities! a tothe COMEL =. 1 Ot VACANCY, “a Tin cako of vaca a els action may be | substiiion al, 8 | R2ld provided thet the | Subst within tho loaet 1 2Ke8 Place at | aarty, asada tm rat Year befora the | het cubmny Sc the next elect COMELEC. A distiict reprosentative [A ~ ait ist ano! Prevented trom | topresentaive Cate reg 88-4 feannat st ne tan fisthet representative it and ioet i the | keisne tant during tne [ore aon election, Previous election ena pee Suegnange in atitation | Wekange a siti Pinin Tents arior to Within Onn hor | ‘lestion “does not | 1 electicn prohibits ! @ Keeveni a district pany-lst | cniaentatve tom | representaive et "zaning undor his new | atts as rady Fepreseniative under { his new Partly or | Lovpenteation | FILLING VACANCizs, SALARIES, AND PRIVILEGE FROM ARREST HAR ot vacancy in the’ Senate ot In te Wer gbeetal election may bo caied ta fe tau peacetey In the manner prescrtrad by thug Ut he Senator of Member ef tre cok Uneepie ged Shall serve veniy te oe Unexpired term (800. 9, At Vijsee * + [0G alates of Senators ane Mambore of the pO thal be determined by tay No inereens rc319 compensation shal take ono ual Fret he expiration of the ful term of an ne Mombers ‘of the “Senate and ihe “Hoty SpProving such increase ‘See, 40, Art Vi}, THE APPORTIONMENT of bistRicTs RULES iN LEGISLMIVE omen ob, 2 In accordince: with tne Oro ve {eteective inhabitants on the bot e ee ve 8d pregressive ral (See, S(t), Arts Vip ach ely with not tess inhabitants, one (1) repres * Each lenislatiy compact and Gerrymandering §s not sllow ed FeewMansering = formation of ona legislative . roneepenlprere by Congress within 3 years lowing ‘he relury of every genere: (Se (4), Art!" fas thority { respon 3h sachet ne Fi " 5 ot38 |2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS Sin Beds Spuclal (RA 6645) + No special election wil be calle i vacancy occurs: 1. at least eighteen (18) months bofore the Rox! regular aiaction for members of the Senate; 2. at loast (1)-year before’ the noxt regular elaction for members of tne. Hous of Representatives + The particular Chaniber of —Congrags wheie vacancy occurs must pass odhor a fesolulion it Congress is in. ssssion oF she Senate t resident’ oF the Speaker iaust sign cerifcation, if Congross i notin session, 4. docluring tne existence of the vac an: and i 2 ahing for 9 special election tc be held within 49 to 90 days from the date of the ‘resolution or carification, * The senator or represcntative electod st all Serva only for the unexpired term, "DISCLOSURES AND CONFLICT OF INTERES (SEG. 12, ART VI) + Menibors of tha Sonate’ and the HOR snall make @ fui disclosure of their financial and business intarusts. + They stall totity tha House concemad of a potential confiet of intsrest that may arisy from the fling of a proposed legislation of Which they are authors, DISQUALIFICATIONS AND INHIBITIONS (8:c, BAND 14, ART.VI) Incompatible Office -- No Senator or Member of tho House of Representatives may hold any ether office oF empiryment is the Government, or any ubdivision, “agency or instrumentally. thereot Inclusing SOCCs or their suosidiarios during nis form without forfeting his sos, + Ferfoture 19 automatic upon assumption of ‘uch other office incofnipatibie with hus set In Congross. (Auuey v, Pawiancn, NO. L- 80759, march 18, 1985) Forbidden “oftica’ tT weiner shaw ne ve appointed to any offiie which ray heve wou! Created or the emoluments thereof increased uring the len for which he was elected + the ban egainst appointingnt te the office Seated “or the ‘emakiments. these! lncreiaiod shall, however, 1st ony for th: urate of the ten (gr which the mc mbut Eullege of Katy of Congress was elected. (Wachuru, Outiniw Roviowor i Potical Law. 2005 od.'p. 18¢) Parliamentary Inhibtions and Disquialifeations (Soe, 14, Art. V1) ‘Shall net personally" sppoar as counsel before any ccurt of use or ‘before. the Elsctoral Tabuna's, or quasijudicll and other administrative bodies, % Shall ut be deectly or Indirect, te interested financially in any contract with, of in ary franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or any suddiision, Speney, oF instrumentality thereof, including 48Y GOCC, or is subsidiary, during his term 3. Shat not intervene in any mader before any ollie of the Government of ‘iis eacuniary benefit or where he may be called upon to act ‘or account of his offca, SESSIONS (SEC. 15, ARV. Vi) Ropclur~ convene chee ovary your on tho fourh Morvlay ef duly, unless a aferont date i: fixed by ‘aw, uelil 30 davs before tha start of new reguinr session: ‘Spocial ~ 1. called by the President (Soe. 15, Art. Vi): 2 to call a encelal election due to vacancies 1 ha offices of the President’ and Vice President at 10 o'clock a.m, on the tito dey ‘afer tie vacanctos (See, 40, Art. Vil); 3. (9 decide on the disabilty’ of the Sresicent because a majority nf all the mambers of the cabinet have “disputed” his assertion that he 's able wo discnarge the powers and duties af his offica (Soc, 11 par(3), Art, Vij, 4 © ‘tevnka or exend the Presidential Proclamation of Mattial Law or suspension of. palette be fMtered into the Journal (Sec te (4), Art. Vi of bil (See. 25(2%, Art. vy 2 y2te message of the Prostiou (Sac, 270 ALM: 8 Yeas and nays on re-pascing 9 bit vstoow oy Yong Tesidont (See.27(1), ark Vip on “Yeas and nays on any questian a in request Rea, oF the mambers present (Sen oe 4), Art), srelled Bill Theory ~ Aa enrolied bil is one faclttoduced “and “inatly monet, by oti House::, authenticated by itp Proper officars of conclute BP BrOVeG by” the: resija’t Wis oF TngM® UPON the cours as, reponse ihe tenor of the measure passed Congress and &PProvad by the Praeident (Mabonag v. Lone Wo, No. 1-123, Hereh §, 1967), tnahere has been shy ‘hisake in the Printing of the bil before it was certined by tha officers of Congress and ‘approved by ine Excutive, on the pine, C8 speculate, without Jeoperdizing the Principle of seperaiion’ n> Powers and Semoeintd une of ‘the comersiones our ge moctatls eyetem, tha ramedy le yr amendment (Cosco PraploBlaton, et by Judicial eect {Casco Phiippina Comical Co Gimonor, GR, No. L-17831, February 26, 1963), ournal Entry v. Enrotted Bin : © Groted BM pravails (Pid v. crank, 149 us 49), except 'o matters, which uncer ‘the Sonsttutin, mest be entered Into the deurnal SEregt % Vilogns, Ma tezgagal fetta ACJOURNMENT Congereg UM Shring the sessions “of the senses thal without the consent oy other, ater {2° @t0 than three (a) dayer eee ony shan eae than that in wnieh the i Hovses shal be siting Suetion 16(a) tesnrnment Sine Die ~ inteval between the euision of one Congress and thats another werd stoop the clock at mise ie "est ay of Besson in order tovalay pean * he Senate Is a continuing body while the House is nots. Sussidhisiba, when imposed, BO days | + The interpretation ‘vor ig the concerned and c (Osmatia v, Pon 28, 1960) i Requirements to vail of tho Privilege apnoch and desate: 1 [at the remarks inust be made whie the renal oF tio. togisatva commen e {nnetioning, then aoasion; ang that 4 isAO |2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 2 6 munbers of the Chamber concerned (Senate or HR) choren on the basis of Proportional reprosentation from poiitcal pares and partes ragisterad wer ne party-list systom, + Senlor Justice shall act as Cheirman, durudiction and Powor of Electoral Tribunals: 1. Sola judgo of all contests relating to the election, solurns “nnd qualification of their fespoctive members (See. 17, Art. Vi); + Elactoral Tribunals have no” jurisdictions ‘over pre-proclamation conwaversies whic come under the jurisekctio of tts COMELEC, ‘+ When there has been proclamation and a Gelealed candidate claims to by Ihe winner, the ‘Electoral Tribunal has jutisdiction (Lazutin v. COMELIEC, 6. 6. 8000/, January 26, 1980) 2, Rule-making power (Lazalin v, HRET, No. i- 84297, December 8, 1988). Inuependunce of Electoral Tribunal + Ills Indepsndent of the Houses of Cong-oss and ils decisions may be reviewed by the Supreme Court only upon showing > grave ‘20use of discretion, + Independent of the COMELEC. Cases before the Elecioral Tribunal are governed by the Tribunat’s own cules, COMMISSION ON APPOINTMENTS — (SEC, 18, ART. Vi) Compouti + Twolve senators and 12. represontatives, slacted by euch House. on the basin of Proportional ropresantation from the foils, paries and “parties and organizations registered under the parly-ist system ‘represented therein, + Senaro President acts ax ex-officio chairman % Chairman shall jot yotd excopt in tase of a tie Powérs: 1. Acts on aif appointments ubmitted to it with 30 session days of Congress from. thes submission by majority vole of ils mamburs and 2. Promuigates its own rules of procaedings, + For the Senate, @ pcitleal party must have lal leest 2 members to be entiled & one ‘seat in Commission on Appointment Rouncing off js not ullowas (Guinigowa y Gonzales, GR. No, 106971, Outitier 2 192), 0 Dan wWeda Cotege of Law "GWERS OF CONGRESS A 1 Glessification of Powors: “Lenistative 8. general plandry power (Sac.1, Ar.VI); ». Sprcfie power cf appropriaticn; © taxation and exaropriation, 4 legislative ‘nvestigations; ©, question heur, Non-Legisiative ~ includes power to 2 canvass presidental elections; 9. declare the existence of state of war, © dulegation cf emergency powers: 4. call special election for Presient and Vice-Prasident; © give concurrence 10 Wweaties and amaesties; 4. proyose consitutional amendments govsltuent power; (Sec. 1 and 2, Art. xvii, 9 contin certain aproiniments, Hh peachy 4 decide: tho ability of the Presigont deciuse mujarty of the Cabinel dispute his assertion that he is able to discharge nis auto 4 fevare "or xtend pioctamation ot suspension of plage of wnt of habeus orpus of dedaration of martial low (to revoke = lagisiative veto): 4. poor with regard to utlzation of natural resources ($06.2, Art Xi) tations on the Powers of Congress. Svbstentive = u. Express: J. Bl of lights (Art. tl; ll, on appropriations (Sec, 26 and 29 (1) and (2), Act. VI); oneasaieesity in ts fina’ forrndissibuted to mambors 3 days before tls fpassage, eveapt if Presidon’ corlfies to its immadiete endetment to mect 4 punts ccolamity of amergency, upon its ‘ast reading, no amendmant allowed and the vole thereon taku Immadiately andthe yeas and nays entered into the Jouinch {See, 26(2), Art. V1: ¢, appropiaticn, revenue and tart bis, bis authorizing increase of public uebt, Wills 01 local application, and privale bills shail originaie exclusively in the Howse of Representatives (Soe, 24, Art. Vl) +The exclusivity of the prerogative uf the HOI means simply thet the House alone can iniliate the passage o! a revenue bil, such that, if the House does not initiato one, ne revenue law will passed, But once the How has approved a revenve bill exid passed il on fo the Senate, the Senate cen ccmpiclaly ‘overhaul it, by: amendment of parts or by amendment by substitution, ard com> out with one completely different from what the House approved (Tolantino v, Secretary uf Finance, G.R, No. 115485, Ociobar 30, 19.8) + In cases of bills that must originate exclusively In tha HOR, the Constitution docs Rol prohibil the Sennie to prepare for a Sill in anticipation of the bill coming from tre lover Huuse as long.as it does net act on it until receives the bil from the HOR, POWER OF ANPROPRIATION (SEC. 24, ART Wi) 1 The spending power, called the ‘power of he purse’ belongs to Congress, subject only 10 he vato power of the President, It carcien with it fhe power to specily tne project or aciivily {c be nded under the app.opriation law, Appropriations Law « a statute, the primary end specie purpose of which Is 10 authorize reloaso f public funds from the transury. # The existence of spptopriations and the svallablity of funda ara indispo.rsabla pro- requisites to or conditions sine qua non for the execution of government contracts (Comelec: v. Judge Guljeno-Pedia and Pno‘oking Markoting Corp,, GR. No, 151992, Soplamoor 18, 2000). Classtilcations 1. General Appropriation Lew — pessod aniually, “Intended «for the financial operations of tho. entire governinant ‘durirg one fiscal period, 2. Special Apprupriation Law ~ designed for fa specilic purpose. ui itp t i eu San edo College of Haw MEMORY. A POLITICAL LAWL aL Limitations on the Fower to Approoriate (Sec. 25, Art. Vi) TAI appegpitlon, roventia or tart! bits authorizinig incase of tle pubic debi, bis of loval application, and: private bills shal origiiate oxclsivaly in he House of 2. Congress may not inalhide tne appropriations recommended by the Prosideritf"for - the operation of the Sovercment, | 4. No provision of ienactment shall te embraced in the general appropriations particular appropri 4. Ferm, enalent and mannet of preparation ‘of budgel shall be provided by lew, 5. Aspedal appropriations bill anall ¢p gly: 2. gurpose for whieh it Intondad, nod 3, Shall be supported by funds actually ‘availabiu ws ceriied by the National reasurse, of {0 bo ralsxd by a corrernoning.: revenue proposal therein; €. Prohibition against. transfer of appropriations. (Dotrine of ‘Aujmentation), howover, tho President, President of ihe Sonate ;' Spaaker >t the House, ‘Chief wuniico of tho. Suprema Gear a eats of Covtitena Commissibnémey, by law, bo authorized fo nugment! any tem 11° the general appropriations ay: for thelr respective offices ‘rom savings In other lems oftheir respective approstation; 7. Discretionary finds aopropriated for particular offilalg|shall be cisbursed only32 12009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS uajenty of those present in the session, wow being « quorum ts roquired, Quorui ~ majority of each Housa, but a sinallor ‘umber may adjourn: from day to\day and inay Compal the attendance ef ubsant Members in ‘such manner and under auch penalties a such House may aetermine (Soc, 16(2), Ast. Viy +The basis for determining the existence of a Quorum in the Senate shall be tne total number of Senctors who ara in the country and within the coercive jurisdiation of the Senale (Avaiino v. Cuenes, No L282, March 4, 1949) How a Bill Becomes a La 1, When the President signs it; 2. When the President veloes It biit the veto is ‘overridden sy two-thirds of al! the members of ‘each House; und 4. When the President does not act upon the Measure within 30 days after i shall have been presented to him. 4. A vil calling a special election for Presidunt and Vicw-Prosioent under See, 10, Art. Vil ‘becomes 1 Yaw Upon third and final reusing Prosidential Veto General Risle: f the President disapproves a bil ehacted by Congress, he should veto tie entizo Lil. He Is not allowed to velo soparate items of a ill Exceptions: itom-veto is allowed in wuee ef ‘appicpriation, revenue and tarif ils (Ses. 27 (2), Ad. Vi, Exceptions (0 the excuption; 1, Qoctna of Inappropriate Provisinns ~ Provision that is constitutionally inappropriate fer an appropriation bill may be singled out for veto exon: i Kis mot an appropriation or Fevenue “llem" (Gonzales v. Macaiaiy, ur, GR No. 87696, November 19, 1990) 2 Executive Inpoundment = tefusa’ ot the President to spend funds alrendy allocated hy Congress for spoclic purpase. It isthe failure to spend or obligate budget authority of any ype (Fhiconsa v. Enriquez, GR. No 113108. August 10, 1994). Pockot Voto ~ occurs: yen (1) the Prosisent {ls to uct on a il and (2) thu reason Ne dows ot return “the bil te. the Congress is tht Congress is not in sagsion, (Note: Not app'tcabi : lo the Piupyines becausa ination by the: Prosident for 30 days never produces 8 vi te ‘oven if Gongi vs is mn vacoss. The President ict San Bera College of Kaw Siu ct 10 Veto the bill and communicate his vate {0 Congress without need of raturning the vatced ‘ll with his voto message.) FOWER OF LEGISLATIVE INVESTIGATION & QUESTION HOUR: Liunitations on Power of Investigation 1, rust be in ald of legislation; : 2 in acenrdance with duly published wules ot procedures; aiid 3. ight of person appearing in, or affected by such ingulry shall te respected Legisiat yo Power to punish. contempt - may inch de impritonment for the duration of the sassion, Atnaull v. Nozareno (G.R. No. L-2826, vuly 18, 1950), the SC held that tne olfender could ‘v9 imprisoned indefinitely by tne Senate. i being 9 continuing body, provitied that ine Punishment did not become so long as to Vie‘als due process, As for the VIOR, the same Cacision declared that the imprisonment could last. not only during the session when ihe vllense was commited but until the final udjournment of the'kody. + The exercise of this power of Congress may tbe looked Into by the Supreme Court un Jer its expanded jurisdiction Quostion Hour ine heads of deperiments may ‘upon their own initiative with the vonsent of the President, of upon the request of ellner “oust as the rules of each house shall provide, apy hofore and be heard by such House ‘on any matter pe.taining to.thele departments. Wrilten ‘questions shail be ted to the President of re) ieee Peseta pallets easy eo Peng POSE any eT? a OA Fens:‘men Gingroet erly ak to,beIocmed Jio:}0n how dopartmant hoeds. ara, lmplon.ontig Hehe etatutes. whieh It has lssued, ts righ to "wich Information, 18. nol gs, Inperalive 28.tha: Of the President fo whan, a€ Chief Execity “atich desartment Noads must goa roport of “their performiainés asa rha.ter of duty, In slich Instances, Section’ 22, th keeping with the separalion of powers, states tha! Congress may > only.j4feguest! thelr“ appearance, Nonetheless, ,when’“the Inquiry” in. which La Sonares requires their appearance fs “in ald ‘of * leuislation’: under’ Section 21," the , appearance ls ihandalory:» And the only wey “for dopartment heads to excoint theniselves “from itis by a'valld olaim of prilioge. They are not exempt by the mere fact that they are ‘department heads, Only ono executive oificia! maybe. exunipled, from. this power - na 4 Presidunt on, whom. executive, pow rs * vested, hence. beyond tho reush of Congress except through, the: power of impazchment, © (Genie of the Philippines v. Ermita, G.R, No 168772, April £3 2006): ™ The execulive power is vested in the President, Whatever Is not judicial, whatever Is net “logislative; is residual power exercised by the President (Murvos "v,.. Manglapus, “G.K. No, 86211, October 27, 1989). : “QUALIFICATIONS OF THE PRESIDENT AND |. THE VICE PRESIDENT ty, natural-born'citizen of the Philippine®; registered voter: 3." able lo read and ‘write; 4. al least forty (40) years of age on the day of so the election, and." residen| of the Phiispines for al icas: ton (10) yeats immedialely preceding such elzcton (06/2 AM ae ». TERM GF oFFice.\):! ‘The Presidedt an bbe alected by the Beopie for six (8) years. mora than 10 i election-to, ; (S00,4.(), ACM 3 she! View'President shall { “re-eiocilon; Nojperson’ who. 1:23/ sucneeded 3, AID 1M POLITICALLAWL 43 + No Vise-Preultifint aliall sorv9 for more than 2 coneecutive tars, (ac. 4 (2), Art. Vil) + The. Vice-President indy be appoinien as a Mamber of the Cabinel. Such eppcintment requires no coftrmnlien (See 3(2)) ELECTIONS ion 4.” Romulan: second Monday 6! May, ovary vit’; Requisites: hos SS p8 a.” dean, peranent debiliy, emoval from alice ‘or retlgnation @f both the President fand the Vien Prosident h, vagancios: oocur’ more than, elyhteon Giths before «the i-newt + regular 1 prasidential elections. 2 law passed by: Congress cating for 0 special election to'ciect'a’Prosidant and Vise Prosident to bo ied rot ear than 45 vays ner lator Hari 00 days from the time of euot cali (See,10, Art.V SILLING VACANCIES 4. Prasident 7. When the vacatuy occurs at tha.start of the torm (Soa.7, anlViy ste + if ths Prosident-elect fails to ouaify, the Viee-Prasidentolect shall" act. as Prestiont until tye Presidentciect shall, ¢ have qualified, + ifthe Prestient shall havo not have beon jose, the Vice Prosident-olect shall act.as President until a President shal Iplcenetgsenanseaniieg, «+ Bratiteci-gast shall have led &¢ shat have beoge permanonty dzable, the Vive-Pres! nl shall become Presi‘ent + here og an igo snd Vice-President atien a hye shall have ghiosy Ue oo nha oF benam alll ascblogette Pree aan ocak in | nade poapod celle sf his Rapreanis oe Be of PReaent oft ree jclePgesident 2 slate in a a i Ned Spolfertemovel Pane ‘of, the an, gol shall. eh pervs thes i "retnoval | of both tho! mresident, The use of the{4 12009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS Reprosentatives,” shall then act as - Prosident until tha: Prasiient ot Vico- President whall have boon cioctea anet ali, Vico-rosidynt (SEC. 9, ARY Vit The Prosident,. shail’ nominate a "View President fiom among the members of tho Sonate and the HO! who shal assume office trom confimations by a majority vot@ of zh mambers of both Houses of the Congress, voting sepaataly. ©. Procedure in Cascs of Vacansies In tho Offices of hott. resident aud President 1. Congress swall convene jn severgance with its rubs without the meeu of a callin be tied diay anter*he vacaney occurs _% Wilkin seven days shall enact fow for a special election to be he not eanivr nan A> days nor later than 60 days iheresster 3, The bil shai’ he deemed certhizd under potagraph 2, Sec. 26, Ail. Vi and sali become law’ upon its approval on. tird feacing by tie Congress 4. Appropriations shall be ciarged aguinst any current appropriations and shal be excimpl froin the requirements oF parngraph 4, Ses 26, Ad. Vi 5. Convening of the Congress cannot be suspanded nur the special clection postponed, 8, No special election shal be calud if the vacangy occurs within 18.monihs velore the ddule ofthe next presidantial ekection, SUCESSION IN CASE OF DisaEI 14, ART Vilp 1. In case “the President Yansmils to the Speaker of the House und Seaute President his written declaration of inabilty te diacharge the powers und duties of his office: + Tho VP shall be the acting President UNTH. the President transmits a writen declaration to the ccnrary 2 In caso the majority of the Cabinet Mombers transmits to the Speaker of tho House Senate Prusident a wrltan aeularation of the Presidents inablity «to discharge tne powers ‘and duties of his offtea: + Tho VP shall imimediately 2ssume thy powers and dtiox av the /oting President 1 Ao tn case there sik a igontrary decaraten between the Presidant and the majority uf ‘Mambers of the Cabin: “a. Tho Congross wilt docide tha issu b. If the Congress by a 2/3 vole ol both Houses, voling -copmrataly, fount ni 'Y (SEC. aa Sint fess 1 Brealdaal stb Otherwise /Proakient¢ = oxetalea ee “ id SERIOUS iLtness, OF. te Paes a (SEC. Ta aRrVi) ee ees in ‘Zagof ilar os’ sale piibiid shall be inform of tha’ staid ‘of his health. ‘The Mambérs of tHé Cabinet it’cHarge of national security aid’ foreign ‘teletio‘s' ‘Staff of the AFP shallot be denis zi ‘Mey daal with iliness [Deals wilh serious tat results” in |lness, “that “is” not inzcpacity to perform | 'ncapacitating because the functions of the | access fo him‘is kept presidency Sr Jlopen for” Cabinet members in charge of tha.''natidaal security ‘and foreign relations. Se PROMLAITIONSANIIGITIONS (SEC. ¢ and 13, ART 1 No increase salaries ducing thei tenuras 2. Shut nat recove any olher emoluments fem tbe goverment or any othe source 3. Shale nou hold "any" olher office or enpioymest unis oierwse proud In the Constlation 4. Shall nok del ‘oF Indira practice any ater proousion, parcipate In ‘any outiness, or be" franelaly terested. ny contact tu, of In ary Hanehive ar spéetalprivlege dranier "by" the" goverment "or any dalton or steamy ae Wis offices fenthfully eaned s ro shat laws ro A7/ Art Vl).i: 2 par Rete Colwge of! Lan, anaes + Until and unless 2 law is acelmod unconstitutional, the President has « duly to execute it regardiess of his douhts us Io its validity (faithful oxncuian. ‘clatise) (Sozs. 1 and 47 Ait, vin), Power of Appointment Kinds of Presidential Appointments: Appuintments mace by an Actitg President b. Midnight appointment. apyrsiatmant made by a Prosident within 2 months, before the next presidential cloctions and up to the end of-his form (See, 43, ft vin, ©. Regular presidentist appointments. with or without confirmaticn by ne. Commission on. Appointrrens, anc Witt tha consent of tho Commission cn Appointments 2 heads of executive departments (Note appointment of Vice-Presitent a8 member of the Cabinet requires. no confirmation. (Sec, 3 (2), Art. Vil) d. ambessadors and other ministers and consuls; officers of the AFP from tho rank of olene! or naval icaplain (Saran ¥, Mison, GR No. 78974, Deconbor 17 1387), be 4. officers whose appointments. ure veste in him by the Constitution : + The Supreme Court declared in the case of Sarmionio v. Mison /GR No. 179974, December 17, 1567) thai Only appointments undor the fist sentence of Ser. 16, Ar. Vil need Confirmation of the Commission on Appointrvents, + The “Congress cannot,’ by ‘aw, expand the list of pubic cifcials required to be confirmed by Ine Commission on Appoiniments a8 Drovided under An. Vii, Sec 16 0: the Constitution, (Caldaron v. Cura, G.R. No, 91636, Apri 23, 1992) public 1 With prior recommendation or nomination by the Judicial and Bar Council: Mombers of the Supremé Court and ali lower courts (800.9, Art. vill); and b. Ombudsman dnd his § deputies, Requiring nominctions by rivitisectoral groups: 8, Regional consultative cotnmission ‘Soe, 48, Art. X); and ac Skipper : ‘i i y ol AE reprereniatives, -Ueore tho iv Ling (S0e.7, Art. ¥VII). + Aspointment, solely by the President. (Soe. 18, Art Vil): , a those vested by the Constitution on the President slong; b. Grose whose oppeintments ctherwine provided for by law: ©. those watcin he shay be authorized by Jaw to appoint; and 4, those othe? officers lower In rank whose appoiniment ‘is vested by law in the Prosident ulons. Appoliiting procedura for those that naed CA Confirmation: 4. Nominatton by the Pjasient; b. Confirmation by th: Commission on Appointments; . 'ssuance of commission; and 6. Adzoptarco by the apyointec. + -Deemcd complete upon acceatance, Pendityg! suct. acceptance, which Is optional fo the appointeo, the appolpinicnt may stil be validly withdtain, Appointment to a nubile office: canna: be forced pon any aitzei except for purposes of defense!of the Statgiinder Sec. 4, Att Il, 88 an’ excoptin to the rule fugainst'- involuntary servitude, (agioniivs, Romero, No. L3001, October 4, 1949), + {nad Intogim appointments, steps 1, Band 4 precede siep 2, ‘+ For appointments which do not require“ confirmations. ste> 2 1s ae not Biddy higtenarert46 ]2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS of offce by olectad President (Sue. 14, Art Vi): Prosidont or acting-Presidoat shail not naka appointments except temporary ones to executive posllons 2 monins Immediately before the next Presidential elections and up to the end of his term when continued vacancy will prejudice ubiz servica or endangor public sefoty (Soc. 15, Art, VII; and ‘The President shall have the power 1> ‘make appointments during the recess cf the Congress, whellier voluntary or compulsory, but such appointments shall be effeclive only until uisapproval by the CA or until the text adjournment of th Congewss (See, 16 par.2, Art, Vil + This ig known as “recess” or ace Intorin® appointment, + Two modes of terminating addnterim appointment: (1) disapproval hy the Commission; and (2) adjournment of Congress prior to: Commissions ‘action on the Appointment, + Adiinterim appointment is NOT a temporary —appoiniment kis ponnanont, + The Constitutional timitation on tne vaiivity of ad interim appointments applies only to appointments that fequire the approval of the Commission of Appointment. 3, Power of Kornoval General rule: This power is impliad from tha ower to appoint, 4, Exception: Tho “appointed by him wher. be Constitution presenbes cortain methods for Separstion trom public service (e.g Impeactimeny, Power of Jontrol - power of an officar to ate ‘mocity, ullly, “or set aside what 2 Subordivete has dony In the performance of His dulles and to substitute his. judgmvant to that of the former (Manduno ¥. Silvosd, Gr> L- 9040, May 30, 1985). w Doctrine of Qualitied Politicel Agency or Alter Ego Principlo ~ all execute and edministrative “organizatiors are agjuncts of the Executive Department, the heaus of the various executive, “nd, excupt in cases “where the Ghiel Exeou've Is required by the Constitut an 6 law (0 act in person or the exigunces of the situation demund’ that he acts Personally, the multifariois executive ‘and administrative functions of the Chie! Execulive are performed by the anc $a Beda Collene of Law ‘hraugh the execuive depevtments, and {ho acts of the Secrutarivs of Executive deparimenta when perfumed and promulgated in the regular course ot businose of unleys disapproved or feprobated by the Chief Executive, are presumptively the acis of the Chiet Executive (Viliena v. Secretary of the Interior, No. 46570, Apri 21, 1936) Petitioners argue tnat the EVAT law is unconstitutional, as it constitutes abandonment by Congress of its exclusive authorty to fx tne rate of laxos {he 1987 Philippine Constitution and also nulified the Fresident’s power of contro! ‘by mandating the fixing of the tax rate by {ive Prosident upon the reconimeridation of the Secrotary of Finance. The SC fuled that Secrelary of Finance can act @3 agent of the Legislative Departmen: to determine are declare the event upon which its expressed wil is to take effect His personality in. such instener is io ly Dut_a projection vf thal of Congress. Thus, being the agent of Congress ane not of the President, the President cannot alter or medity o nullify, OF Sut asiae the findings of the Secretary of Finance and tc substituts: the judgment of tne former for that of the latter “(Abukuda Guia ¥. Exocutivo Searatury, G.R. No. 168056, Soptomna” 41, 2005), 5. Miluary Powors (Soe. 18, Art, Vil) Comiander-in-Chief clause To call oul the Armed Forces tu prevant or ‘suppress lawless: be charged toy must b2(- Haan Meda College of Law + [Procterration does not supersacie * “ewvilian authority, ©. Declaration of Martial |.aw + Grounds for declaration: Violence, invasion oF roboltion levies Note: The following cannot be done i “Suspend the: operation. of. Constitution; ' Supolant the furetioning of the civil courts and the legislative assemblies; Sonfer jurisdiction upon miltary ccurts and agencies over civilians, where civil ‘courts are able.t¢ function; * Open Court Doctrine — civilians cannot be ded by raillary courts if the civil .eour's are open and functioning’ *(Olaguer v. Military Commission No 34, GR No, 54448, May 22, 1997) the i iv. Automatically suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus (Ser.18, par (4), Anvil). Constitutional Limitations onthe Suspension of tho Privitegs of the Wut of Habeas: Corpus and Declaration of Martial Law Quration; not more than 60 days following which it shall be liked. wniess exienced by Corgress. Duly oF tho Presidemt 10 report to Congress: within 48 hours prusonally or i writing, Authority of Congress to revoke cr exiend the clfectwty of proclaniation: by majorty vote of all of ts members vo'nig Join, Authonty of the Supreme Gout: to inguirs Into the sufficiency of the fa ziual basis tor such action, at the instance of any en bane incudes only: (1) auministrative Juegos: (2) disbarment of tawyarn, (3) suspension of moro than 1 your; ur (A) fine. exceeding Php 10,00) (Poopio v. Gadoll, G.R, No. 140930, July 15, 1995) JUDICIAL REVIEW, « tha puwer of the courts to test ine vality of executive and logistatve acts light of the't conformity wath the Constitution. This 18 net an assection of superior ty by the courts over thd oxher departments, but moraly an, expression of the supremacy of the Constitution (Ancara-y. Flectora' Canunission, No. 45001, vuly 15, 1996). Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy Whon the Judiciary allocates constitutional boundaries, it neither snes. suretosly nar nuliies an act of the Legisature. It onlyiensects the solemn aqd sacred obligation assigned to it by the Constitution to determin conficing claim at “authonty under the Cons nad to establish for the perties in an actual controversy the rights which that Instrument secu-es and ‘qvaraniees to them (Laurel, Angora v. Elec‘oral Jummission, No, 45084, July 15, 1935). Requisites of Judicial Reylow (APEN): 1. “Actual case or controversy = @ ccnllict of logal rights, an assertion of opposite legal claims rusceptibe of judicial datcrninatinn; + A constitutional question is ripe ior adjudication when the governmental act being challenged has had A direct adverse effect on the individual cchallonging it, Constitutional question must be raised by the Broper party (locus. stan} one wo has sustained or Is In imminent. danjor at sustaining an Injury asa rosuit of the’ act corplaines of; Elements 2f'standiing are: 4. The peittoner rust have sulferad injury tn fact which ean be legal, economic, oF environmental,’ %. The injury must be traceable to the govornmente! uct chatlonged: and ©. Tha injury must be redrostablo by the romedy bolig sught by pettoner, Note: In recen: yeers, the SC has sven following 3 liberal approach on stending in High profidtissies: + In Dumiao v. COMELEC (G.R. 52245 Jonvory 22, 1980), whi thal the uit” presented merely "a AY COLLER! Mey AIDIN ROUITICALLAWY) 52 Webelos taal) Properly a tacbayer's suit because tha patitioners were. #0t agains! the holding of olections with|canscquant ex nenaiture of public funda,'the Court nevarthoioss ruled on tho stbstantive fssues raised because of “paiamoun! pubic, dterest™ due to.the provinity af the election data and the need to,slear the 3 of contusing dout ts, : +n Oposaeae, Pablo Je (G.A No, 101089 sy 241903), tho SE atime the sanding at minors "epresonted by thet parents te ennleng ta val ot logging concessions on tha'tyisis of the contep of tergeneratoralrespahsiiiy for and eght toa batoncet and Neotel ecologh guaruneed by Artie, Seo. 4 + fn Kilosbayan'y, Guingona, Jr, (G.R. No. 113376, May #, 1994), the SG atfrmed the right of petitioners’ to challenge the Validity of thy. foto. contract of the Philippine Chifily Swacpstskes on the argument ‘thst the ese was ol transeondorial Importance, This ruling Was teversed,/owevor, in Klosbnyan v. Murata (Gu, fe. 119995 tay 6 1894), ‘of the ground thal the pultioner had no substaniial inlivpst in th contract being challenged. "| «Foe age:payel aut ho fotoweng must public funds are disbursed by a pollical’ Te ‘subdir or instrumentality; and 4/4 | a.Iow Is vulated or sents irequtaty i carynligd ond tha the peltonet sy the alleged AS SSW at 4 HOE LAW i : ot=n22.|2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS 4. Retarminition of constitutionality of the statute must be gocessary {9 a tinal etermijation of the cuse.(Poople vs. Voru, No: 48675, Novamioor 16, 1937). Grava Abuso of Disci ction Amounting to Lak of Jurisdiction ~ capricious and. whimsica! ‘exercise of judgmant. The abuse of discretion wat bo patent and gross as to amount io an ‘evasion of a positive dily or @ virtual refusal to Perform a duly enjoined by law, or to act at all. Contemplation of law, as where “the power is ‘exercised in an arbitcary and despotic mane: by feason of passion or hostility (inlastale Esiale of Carmen do Luna v. iAC, GR. No, 72424, Fabruary 13, 1989), A Galina und concrete dispute | 1. Thoso questions foushing cn “the | which, under the. legal relations of | Constitution, are to be | parties having | _ decided by the people adverse legal | In their sovervign internsts which may | capacity; or be resolved by a} 2.in ragard to which ful Court af law through | discretionary auinority the appication of a] has boen delegates to law (Cutan v. | > the legislature or OENK, GR, No. | — oxccutive branches of 194988, * January | government (Tanai 31, 2001), ¥. Cuanco, No, L- 10820, February 28, ET 1957) Functions of Judicial Roviow . {Checking - invalidating a lew of oxecu'ive act that is found to."he -contiary to the Constitution; Legitimating — upholding the valitty of 8.0 law tat trsute from @ mora dismissal of 2 case challenging the validiy of the "aw: Rola on cuba nagatvo ~ uss the torn “0s oconsturdoaar; the court eanhot daciare {aw constivional becatsa it already enjoys a Presumption of consttuonalty, 9. Symbolic - to educate the ber.ch and har as to the controling principles and.concepts on matiars of grave ‘public. importance for the Guidance of and ceairaint. upon the future (Salonga v. Griz“ Pano, “No. L924, February 18, 1986 ), * @ Sen Wea College of Law Effect of Dec ration of Unconstitutionallty Fhe lave is either: /ald ~ Mi, on its face, it does not enjoy any Prosemplion of valkity because Is patenty offensive to the Constitution, It produces no elec, crentes ng office, and imposes no duly Algol. "Comates, No, 382248, Januery 22, 3940). 2 voldablo - if, on its face, it enjoys tho, Presumption of | constitutionally, The law becomes Inopardtive only upon the judicial deslavation of it invalidity: the declaration Produces no retfoactive elfect (Serrano da Agbayani v. PNB, No. L:29127, Apri £9, 171} Raquisites bofore a law can be declared partially unconatitut’onal: 1. the legislature must be willing to rstain valid Paition (separabilly clause), ang 2 the vakd portion can stand Indapendently as law. APPOILTMENT TO THE JUDICIARY Qualifications, 1 Chiat Justice and Associate vustices cf the Supreme Court, Naturalsboen gitlzerg b. Atleast 40 years old; ©. 18 yeurs of more a8 a judge of a lower ‘cout or has been engaged ln the practic: fof law in the Philippines for tho sam period; dA person of proven. competence, Inlearity, probity and independence, 2 Prosiding Justice and Associate Justices of tho Court of Appals: c. Has dinky anda bie pease of__ Ba Weda College of Hat has held public office in tue Philippines requiring admission to tho practic of lav as a0 indispensable requisite, dA person of proven campelerce, Integrity, probity and indeoardence, "Procedure for Appointment (S1e.8}: Acceirted ty Srasidant fect arerg 2 "et of eos i croreescrmrat tte cone Tonurs of Justiges and Judges ‘Supreme Cout~ j.old office urtil thoy 70 years of age ot become ‘ncapacitaled 10 discharge their duties (Sec.14, Art.Vill. May ‘be removed only through impeachment. 2. Lowdr Courts ~ hold office curing goud behavior until thy reach 70 yaars 0} ag@ of becore incapacitated 10 discharge thelr dulios (Soc, 11, Art, Vill) By majority vote of members wno actually {ook part in the deliberation on thi issues and voted thereon, SC.an band shall have tho ower, to discipling ‘udgas of lower courts or ‘order (heir dismissal No taw shai be passed reoresnizing the Judiciory when it undermines the security of tenure of is members. (Sec, 2, Art. Vil) JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL (SEC, 8,ART Vin Composition: + Exofficio chainnan = Supreme Court Chief Justice + Gwotticio members, + Secretary of Justice + Representative of Cungress + Regular members Represenialive of the IGP; + Profossor of Law, Retired member of SC; and Ropfosentativy of private secter + Secrotary de wrfioto Clerk of the Suprome Court Appointment ‘4° Regular members shall be appointed by the President for & fouryear ‘etm with the consent of tne Commission on Appeinuments + The Constitution does not _prohihit_ res aproiniment of yutar members of thn Jc. Powers and Function: 4, Recommend appointees io the Jusiclary, 2. Recommend aphyintona to the Olfew af the” ‘Ombudhman end his 8 dopitisiy 3. May exercise sui other tinct assigned by tho Suprema Gel vit). 18 AS may be (Soc. 8,-An. SALARIES! (SECURITY OF 1 JUD.CAL ASSIGN at + Fre wary 2, ioe sae rede semowe Sees Te: of tower court Pl be fxe: Sy +The members of the SC and judges of over Sout sol na tie ang goad bens val they toed he! agp at'70 your becoma inenpartalal to clachnege the dition atthe oltce., +The memberd'é the SC and of other'cours ‘stabiithod by nw shall not bo designated to any egency performing quashjudical or administrative functions. ENURE, MON. ? ENT (SEG. 10, 11 and 42, tndopendent Conititutional Gommiasions 4. Gv Service Commission (CSC) 2. Commission 6» Elections.(COMELEC) 3. Cemmission «Audit (COA) © The csc, OMELEG and the COA ore equally preiritient ‘hy tholr- respective spheres. Neier ono may claim dominance ever tho othof. In caso of conficting rulings, Wis the Jusiriary, whicn interprets. the moaning of 'fo law ane ascertains which iow shai hfovall (CSC v. Pobm, GR. 190608, onimior 1.2004 ai hough iohhicy creation is, none idc dif me gonys of ota Regcag tara! Wtonomipe a eu + The eae eit Rights (CHR), cy54 |2009 CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS bm Beda College of Lay RIB ETueDemorisations en eta Gage 2 La 4. be financially interasted, diroetly oF Indirect, in any contract with, of in any ‘ranchiss oF privlage granted by the Goverment, any of lis subdivisions, agenciae or insirumientuiics, Including government-owned and contro.ied Corporations or their subsidiaries, Safeguards that guarantee Independonce ot Commissions: 4. thoy are.2anstitulionatly or bbe abolished by statute; 2 each is expressly independent’; 3. each Is conferred ceitain powers and functions which carrot be reduced by state, 4. the ‘Chasmen ang members cannot be: emoved except by impeac.ament, 5, the Chalrmen and i.1umbers are given x fa {ong term of office of 7 years: 8 hs Cholimen and members may not be feappointed or appointed ia an “acting capacity (Briluntas v, Yorac, G.R. No. 93867, Dacombur 18, 1990): 7.2 the salarios of tho Chaltmen’ and members ‘are relatively nigh aad may not be decrearec during their continuance In office (Soe. 3); we Commissions enjoy fiscal autonomy (See, 5 8. ench Commission may promulgate 1s own Procedural rules, provided they do not Gininish, increase “or modify substantive tights (tough subject to- disapproval by tno SC) (Sec, 6); 10, the Chairmen and mambers are subject to certain disquaiiicalions caleulated to strengthen their integrity, 14, the Commissions may appoint their own Otficials and employees in accordance wiln Givi Service Law (Sec. 4) (Nachura, Reviewer in Political Law, 2006 ed, p. 273). ted and may not described as, Certioradt Jurisdiction of the Supromo Guurt +, Limited to decisions rendered in actions or proceedings taken cognizance of by the Commissions in the exercise of theie Adjudicatory or quésijudicial “functions, It does. nat refer to purely execulive po.veis Hence, questions arising trom the award of o contact for construction of voting aooihs can be brought before the tial court (Ambil vs, Comuleo, BR. No. 143398, Cetabor “6 12000). Decisions of tho.Commissinns (Bee. 7, Art 'X: + Each Commission shall decide by @ majority Vota of al iis members any ease or miter borough before it within 80 days from the dale 8f Re submission for decision or resouutin. + A caso or matter Is deamed submitted for acision oF resolution upon the filing of the {ast pleading, briel, or memorandum require: by the rues’ of te Commission or by ‘ho Comimisalcn sort, + nloas otherwise provides py this Consttutinn or by ‘aw, uny decision, order, of tuling of each Commiasion may be brought tv the SC on cartiorarl by the aggrieved party within 30 days Ueraof, A. GIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION + 2 Commissioners, Qualincutions of Members 1, nalirat-born eitizer 2. at least 36 yea's old at the time cf 2npointment; 9. with proven capacity for public ecministration, and 4, ol @ candidate in any election immediatel; preceding the appontment, Appointmant and Term (Sa¢. 1(2), Art. + Seven (7) years without reappoin.ment * Appointment to any vacancy shall be only fer the unaxpired term of the predecessor. + Inno case shail any member be appointed cr ‘dasignated in a temporary or acting canacity ay: Scope of the Givil Sorvice: embraces ail branches, subdivisions, instrumonialilies and agencies of thu; Government, — incluaing government-owned and controlled corporations ‘with original charters (Bor, 2(1), Art. IX-B), i SYR pyany election ASLAN election s in ary Riga political’ uctivity__tban Beda College of Bev + Part'sun political ‘activity: active support for oF affiiation. with the caver of a political party of candidate, Thir wovld inclide, among —othors, being a candidate fer any’ olective offic or delngate to any political convention, being an officer or member cf any pultical committee, party or organization delivering speechas, canvassing or soliciting votes of political suppor or centributions for nny pailical pity or cancidato. of, In general, becorning acively identified with the’ success or failure: of any candidate’s for clsction te public offico, (See, 14, Rule Xvil, CIVIL Service Rutes) Classification of positions baued on Revised Administrative Coda of 1987: 1. Career service ~ charactorized by: a. enlrance based on merit and “ness to ve determined by competitive examination or based on highly technical qualifications, opportunity for auvancemeni, ©. security of tenure, Kinds: @.opc:7 caroor positions - prior qualification via examination, b closed career postions ~ 0.9., scion tie ‘or highly technical, c. creer axacutve service = 0g Unoarsecretatios, Bureau Directors; 4, ca.eer officers ~ appointed by Pre ident €..,foreign service: ©. positions in AFP, governed by scpatute ‘merit system f, personnel of GOCC's with orginal charter, 9. Permanent taborers, whether skilicd, ‘somi-skiled or unkkillod, 2. Nomcareer Service — characterized by 8. entrance on bases other than the usual tests utilized for career service. tenure timited to period, kinds: 2. elective officials and their personal and confidential staf, b. department headis and officiais of cabinet ‘enk, and thelr personal and confidential staff, chairmen and members of commissions and boards with fixe terms cf office and their personal and confidential staff d. contractual personnel or those whore employment in goverment in in ccordaneé th spacial contract for specie work gn emergency si soasonni personnel Exceptions to rafilroment of compotitive cxaminatlons to deforming merit and fitnoss {nn-complitive) Policy Daterminiig ~ lays. own principal or "undementl guigines oes 2. Pdmority Contitential - piriaity close intimacy which insures” teevdon’ of Intereoutde wihout embarrassment 0 freedom from rrisgivings or betrayels on confidential matlars of State; or one declared te be #9 by Prestient upon recommendation af the CSC (Solaray v Helhay. No. L4A06s, September 20, 18/8) 18 ate “primarily confidential” (1) the? President, upon the fecommendation of the Service Commission, has declared the postion when Memory 4)p IN POLITICAL LAWL SS to be primarily confidential, and (2) when * the position, by its nature, is primary confidential (Salazar v. Mothay, .°R. No. LeAd064, Seploniber 22, 1976). In ‘othor Words ‘tie cinssifcntion ray bo made by We executive, while to be accorded the, weight it deserves, 1s nt Gafietoly deigeninative of tha:nature of tho position (lemmas, 2003) + Proximity tse ~ the aceupant of a faricul poston cout We considered a Confidential employee if the predominant reason why: te was chosen by the ' appointing Suthorily was the latter's bellof tht tig|can share. a close 'ntimate ‘lationship vith the’ occupant which lor of ies without (ON Mile, L208 yyRyst ly 08 9 cover for a avowed by the ae Sy, DUBE GE BO Ae ge :56 J2009 CEriTRALIZED BAR OPEL TIOWS ———_—. Constitution (Briones v. Osmona, GR. No, | 12536, Saptombor 24, 1968). + For abiultien of affica to escape tho taunt of ‘nconsiitstionally, it must be made (1) In ond faith. (2) not for personal of pallical ‘reasons, and (3) nol in violation of the law. + Persons permanently occupying ron- ‘competitive positions are covered by the guarantee of security’ of tenure. However, officials and employees holding primany confidential positions continue only for su long as confidence in thom endures. tia termination of their officla! relation can be |ustilied on the ground of loss of conlidence Because wis thal case their cessation from office involves me removal aut the expiration of the term of offica- ‘wo diferent causied for {ho termination of official relations recognized In the Law of Pubia Otfeyrs (Hormundez v. Vullagas, 6.4%, No, L-17287 Jutho 30, 1965) Functions 8 the contral porsonnal agency of tho Governmant: |. tw establish a career service; 2 to adopt measures to promote morale, sffcioncy, integrity, respansivenoss, Progressivenoss and courtesy in the Civil Service, to sirenginen the merit and rewards system, {0 integrate oil human rescurces development rogroms for all levals and ranks; and 5. 10 institutionalize @ management climate Gonducive: to public eccountabiliy. (Sec. 3, Art. XB) Prohivition against additional and double compensation 7 * No elective or appointive public officer or employee shall receive additional, double, or 'nditect compensation, unless ‘specsically authorized by law, nor accept witiout the Consent of she Congrass, any present emolument, oifice, or ble of any kino from any forelgn yovernmant + Pensions or gratuities shall not be considered 8s additional, double, .. of indwvect compansaticn, Aduitionat compensation. when for one and the come office for which compensation hos been (ixed there is ‘added to such fixed compensetion an extfa'réward in ihe form of ‘bonus and the like, Double compensation- refers to two seis cf compensation for two different offices held concurrently ay one olticer, San Ber > There Is no general prohibition against holning twa" offices which ero nol ‘ncompuiiole; ‘but when an efficer accepts @ socond office, ne can draw the Salary attached to such second office only ‘when hu is specifically authorized by law tu receive couble compensation, Gotlege of Kaw U. COMMIESION ON ELECTIONS Compoxition Qualiti 1 I-born cilizen; 2 sh least 35 years off at the time uf appointment, %. college degree holder; 4. ol“ candidute “In election immediately ocwuing the appoiniment; anid 5. mayity, Including the chaitman, must be aemuers of the Philippine Bar ‘who have bout engaged in te practice of law for w loast 10 years, | + "Engaging in} tie practice of taw' engaging In any actity, in oF ovt of court Which requl es te application of law lagal knowledge, training aria experience einer 3, 1991), Appolntmant and Term + Appointed by the Prasident with the consen: of tho Coniimission of Appointment for a tern: of 7 yoars without reappointment (Sec.1(2}, Pot IXC), + Whowever, the agpairiment was 8d inforim, a Subsequent renewal of thy appointment does. Nol violate the prohibiion on reapoointments because r & 2 2 2 8 Law oo is criminal infoxrnigh uble "registration guns: vieinton? There is nceSan Reda College ot Law y i constitutional reyiirarrent that the fing of tha criminal Infoimation be first decided by any of tne divsions of the COMELEC (Bnyian v. Comore, GR. ‘No, 183946, Fobruay 4, 2003), 2, Exclusive original Juriedietion over ail con felating tw the eleclion, reluns and qualifications of al elective vegional, Provincial ang city offwiols, Exclisivo appelinte jurisdiction vor all contests involving elective muntcips) offclals deciied by RTC. or Involving elective barengay offiials decided by the MTC. Decisions, nel orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving elective muiricinal and barangay offices shall he final, execuiory and unappeaiable. + The Conimission has no jurisdiction over Sar.gguniang Kabataan (SK) since ths Is under the “Department al Loeat Government, 3. Pecige, save those involving the rat lo vote all questions. affecting elections, including determination of the number ond location of polling places, appoiniment nl election officials and inspecio's, and regiztition of voters with the concurrenaa of the Pres Yaw enforcement ‘agencies aud 8 fot the exclusive purpose of ensuring tree, orderly honest, pare): sn credible elections, + Th Commission has no authority to Ciscipfine them and can only recéminend the dlscipinary action to the Presigent 5. Register, afler sufficient publication, paltical Parties, “organizations or coalitions which musi present their pletform o” progam of governere 6. File, upon.a verified complaint, 2° on its own iniative, Beilions in court for the inglusion of exclusidn of voters; Invontigate tind, yore Appropriate, prosecute cases ¢f visiations of election laws, 7. Recommend:to Congress etective measy es to mirimize election spending, Including limitation of places whore “propapanda ‘materials stall be pusted, ana to pruvant and Penalize all form: of alecion tat offenses," malpracticos, and nuisance candidates. 8. Recommend to the Prasirinnt tho romoval of ny officer or employen it has deputized, or the iraposition ef eny other disciplinary action, {or violation or disregard of, or disohediance to its dractive, order, or decision, 8 Submit to the. Prusident and ‘Congross a ‘comprehensive report on the conduct of each lection, plebiscite, Inititive, reterendum or recall Commission ogdinions’ ne contetec's ‘cyorelso of Ite quibi-judiclal pownrs in subject to ‘Soution 3 cf Articli!X-C which ‘expressly requires. {all election caias, including pre-prociamation coniroversiew,|'shall_ be decided. by. the COMELEC In tsion; and 2 the. motion is: reconsideration shall bd decided by the COMELEC an bane i te Regulation of Public _ ut : Fronchisés (Sec. 4, Art XQ)" + The GOMELEC. may, Tint the election period, supervse’or reguti(e the uliization of all franchises or permits ‘for he onerallon of, transportation and othe. pubic ules,” media, ‘al! grants, priviloges and concessions ranted by the Government + Tho alm Is to rhisure equal opportinity, time, fans space, and the tight 0 rapt, Ineding Feasonable, oqvn! rates fer publ Information campaigns ‘nd forums a non candidates, tion, Media, ©. commssiol ott Aubmr Composition |) 8 2 Chalman + 2Gommisisneis Qualifications 4, natinal-born citzen; 2. at wast 36 yoare old appciniment, . 3. CPAs with’ :t) least 10 “yebig. auctting expetienice or members of the Bar wth at at the time of ices fquyeare grpatance ho preity Iavz aio tine shal at bon tageg Not mAPAES EAR soeton mea 4. Not ngMaSee RA loauon inmecaty “pty mocodg ai ra A WonendB Dee Miac ae in TMF Arner JH Ment rarer eran