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Extinct Species: - This species have vanished from a local area, region, country, continent or
the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic Cheetah.
Q.8: Write briefly about the different types of forests found in India?
Answer:
The following types of forests are found in India:Reserved Forest: - reserved forests are the forests that are regarded as the most valuable as
far as the conservation of forest and wild life resources are concerned. More than half of the
total forest land has been declared as reserved forest.
Protected Forests: - This forest land is protected from any further depletion. Almost one- third
of the total forest area is protected forest, as declared by the forest department.
Unclassed Forest: - These are other forests and waste lands that belong to both government
and private individual and communities.
Reserved and protected forests are also known as permanent forest estate maintained for the
purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons. Madhya
Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forest consisting 75% of its total forest area.
Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and
Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forest of its total forest area. All north eastern
states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forest.
Local communities manage these forests.
Q.9: Write a note on good practice towards conserving forest and wildlife?
Answer:
a) The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in
several areas. It has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be
enormously successful.
b) Attempts have been made to revive the traditional conservation methods. At the same time
new methods of ecological farming have also been developed. Farmers and citizens group
like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of
diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible as well as
economically viable.
c) In our country Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme offer a nice example for
involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM
depends on the formation of local (village) institution that under taken protection activities
mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return the members of
these communities are given the right to intermediary benefits such as non- timber forests
produce and share in the timber harvested by successful protection.
Long Answer type questions of Forest and Wild Life Resources
Q.1: What are the negative factors that cause such fearful depletion of flora and fauna?
Answer:
(1) Expansion of railways.
(2) Conversion of forest land into agricultural land.
(3) Mining activities.
(4) Large Scale development projects like river valley project etc.
(5) Grazing of Pastoral animals.
(6) Hunting and poaching of wild animals. (Any four)
Q.2: Distinguish between endangered and extinct species.
Answer:
Endangered Species
(1) These are species which are in danger of extinction.
(2) The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to a decline in
their population continue to operate
(3) Examples: Blackbuck, wild ass, Indian rhino, crocodile, lion-tailed macaque etc.
Extinct Species
(1) These are species which are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they
may occur.
(2) They are already missing and their survival is suspicious.
(3) Examples: Asiatic cheetah, pink headed duck, etc.
Q.3: How forests are useful to man?
Answer:
(1) The raw materials for paper industry, match making, gums and resins are also extracted
from the forest products.
(2) They help in controlling soil erosion.
(3) They help in enhancing the quantity of rainfall.
(4) They provide certain types of herbs which are in turn used to produce useful medicines.
Q.4: Write a short note on Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme in India.
Answer:
This program involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded
forests. JFM depends on the formation of local institutions that undertake protection activities,
mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the members of
these village communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non timber forest produces
and share in the timber harvested by successful protection.
Q.5: Describe the methods of forest conservation.
Answer:
(1) The cutting of trees in the forest must be stopped at all costs. Our government has taken
various steps in this direction.
(2) Mass Media like newspapers, radio, television and cinema can help a lot in this direction.
(3) We should bring more and more areas under forests (at least up to 33%) for the balanced
development of our country.
(4) The people on their parts also cooperate to check the falling of trees. Chipko Movement
to check the careless falling of trees in the forests.
Q.6: Describe the steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country?
Answer:
(i) Several conservation projects have been initiated. These projects are now focusing on
biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.
(ii) There is now a more intensive search for different conservation measures.
(iii) Even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation planning.
(iv) In the notification under wildlife acts 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths
beetles and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species.
In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.
Q.7: How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Answer:
Causes of the Depletion of flora and fauna:Expansion of the commercial and scientific forestry and mining activities: - During the
colonial period due to the expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific
forestry and mining activities Indian forests depleted to an extent.
management are: i) Reserved Forest: - More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests.
Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and
wildlife resources are concerned.
ii) Protected Forests: - Almost one- third of the total forest area is protected forests as declared
by the forest department. These forest lands are protected from any further depletion.
iii) Unclassed Forests: - These are other forest and waste lands belonging to both government
and private individual and communities.
Q.10: Mention the Human factors that have led to decline in Indias biodiversity?
Answer:
Several human activities have affected the depletion of flora and fauna and have led to decline
in Indias biodiversity. The main factors responsible for this damage are as follows:Habitat destruction mainly due to overpopulation leading expansion of agriculture, mining,
industrialisation and urbanisation and consequent wiping out of large forest areas.
Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animals skin, tusk, bone, teeth, horns etc, have lead
many species to the verge of extinction.
Environmental pollution, poisoning of water bodies due to discharge of industrial effluents
chemical, wastes etc leading to animals deaths.
Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation wiping out valuable forests and wildlife.
Large scale development projects and destruction of forests.
Grazing and fuel wood collection.
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