Chapter 6: Chemical

Bonding
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Learning outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
understand and explain:

Ionic bonding.
Covalent bonding.
Octet rule.
Lewis structure
Bond polarity and bond strength.
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Octet rule
Almost all elements in its natural state are not stable.
Only elements of group 8 are stable.
The stability of group 8 elements are due to the fact that its
valence shell are full.
This is known as the octet rule.
Elements that do not have fully filled valence shells will try to
achieve octet stability by either:
Donating electron
Accepting electron
Sharing electron

Ionic bond
Ionic bonds are usually formed between metals and non
metals.
Metals:
Tend to donate its valence electrons
Forms positive ion or cation

Non-metals:
Tend to accept electrons
Forms negative ion or anion

Ionic bond is the strong electrostatic forces of attraction

between two oppositely charged ions.

Covalent bond
Covalent bonds are usually formed between non-metals
In order to achieve octet configuration, non-metals tend to
share its valence electrons.
Covalent bond is formed when non-metals valence shell
overlaps to allow sharing of electrons.
Rules of covalent bond:
The sharing of electron between atoms are mutual (if atom A
shares one electron, atom B will also share one electron)
An atom will share exactly the same amount of electrons it needs
to achieve octet configuration (chlorine has 7 valence electrons, it
needs 1 e to achieve octet stability, hence it will share only 1 e)

Lewis structure
Lewis structure only shows the valence electrons of atoms
that are involved in covalent bonding.
Dots and crosses are still used to represent different
electrons.
Lewis structure is simplified as it removes the need to draw
the other inner shells.

Lewis structure

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons
in a covalent bond
Different atoms have different value of electronegativity
The stronger the electronegativity, the greater the ability to
attract electrons
General pattern:
Non-metals have greater electronegativity compared to
metals
Electronegativity increases across the period
Electronegativity decreases down the group

Bond polarity
When two of the same atoms forms a covalent bond, the electrons
are shared equally resulting in a non-polar bond
When two different elements are bonded, the electrons are not
shared equally
The more electronegative atom will pull the electrons closer towards
itself
The electrons are unsymmetrically distributed
The difference in electronegativity of atoms in a covalent bond
results in polar bonds
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Bond Polarity

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Bond Polarity
The unequal distribution of electrons results in polar bonds
The bond has a dipole indicated by
+ (less electronegative atoms)
(more electronegative atoms)

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Bond strength
Bond strength refers to the strength of a particular covalent
bond.
Bond strength can be measured based on bond energy.
Bond energy can be defined as the energy needed to break
one mole of a particular covalent bond.
Bond energies varies from compound to compound.
One of the factors that affect bond energy is the length of the
bond.
The shorter the bond, the higher the bond energy.

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Bond strength
Bond

Bond length (nm)

Bond energy (kJ mol-1)

H-H

0.074

435

Cl-Cl

0.198

243

O=O

0.121

495

NN

0.110

941

H-Cl

0.109

414
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THE END
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