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Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)

JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

www.pis.edu.my

CLO 1 : Explain various types of materials used in

manufacturing industry.
CLO2 : Synthesize course knowledge into an effective
course assignment and present technical findings
both orally and in written.

Week 15

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polymer molecules molecular structure

Explain the polymer molecules

Explain the molecular structure
Describe the thermoplastic
Describe the thermosetting
Describe the copolymer
Explain the processing of polymers

thermoplastic

thermosetting

Mer is the group of atoms that constitutes a

polymer chain repeat unit.

copolymer

Definition

Polymer is a solid, non-metallic compound of high

molecular weight the structure of which is
composed of small repeat mer units.
Monomer is a stable molecule from which a
polymer is synthesized.
Homopolymer is a polymer having a chain
structure in which the all mer units are of the
same type.

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

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thermosetting

copolymer

Derive the mer unit for the following

polymers.
H H H H H H H H
l l l l l l l l
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-Cl l l l l l l l
H H H H H H H H

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

copolymer

Derive the mer unit for the following

polymers.
Think critically 6.0

Polyethylene

H H H H H H H H
l l l l l l l l
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-Cl l l l l l l l
H H H H H H H H

Polytetrafluoroethylene

F F F F F F F F
l l l l l l l l
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-Cl l l l l l l l
F F F F F F F F

Think critically 6.0

Polyethylene

Mer unit
F F F F F F F F
l l l l l l l l
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-Cl l l l l l l l
F F F F F F F F

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Polytetrafluoroethylene

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

copolymer

A listing of mer
structure for
common polymeric
materials

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

This section discusses several molecular structures

including:
1. Linear polymer
2. Branched polymer
3. Cross-linked polymer
4. Network polymer

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

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thermosetting

copolymer

Define the following molecular

structures.

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

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thermoplastic

Think critically 6.1

Cross-linked

Branched

Network

Linear
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thermosetting

Linear polymer
is which the mer units are joined together end
to end in single chains.
Branched polymer
is which the side branch chains are joined to
the main chain.

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copolymer

Define the following molecular

structures.
Think critically 6.1

polymer molecules molecular structure

copolymer

Types of
molecular
structure

copolymer

Types of
molecular
structure

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

Cross-linked polymer
is the adjacent linear chains, joined one to
another at various positions by covalent bonds.

copolymer

Types of
molecular
structure

Network polymer
is the trifunctional mer units, having three
active covalent bonds to form three
dimensional network.

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

Thermoplastic is soften when heated and

copolymer

Thermoplastic

polymer molecules molecular structure

Thermosetting become permanently hard

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thermoplastic

recast

and

copolymer

Thermosetting

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thermosetting

copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

Thermoplastic
Can be remoulded,
reshaped

thermosetting

when heat is applied and do not soften upon

subsequent heating.
During the initial heat treatment, covalent
crosslink are formed between adjacent
molecular chains. These bonds anchor the
chains together to resist the rotational chain
motions at high temperatures.
Most of the cross-linked and network polymer,
which include epoxy, phenolic and some
polyester resins are thermosetting.

harden when cooled. Process that are totally

reversible and may be repeated.
As the temperature is raised, secondary
bonding forces are diminished so that the
relative movement of adjacent chains is
facilitated when a stress is applied.
Most linear polymers and those having some
branched structures with flexible chains are
thermoplastic.

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

Can not be remoulded and reshaped

Less brittle and soluble in some More brittle and insoluble in organic
organic solvent
solvent

Can be remoulded,
reshaped

recast

thermosetting

copolymer

Thermosetting
and

Can not be remoulded and reshaped

Less brittle and soluble in some More brittle and insoluble in organic
organic solvent
solvent

Soften and melt on heating

Do not soften on heating but become

hard and start burning

Soften and melt on heating

Do not soften on heating but become

hard and start burning

Formed by addition polymerization

Formed
by
polymerization

Formed by addition polymerization

Formed
by
polymerization

Polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC

Bakelite, formaldehyde

Polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC

Bakelite, formaldehyde

condensation

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

What is addition polymerization and

condensation polymerization?

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thermosetting

copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

Formed by addition reaction

Think critically 6.2

thermoplastic

thermosetting

copolymer

Formed by condensation process

with elimination of small molecules
like H2O

Molecular mass is not a whole

Molecular mass is a whole number
number multiple of the monomer
multiple of the monomer

Generally involve one monomer unit

It is chain growth polymer

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condensation

Generally involve more than one

monomer unit

It is step growth polymer

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polymer molecules molecular structure

Formed by addition reaction

thermoplastic

thermosetting

copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

Formed by condensation process

with elimination of small molecules
like H2O

copolymer

Polymerization

Molecular mass is not a whole

Molecular mass is a whole number
number multiple of the monomer
multiple of the monomer

Generally involve one monomer unit

It is chain growth polymer

Addition

Generally involve more than one

monomer unit

It is step growth polymer

Condensation

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

Polymers are giant

molecules formed when
smaller molecules, known
as monomers, link together
during the chemical
reaction known as
polymerization.
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thermosetting

copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

Addition
Polymerization

Addition polymerization involves the

linking of monomers with double bonds.
The double bond of one monomer breaks
and links onto the neighbouring
monomer. This process continues to form
polymers, some of which can be many
thousands of monomers long.

thermoplastic

Condensation
Polymerization

Condensation polymerization involves

monomers reacting together and
releasing a small molecule in the process.
The small molecule is commonly water or
hydrochloric acid (HCl).

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polymer molecules molecular structure

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thermosetting

copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

Copolymer is composed of

thermosetting

two or more
monomers polymerized together.

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copolymer

copolymer

Copolymer

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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

copolymer

Copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

thermosetting

copolymer

Copolymer

Random
Alternating

Block
Graft

Block
Graft

Alternating
Random
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polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

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thermosetting

copolymer

polymer molecules molecular structure

thermoplastic

Copolymer

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Copolymer

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Forming technique for plastic

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copolymer

Block copolymer is one in which

identical mers are clustered in
blocks along the chain.
Graft copolymer is homopolymer
side branches may be grafted to
homopolymer main chains that are
composed of a different mer.

Random copolymer, two different

units are randomly dispersed
along the chain.
Alternating copolymer, two mer
units alternate chain positions.

State three basic forming technique for

plastic.

thermosetting

Forming technique for plastic

Think critically 6.3

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Forming technique for plastic

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Forming technique for plastic

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Forming technique for plastic

Briefly describe the forming

technique for plastic.

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