RUSSO-TURKISH WARS, 1568-1918

Date
1568-1570

1676-1681

1686-1700

Name
Results
Russo-Turkish War1 Ottoman military defeat
Ottoman commercial victory
o Russia destroys their fort on the Terek river
o Russia allows Muslim traders access through Astrakhan
Russo-Turkish War o Treaty of Bakhchisarai (3 January 1681)
20-year truce
Dnieper River acknowledged as the demarcation line between the Ottoman empire and Tsardom
of Muscovy
both sides agreed not to settle the territory between the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers
Nogai hordes retained the right to live as nomads in the southern steppes of Ukraine, while the
Cossacks retained the right to fish in the Dnieper and its tributaries; to obtain salt in the south;
and to sail on the Dnieper and the Black Sea
the Ottoman sultan recognized Muscovy's sovereignty in the Left-bank Ukraine region and the
Zaporozhian Cossack domain, while the southern part of the Kiev region, the Bratslav region, and
Podolia were left under Ottoman control
Russo-Turkish War2 Russian victory
o Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699)3
concluded the Austro-Ottoman War of 168397
marked the end of Ottoman control in much of Central Europe, precipitating the empire's phase of
decline, with their first major territorial losses after centuries of expansion
established the Habsburg Monarchy as the dominant power in central and southeast Europe
o Treaty of Constantinople (1700)
Russia gained possession of Azov region and the newly-constructed fortresses of Taganrog
Paviovsk and Mius

The Crimean Khanate fought on the side of the Ottoman Turks against the Tsardom of Russia.
The Hapsburg Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Cossack Hetmanate also fought Ottoman Turkey in this conflict.
3
Russian Czar Peter the Great concluded the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699) with the Ottoman Empire in 1699, because of an impending war against the
Swedish Empire.
2

RUSSO-TURKISH WARS, 1568-1918

1710-1711

1735-1739

1768-1774

Russo-Turkish War4 Ottoman victory

o Treaty of Pruth (21 July 1711)
stipulated to return Azov to the Ottomans
Taganrog and several additional Russian fortresses were to be demolished
the Tsar pledged to stop interfering into the affairs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Austro-Russiano Treaty of Belgrade (18 September 1739)
Turkish War5
between Ottoman Empire and Hapsburg Monarchy
Habsburgs ceded the Kingdom of Serbia with Belgrade, the southern part of the Banat of
Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottomans, and Oltenia
set the demarcation line between the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires at the Sava and
Danube rivers
the Sultan acknowledged the Habsburg Emperor as the official protector of all Ottoman Christian
subjects
o Treaty of Ni (3 October 1739)
Russia renounced claim to Crimea and Moldavia
Russia allowed to build an unfortified port at Azov without fortification
Russia denied a fleet in the Black Sea
Russo-Turkish War6 Russian victory
o Treaty of Kk Kaynarca (21 July 1774)
Russia returned Wallachia and Moldavia to the Ottoman Empire
retained the right to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire and to intervene in
Wallachia and Moldavia in case of Ottoman misrule
Bukovina was ceded to Austria in 1775
the Crimea was declared independent
Ottoman sultan remained the religious leader of the Tatars as the Muslim caliph (the first
time the powers of the Ottoman caliph were exercised outside of Ottoman borders and

Also-known-as The Pruth River Campaign. The belligerents involved supporting the Ottoman Empire included the Crimean Khanate, Wallachia, the Swedish
Empire, elements of the Cossack Hetmanate (Pylyp Orlyk), and Zaporizhian Sich. The Tsardom of Russia had as its allies elements of the Cossack Hetmanate
(Ivan Skoropadsky) and Moldavia.
5
The Hapsburg monarchy of Austria-Hungary was initially allied with Russia, prior to negotiating a separate peace treaty.
6
Belligerents supporting the Russian Empire included the Zaporozhian Host, Greek insurgents, the kingdoms of Kartli-Kakheti and Imereti. The Ottoman Turks
had the support of the Crimean Khanate and the Republic of Ragusa.

RUSSO-TURKISH WARS, 1568-1918

1787-1792

Russo-Turkish War7

1806-1812

Russo-Turkish War

1828-1829

Russo-Turkish War8

7
8

ratified by a European power)

Russia gained Kabardia in the Caucasus, unlimited sovereignty over the port of Azov, the ports of
Kerch and Enikale in the Kerch peninsula in the Crimea, and part of the Yedisan region between
the Bug and Dnieper rivers at the mouth of the Dnieper
the Black Sea was no longer an Ottoman lake
restrictions imposed by the 1739 Treaty of Ni over Russian access to the Sea of Azov
and fortifying the area were removed
Russian merchant vessels allowed passage of the Dardanelles
Eastern Orthodox Christians granted the right to sail under the Russian flag and provided
for the building of a Russian Orthodox Church in Constantinople (was never built)
Russian victory
o Treaty of Jassy (9 January 1792)
confirmed Russia's increasing dominance in the Black Sea
recognized Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate
transferred Yedisan to Russia, making the Dniester the Russo-Turkish frontier in Europe
Asiatic frontier (Kuban River) left unchanged
Russian victory
o Treaty of Bucharest (28 May 1812) [ratified by Alexander I of Russia the day before Napoleon invaded
Russia]
eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, between Prut and Dniester Rivers, was ceded by the
Ottoman Empire to Russia
Russia obtained trading rights on the Danube
autonomy granted to Serbia
Ottomans renounced its claims to most of western Georgia, Transcaucasia (retained control of
Akhalkalaki, Poti, and Anapa)
Russian victory
o Treaty of Adrianople (14 September 1829)
Russia acquired most of the western littoral of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube
Turkey recognized Russian sovereignty over parts of northwest present-day Armenia
Serbia achieved autonomy

Occurred concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War of 178791.

Great Britain aided Russia in this conflict with Ottoman Turkey.

RUSSO-TURKISH WARS, 1568-1918

1853-1856

Crimean War

1877-1878

Russo-Turkish War9

1914-1918

World War I
Caucasus Campaign

the Sultan promised autonomy for Greece

Russia allowed to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia (guaranteeing their prosperity and full "liberty
of trade") until Turkey had paid a large indemnity
Moldavia and Wallachia remained Russian protectorates until the end of Crimean War
archaic slavery was abolished during this period
The Straits Question (the Dardanelles and Bosporus) was settled four years later by the Treaty of
Hnkr skelessi (8 July 1833)
brought about a temporary alliance between the Ottoman and Russian empires
the Ottomans committed to closing the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the
Russians requested such action
the terms of the treaty worried the other great powers of Europe, especially Great Britain
British, French, Ottoman, and Sardinian victory
o Treaty of Paris (30 March 1856)
demilitarized the Black Sea, making it neutral territory
closed it to all warships
prohibited the construction of fortifications and the presence of armaments on its shores
Russian victory
o Treaty of San Stefano (3 March 1878)
creation of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria
superseded by the Treaty of Berlin, following the Congress of Berlin (13 June 13 July, 1878)
o Treaty of Berlin (13 July 1878)
formally recognized independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and
Montenegro
confirmed autonomy of Bulgaria, but was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria,
the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia, which was given back to the
Ottomans
affirmed Russia's gains from the Ottoman Empire specified by the Treaty of San Stefano
Russian victory

Russian was allied with Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgarian volunteers.

RUSSO-TURKISH WARS, 1568-1918

Dupuy, Trevot Nevitt. The Military History of World War I Naval and Overseas War, 1914-1915. New York, New York: Franklin
Watts, Inc., 1967.
Kohn, George C. Dictionary of Wars. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1987.
Skelton, Geoffrey. Plevna, Military History Quarterly, volume 6, number 2 (Winter 1994), pages 84-93.
Wikipedia.