'

....::.. :

.....

:'."

... r,

.:

..... :.'~

'.' ..... 0.':'

'

. .....

I':.

(79)

VOL l6, (No. l)

THE INDlAN SOCIETY FOR HYDRAULICS

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST.

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER
by

..

Bhalerao A. R.t, F.ISH and Garde R. J.1, F.ISH

ABSTRACT
From careful study of literature, it is found that various methods have been
developed for protection of the bed against scour around bridge piers. Use of
appurtenances has found limitations as regards effectiveness, structural design and
limited experience in their use. A layer of riprap(coarse, non-cohesive and non-movable
material) around the pier enhances the ability of bed material around the pier to resist
the erosion. On the basis of experimental data collected by theauthor, Worman, Chiew
and others, a method is proposed for the design of rip rap layerto control scour around
circular bridge piers.
INTR~UcTION
In the recent times, efforts have been directed towards development of methods to.
reduce or control scour around bridge piers, thereby reducing the cost of bridge pier
foundation. These methods include (i) modification of upstream face of the pier (ii)
placing additional appurtenances, and iii) use of vanes, piles etc. These methods are
found to reduce scour to the extent 20 to 60 percent. However, very few of these
methods have; been tested on prototype bridges and hence, information about their
performance, their effect on stability of the pier and cost involved have not been
reported.
As indicated by some investigators such as Inglis (1942), Blench (1956), Laursen
(1956), Hancu (1971), Galay (1987), Worman (1989), Suzuki (1992)and Chiew (1995)
scour can be effectively controlled by providing a layer or layers of non movable
riprap around the pier, with or without a filters. Worman (1989) has used this method
effectively on some bridges. However, there is a necessity for collecting additional
data in laboratory and field for checking his method or proposing changes in it if
necessary, using additional data. Hence, this investigation was carried out. As regards
use of riprap for controlling scour, one has to determine the size, gradation and thickness
of riprap layer for kno~ characteristics of the pier, flow conditions and bed rnate~aL
1. Principal, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering, Pune 43
2. Late Professor (Emeritus), IlT Roorkee, Roorkee
.
Note: Written discussion of this paper will be open until 30th June 2010.
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGlNEERING; VOL. 16, 20 to, NO.1

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTI:CTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

(80)

VOL. 16, (No.1)

TWO APPROACHES
The size of non-movable material in riprap can be determined by either critical
velocity approach or critical shear stress approach. In critical velocity approach, the
size of riprap (D) can be obtained relating it to average velocity of flow (U), depthof
flow (Y) and difference in specific weights of sediment and ~ater (f1y s)' if one assumes
that viscosity is not important. Investigators such as Ishbash (1935), Garde (1970),
Bonasoundas (1973), Quazi and Peterson (1973), Maynord et al. (1989), Richardson
et al. (1991), Garde and Kothyari (1995) Parola(1995), Chiew (1995) have suggested
equations for computation of size of riprap. Most of these equations are for the
computation of size of riprap in unobstructed flow. Further, it may be noted that when
water flows, shear or velocity distribution around the bridge pier is affected and
instantaneous values of these two parameters vary and much greater than time averaged
values. These two aspects are not considered in these equations.

;.......
-."

- ....
~<;> .
'.' ..

::

Alternately one can specify that /). D in case of riprap layer should be less
Ys 50
than a specific value for it to be stable and control scour. Garde and Kothyari (1995)
recommended this value as 0.03 for riprap in a channel. Here 'to is average shear
stress in the channels equal to RS. However, in case of bridge pier, local shear around
the pier is greater than the average shear stress in the channel. Assuming 'to is
proportional to l.P, experimental evidence indicates that the time averaged local shear
stress around the pier can be 3 to 5 times the average shear stress in the channel.
Measurements of shear stress around pier by Hjorth (1975) and Darghi (1987) indicate
that instantaneous shear around pier can be as high as 11 to 12 times 'to. These two
facts need to be taken in to account while developing the method for design of riprap.
As mentioned by Chiew and Melville (1989) the effect of sediment gradation is
negligible when standard deviation ( (Jg) of riprap is less than 2. Hence, it is desirable
to have standard deviation ( (Jg) of riprap between 2 and 3. Filter underneath the riprap
layer is usually required to prevent leaching of base material, which takes place due
to penetration of turbulence in the riprap layer. This takes place due to penetration of
turbulence in the riprap layer. However, considering the difficulties in laying the filter
layer, Worman (1989) has indicated that two or more layers of graded riprap can be
designee in such a way that provision of filter is not needed. This approach is adopted
here.
BRIEF REVIEW
Generally, the size of rip rap is determined by using one of the equations available
for critical velocity. Worman (1989) has used Ishbash (1935) equation in which
diameter of riprap D is expressed as function of critical velocity as given below.

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, VOL. 16.2010, NO.1

VOL. 16, (No.1)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

(81 )

l.
j.

u, =O.8sl2g p,;p D

(1)

l.
r

Hereu c =2U.
On the basis of small-scale experiments, Suzuki (1992) suggested that the thickness
(T) of the rip rap be obtained from Eq. (1).

(2)
I .
.

where r., and 'to are dimensionless critical shear stress given by (~

~Ys D5~

1"~

r,

50

':'-:----0.'-'
v-, :.: -. :.:

J and

respectively. Kulkarni (1993) has recommended that, thickness of riprap

(T) can be obtained from the equation.

U2

T=--:--~

g
2 (:;

-IJ

(3)

where U is average velocity in unobstructed flow. This equation is to be used for

protection of bed and banks in the river. On the basis of analysis of the laboratory data
collected, Worman (1989) has proposed the following equation for thickness of riprap
as,

...

"---

-.

:.. -'~.

(4)
.~:- -." :-:

where T is thickness of riprap, p is coefficient of friction for turbulent flow, CD is the

drag coefficient of particle of bed material and n is porosity the value of which is
taken as 0.38. Inserting values of p, PS' Pf' Co and n, this equation reduce to
2
)
(U
gT

~6(~)
DI5

If
,

(d

85

DI5

> 0.15

(5)

It may be mentioned that in Eqs. (4) and (5), Worman uses U= 2Uo where U,
average velocity in unobstructed channel, in order to account the fact that scouring

ISH JOURNAL O~HYDRAULIC

ENGINEERING, VOL. 16.2010. NO.1

.-'

.,
." .... .. -.: :.: :. :-,:,:::,:~:",::.- ':::;':~::.::::::':

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

(82)

VOL.

16. (No. I)

velocity near the bridge pier is greater than average velocity in unobstructed flow.
U2

d S5

Figure 1shows variation of-T and D when dgs 1D15 is less than 0.1. Onthe basis
g
IS
of short duration tests, Chiew (1995) plotted the graph of UI U c against TID 50 and has
shown separate regions in which riprap around bridge pier had failed and in intact
condition. Refer Fig. 2.
Recently some work has been done by Kothyari, Hager and Oliveto (2007) to
predict densimetric particle Froude number at incipient scour condition near bridge
pier as a function of Rld50 (dsidI6) and geometry of obstruction.
EXPERIMENTAL

PROGRAMME

Keeping in view' the information available, the problem posed for the study was to
develop a method to determine size and thickness of the riprap, which will protect the .
bed around the bridge pier from scour. For the bed material and riprap size chosen,
three types of experiments were conducted in 0.30 m wide, 0.60 m deep and 10 m
long tilting flUII1ein the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of Civil Engineering Department
of Bharati Vidyapeeth University. Experiments were related following conditions

,-

0.8

,~
,,

0:6
0...
/gT

0.2

fi

/V
,

\
0.05

0.1

0.15

FIG. 1 THICKNESS OF RIPRAP - WORKMAN RELATIONSHIP

0.8
ViDc

F<l u

0.6'
004

~"

0.2

......

..

.~

- .....

Intact

0
1

T/Dso

FIG. 2 THIO~NESS OF RIPRAP - CHIEW RELATIONSHIP

ISH JOURNAL

OF HYDRAUUC ENGINEERING. VOL. 16.2010. NO. I

10

I!
,

.
!

,;
I.

VOL. 16, (No.1)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECfION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

.,

(83)

fiI

1. Incipient Scour of bed material around the pier

2. Incipient scour of riprap of different size and thickness
3. Scour with riprap protection.

I
I

t :...::.:.:.:.
t

Over 150 runs were conducted using circular pier of 50 mrn diameter under clear
water condition. Table 1 gives standard deviation, size of bed and riprap material
tested in the experiments. The circular ring with engraved marking in nun was used to
lay riprap of appropriate thickness and flush with original bed level, Bed material of
predetermined thickness was removed from scoured area, weighed and riprap of same
weight was then slowly added to the scour hole and levelled to the undisturbed bed
level.

...

"0

~....

In addition to the data collected in the present study, data collected by Knight
(1975), Dey (1995), Chiew (1995), Melville (1997),ha:ve also been used for
determining DIU c for incipient scour and those by Worman (1989) and Chiew (1995)
for size and thickness of riprap layer. Worman (1989) had used three bed materials of
median diameter 0.17,0.36 and 0.78 mm and five ripraps of size varying from 8 to 48
mm. Depth of the flow varied from 300 to 400 mm whereas Chiew (1995) used bed
material of mean size 0.96 mm and three riprap of size 2.60, 4 and 4.85 mm.
TABLE-l
CHARACTERISTICS OF BED AND RIPRAP MATERIAL
(pRESENT STUDy)
Bed Material

Riprap Material

dso (mm)

0'&

0.20

2.45

1.37

0.27
0.36

2.69
1.28

2.
3

1.90 .
2.36

0.40

2.53

2.50

0.50

2.63

0.68

2.73

2.66
1.58

Dso(mm)

O'g

s-; ..

.....
......
"

ANALYSIS OF DATA
Limiting values ofUfUcfor Incipient Scour
The critical velocity at which sediment of a given size will just move in an
un~bstructed uniform flow was obtained by combining Shields' and Yalin-Karman
relationship with Karman-Prandl's equation of Diu. in hydro-dynamically smooth
and rough channels. Analyzing the generated data, following type of equation was
obtained.

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, VOL 16,2010, NO. I

,.-

(:;::X~:~~~~P:~::;:;'~~1::r~7:??:;'~:?::;::;:;
:.:;.:.;:.:~-y.:..:>~.?::~.:':;::::;:::::;:.::.:.:...;:::, ..... :.....
>::. :::;:.:-:;~::
;.::::~:::::.
:':":"::~,,
::.' ~=: ' .

.'::'"'::'~:
..>:-....~

.':.~-~".~:~;~:~:.':':~' ..-::;<.;-/~<:~;
>::,:,,:.:, =:',:. -. :.: ::

: .. :.,,: ::.:':.::.::,::.. ::: ::.:::.: ... :;::::.... :.::::'::: ::::-,:::;: .. :.: '.: -:: : .::.:

.'

:.

'.-

f.J~~~~~~~~i::S*/:'~~~':':''i:;;:;::~:::;:;:);:j;:<~:~%~=ti~~~:}:~:~:~~~:':~:-::~~~~~$.~.~~~:"

,.

c" "

(84)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

VOL. 16, (No. I)

.,

(6)
where C is constant, m and n are exponents, which depend on boundary conditions
and Ro is equal to Ays d3 / Pf v2 Forrough boundaries n is zero. Similarly for transition
region, n is nearly zero and for smooth boundaries only it is significant, refer Table 2.
TABLE-2
VALVES OF C, m AND n
." .c

"."

....

Type of Boundary

Smooth

C
1.77

0.166

0.05

Transition

1.38

0.18

0.000018

Rough

1.65

0.18

Experiments were conducted to find incipient motion condition of non-uniform

sediments near circular bridge pier of 50 nun diameter. Thus magnitude of U/Uc at
which bed material near circular bridge pier started moving, has been obtained for all
bed materials (seven) used in experiments. Similarly data collected by other
investigators have also been analyzed for the same purpose and presented in the Table
3. Here Uc is velocity in the channel at which scour just occurs around the bridge pier
and U is velocity of flow in unobstructed channel. On the basis of these data an
average value ofUlUc = 0.43 was obtained.
Therefore, from the Table 3 one can select average value of U'U, as 0.438 for the
incipient motion of non uniform bed material near circular bridge pier. Hjorth (1975),
Melville (1975) and Darghi (1987) as stated by Parola (1995) used Preston
measurement for measuring shear stress near the pier. Their results in terms of U/Uc
and corresponding average shear stress near bridge pier 'tp are given in Table 3. It is
known that in the unobstructed flow for hydro-dynamically rough boundaries 'to -U2,
using this relationship as an approximation, one can write that r Oc = ~

where M

== U/Uc. Stability of riprap stone is directly related to whether the threshold of the
sediment entrainment of the riprap has been exceeded or not. It is therefore appropriate
to assume if the ratio of undisturbed velocity (U) and average critical velocity (U) of
the riprap stone is less than 0.43, riprap stone will remain stable. This implies that the
average shear stress near the pier (tp) is five times in the comparison with unobstructed
flow, i.e.
(7)

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAuLIC ENGINEERING, VOL. 16,2010, NO.1

~~~'"...':.,;,s.':"":';:~~~"'-

...

" :..-~....:...:-.-

..

#-

'"

.".

:.;~'"__= ...~ .. _.

_'-'::~=--_'~'''''':~''''~':''''_'~''':''''''-'/:-J';.'~.r~

..

l,if; .

i,

VOL. 16, (No. I)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

.\

S.N
IS

Shear Stress by velocity

...,

It

II
e
r
n

e
I,
1.

e
s

nosed Pier

Lee Jong (1973)

Circular pier without
attachment Round nosed and
Rectangular

0.42
0.50-0.65
0.40
0.50

6.25
4.00

0.5
0.3

4
11

Chiew (1995)

Melville (1999)

0.34

Dey (l993)

0.475

Present

0.438

5
I,

Hjorth (1975)

12

Melville (1975)

3.5

10

Darghi (1987)

3.5

Studies of Einstein and E1. Sarnni (l949), Gessler (1967) and Little Mayer (l972)
have shown that the lift as well as shear at the bed fluctuates in turbulent flow, and
follows Gaussian distribution as an approximation with standard deviation
in
dimensionless form varying from 0.45 to 0.57. Therefore, the maximum shear stress
near the pier can be 'tpmax
= (Tp + 3 x 0.45Tp) = 2.35'tp. Here, value of o assumed is

J')

riprap layer can be disturbed

Patel and Raga Raju (1999) in their analysis

when 'tpmax-2.35 (5'[)

is given by D g x o g instead ofD so to for account non- uniformity

D g isgeometric
to prevent scour
calculated as,

the use of characteristic

median size of riprap and

/"j

..0.. - -.: -~::

.... "'; .-: ,".":-." ."::.

. .,

'

..

a'

of sediments.

which
Here,

o g geometric standard deviation. Therefore,

around the bridge pier , the size of the riprap material D g can be

"
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING,
VOL. 16,2010, NO.1

:.;:~~:~:::~~~~~~:~>r~~;p7:~.:"-.~~.-.

12 'to'

size of bed material D

12'[0
flys t.co

of critical shear stress of non uniform

material have recommended

..

Measurement

5
3

Bressure and Roudkivi (1977)

0.45. Therefore,

.,.

'tp = M 'toc

Shear Stress by Preston

UIU

Measurement

Nicollet (1977)
Circular PierRounded

~.

SHEAR AT PIER

Name of the Investigator

TABLE-3

UlUc AND CORRESPONDING

(85)

(8)

VOL. 16, (No.1)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

(86)

where

n, =Dg

xDg

(9)

I
I

As an approximation, for Gaussian distribution Dg and D assumed as D50 and D84

of rip rap mixture respectively. Further, Patel and Ranga Raju (1999) have given 't.co
(J

as a function of a g' This relationship is used to obtain

't.co

for corresponding given

magnitude of a g of the material used by Worman, Chiew and in present study.For the
determination of size of riprap, one can choose the magnitude of a g and substitute the
corresponding value of

't.c(J

in Eq. (9) and can find average size of riprap.

Size of the riprap calculated using Eq. (9) for Worman data was found to be 50 to
96 percent higher in comparison with size of the riprap used in his experiments.
Worman suggested use ofIshbash equation for the determination of size of the riprap
taking local velocity (u) around the pier as twice the average velocity in unobstructed
flow (u=2U). Size of the riprap computed using Ishbash equation (with u= 2U) for the
data collected by Worman was also found to be 25 to 50 percent higher than those of
used in his experiments.
Further, data collected by Worman and Chiew were analyzed for computation of
non-dimensional critical shear stress ('t.J for incipient scour of riprap and it was
found that average value of 't.c as 0.00174 and 0.013 respectively. In the present
study nms were also conducted for incipient scour of riprap and average value of
non-dimensional critical shear stress (-r.J for riprap of given size was found to be
0.0088. Further, in the present study 41 runs were observed either with no scour or
with negligible scour. The non-dimensional critical shear stress (-r.J in these scour
runs was found to vary from 0.003 to 0.09 giving an average value of 0.028. Table 4
gives these details.
TABLE-4
NON-DIMENSIONAL CRITICAL SHEAR STRESS
S.No.

Name of the Investigator

t.,

(J'c

0.00174
0.136

1.18 -1.38
1.25 -1.27

Worman (1989)

Cfiiew (1995)

Present- runs for incipient scour of riprap

(analysis)

0.0088

1.36-2.67

Present - zero scour run with riprap

0.028

1.36 - 2.67

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING, VOL. 16,2010, NO.1

v-,

.........

..... ;"...'-

-,
",

:.::.::::

::......

"

I
i

.....
. . ..
.....

VOL. 16,(No.1)

-.. - - ..

'~

.................

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

(87)

From this table, it is evident that Worman's method over predicts the size by about
5 to 8 times, and Chiew's method gives 2 times larger size than that of observed in the
experiments, where as in case of data collected in the present study it is 1.6 times
(average) larger in comparison with observed size of rip rap.
ANALYSIS OF RIPRAP TmCKNESS
For studying the effectiveness of riprap in reduction of scour, the parameter C. =
C a /Cb has been calculated. Here Cb is the value of constant obtained ill Kothyari et al.
(1992) equation for scour in clear water studies, for non-uniform base material (Eq.
(10..
.

(10)
':.'

C~is value of C when riprap was used and some scour was observed.
The ratio of C/Cb called C. takes in to account the effect ofU, Y, opening ratio a

'-"'.-

and /1.Ys on scour and hence, it should be function of D,= dsJDso and T. = T/3cr. Dso
related to rip rap layer and bed material size only. Thickness of riprap layer can be non
dimensionalised by maximum size of the riprap material, which can be expressed as
3. Dso. Anew term therefore, introduced and expressed as T. =T/3cra Dso' where T
is the thickness of the riprap layer, cra is the standard deviation of. riprap mixture
given by ~D84 /D16 and Dso is median size ofriprap mixture. lfthe sizesin riprap are
distributed normally, 99.73 percent values will be within the range ofD so 3 c . Hence,
3cra Dso is as good as maximum size of the riprap mixture when D 100 is not known.
The experimental data having eight ranges of D. starting from 0.045 and 0.78
were plotted as C/Cb Vs T. for respective range ofDiand the equation between them
is obtained as

,:.: :.:

.::

;;.....

Ca

Cb

_
-

C = 0.5 D~98 T.-2.50

(ll)

By assuming that at a value of C. as low as 0.05, riprap around the bridge pier will
be stable. Hence, this equation can be solved for with this value for determining the
thickness of riprap. Data collected by Worman (1989) and Chiew (1995) are used for
the comparison of the thickness of riprap layer computed using Eq. (10). Figure 3
shows the thickness of riprap layer used by these investigators in their experiments
for zero scour condition and thickness computed using Eq. (11). The plot shows 86%
of Worman's data points and 68 % ofChiew's data points fall within the error band of
.

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDR,AULIC ENGlNEERING, VOL. 16,2010, NO. 1_

'\

l~':"'2C":;';{k)!"i;,,:dX'6B'~k;X~J/%#iiMtiiiW;i;l1~li.~1:i1t{l~'i;';';~Jf.~
>:~

s: ..
~#

.,

.".

VOL 16.(No, 1)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

(88)

-v

50 %. Data collected in no scour runs of present study are also plotted in the same
figure. It is observed that the 75% of data collected in present study fall in the error
band of 50 %.

/
.,'

e:
:".:

f:"':'.":

Thickness of riprap provided should also be economical. Blench (1957) suggested

that thickness of riprap for bed protection may be three times the largest size of the
stone in a mixture (DI~. Figure 4 shows the comparison between TlDloo observed
and computed.
If Eq. (11) is used to compute the thickness of riprap for Worman's and present
data. thickness of riprapcomputed is found to be order one to three times D 100; however.
it is four to five times that of DIOO in case of data collected by Chiew, Thickness of
riprap layer using Worman and present data are found appropriate. however, it is
slightly higher in case Chiew's data. In Worman's data the flow conditions, the
characteristics of riprap, bed material and thickness of riprap used were pertaining to
the observed "no scour" condition. In Chiew's data, the flow conditions given were
intended for intact and failed conditions of riprap. Average of flow data corresponding
to intact and failed condition has been used in the present analysis to verify the Eq.
(11). The flow conditions pertaining to condition of riprap described as intact. observed
in his experiments may not be corresponding to the true Uno scour" condition. This
could be possible reason for computed thickness of riprap found higher than observed.
Line of Agreement.

1000

Line of Agreement

: ..

,
,,
,
, ,
,
,,

.:,

..
.'0'

tOO

'.'

','

I...

~'
i-"

"

,6'

,.0

to

B-'

,.111

,,

,
,

,
,

,,

,
_;)1 I"'/Cl

l"A,

I-

.. ,

--

, ,,
,
,
,
,,

.'

10

100

AG. 3 THICKNESS OF RIPRAP (PRESENT METHOD)

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAUUC ENGINEERING.

VOL. 16, 2010. NO, 1

1000

'. 1)

ne
or

xi
Ie
d

It

.,

Incipient

(8~)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

VOL. 16, (No.1)

Scour

of Bed and Riprap Material

The value of UfU c near the circular bridge pier in present study varied from 0.3 to
0.65 and authors recommends it as 0.438. When bed material around the circular
bridge pier starts just moving, the value of UfUc is 0.438.
Assuming the 'to alP, and corresponding fluctuations in the shear/velocity around
bridge pier, authors found that maximum value of instantaneous shear stress near the
bridge pier is about 12 'to. Size of the riprap can be calculated using Eq. (9) with (Jg of
riprap between 2 to 3.

+ lS t>~p

,,

, L.

,
,,"
5 )~10
,,

"I<- .

, '
.

,,

,,

,
,,
10010-

,,"

1
1

0.1

10

100

FIG. 4 COMPUTED VS OBSERVED VALUES OF TlD,oo (PRESENT METHOD)

CONCLUSIONS
Equation (11) can be used for calculating thickness of riprap of known size and
gradation for given median size of the bed material, around the bridge pier, which
will give nearly zero scour. This above equation gives the thickness of riprap (for data
collected in present study and by other investigators) within the error brand of 50%
and maximum thickness of the order of three times D 100' From the safety point of
view, it is recommended to use a factor of safety of order two, in computing thickness
of riprap.

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAUUC ENGINEERING. VOL 16.2010. NO.1

-; J
. .. "--::.:.". :.:.:.: .....:-: - .r : :.: .".. '~'.. -. . ~'"

. "

(90)

DESIGN OF RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER

VOL. 16, (No.1)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the reviewers for their constructive comments.
REFERENCES
Bonasoundas, M. (1973). Flow Structure and Scour Problem at Circular Bridge Piers.
Report No.28, O. v. Miller Institute, Munich Technical University.
Chiew, Y. M. and Melville, B. W. (1989). Local Scour at Bridge Piers with NonUniform Sediments. Proc. ofInst. Civ. Engineers, Part 2, 87, pp. 215-224.
Chiew, Y. M. (1995). Mechanics of Riprap Failure at Bridge Piers. JHE, ASCE, Vol.
-116, No.4, pp. 5-529.
Darghi, B. (1990). Controlling Mechanism of Local Scour. JHE, ASCE, Vol. 116, No.
. 10, pp. 1197-1214 .
. Dey, S. (1997). Local Scour at Piers Part I Review of Development of Research.
DSR, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 2346.
Einstein, H. A. and El Samni, S. A. (1949). Hydrodynamic Forces on a Rough W~ll.
Review of Modem Physics, American Institute of Physics, VoL 21, No.3.
Galay, V. 1. and Quazi M. E. (1987). River Bed Scour and Construction of Stone
Riprap Protection in Sediment Transport Gravel Bed Rivers. John Wiley and Sons
Ltd., pp. 353-382.
Garde, R. 1. (1970). Initiation of Motion on Hydro Dynamically Rough Surface Critical
- Velocity Approach. TIP, CBIP, New Delhi, pp. 271-282.
Garde, R. J. and Kothyari, U. C. (1995). State of Art Report on Scour around Bridge
Piers. IIBE, Mumbai.
Garde, R. J. and Ranga Raju, K. G (2000). Mechanics of Sediment Transport and
Alluvial Stream Problems NeW Age International. llIrd Edition.
Gessler, J. (1973). Behavior of Sediment Mixtures in Rivers. Proc. ofIntemational
Symposium on River Mechanics, Bangkok (Thailand) IAHR, pp. A 10-35.
Hancu, S._(1971). Sur Le Calcu Des Affouillements Locaux Dans La Zone Des Piles'
Du Pont. Proc. of 14 th Congress ofIAHR, Paris, France, 3, pp. 299-306.
Hjorth, P. (1992). Studies on Nature of Scour. Bulletin, Series A, No. 46, Institute for
Tknisk Vatternresursla"ra, Lund.
Inglis, C. c., Thomas, A.' R. and Joglekar, D. V. (1942). The Protection of Bridge
Piers against Scour. Research Publication No.5, CWPRS, Pune, pp. 35-38.
Johnson, P. A. (1995). Comparison of Pier Scour Equations using Field Data. JHE,
ASCE, Vol. 121, No.8, pp. 626-629.

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAUUC ENGINEERING, VOL. 16,2010, NO.1

. . . -.

. I)

VOL. 16. (No. 1)

_.-.

DESIGN OF RlPRAP FOR PROTECIlON ,AGAINST

SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIER'

. .

..-

(91)

Knight, D. W. (1975). A Laboratory Study of Local Scour and Bridge Piers. Proc.
XVI Congress of IAHR, Sao, Paulo, Brazil, VoL 2, pp. 243-250.
Kothyari, V. C. et al. (1993). Scour around Bridge Piers (Theme Paper). National
Workshop on Bridge Scour, CBIP, Waranashi.
:5'.

Kothyari, Ll.C; Hager, W. H. and Oliveto, G. (2007). GeneralisedApproachJorClear

Water Scour a Bridge Foundation Elements. JHE ASCE.
1-

Lauchlan, C. S. and Melville, B. W. (1999). Pier Scour Counter Measures. Report

No. 540, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, The University of
Auckland.

l.

Little, W. C. and Mayer, P. G. (1972). The Role oj Sediment Gradation on Channel

Armoring. School of Civil Engg., Georgia Institute of Technology (U.S.A.), ERC
0672.

).

I.

Maynord, S. T., Ruff, J. F. and Abt, S. R. 1(1989). Riprap Design. JHE, VoL 115, No.
7, pp. 937-949.
Melville, B. W. (1997). Local Scour at Bridge Sites. Report No. 117, School of
Engineering, University of Auckland.

i
i
I

Parola, A. C. (1993). Stability oj Riprap at Bridge Piers. JHE, ASCE, VoL 119, No.
10, pp. 1080-1093.
Parola, A. C. (1995). Boundary Stresses and Stability of Riprap at Bridge Piers. River
Coastal and Shore Line Protections: Erosion Control Using Riprap and Armor
Stone, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., pp. 149-156.
Patel, P. L. and Ranga Raju, K. G. (1999). Critical Tractive Stress on Non Uniform
Sediments. JHR, IAHR, Vol. 37, No.1, pp 39-58.
Quazi, M. E., Peterson, A. W. (1973). A Methodfor Bridge Pier Riprap Design. Proc.
FIrst Canadian Hydraulic Conference, Edmont, Canada, pp. 96-106.
Richardson, E. v., Harrison, L. J. and Davis, S. R. (1991). Evaluating Scour at Bridges.
Rep. No. FHWA-IP-90-0l7HESI8, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),
~ashington, D.C.
Worman, A. (1989). Riprap Protection without Filter Layers. JHE, ASCE, Vol. 115,
No. 12, pp. 1615-1630.
NOTATIONS

a.
~

Ys

angle between axis of the pier and approach flow

constant used by Worman
specific weight of sediment

ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAUUC ENGINEERING. VOL. 16. 2010. NO.1