Spanish II Tutorial

3/29/2015
Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar
NEW! Authentic Spanish offers short video clips of real, spoken Spanish in various accents
with transcripts so you can listen and read along.
I am updating the tutorials with more vocabulary and regional variations (and moving some
sections around), so the mp3s may not match exactly with what is written.
21. TO COME & TO GO

venir - to come
present:
come(s)
(yo)
vengo
(t / vos)
preterite: came imperfect: came future: will come

vena
vendr
vienes / vens viniste
venas
vendrs
(l / ella / usted)
viene
vino
vena
vendr
(nosotros /
nosotras)
venimos
vinimos
venamos
vendremos
(vosotros /
vosotras )
vens
vinisteis
venais
vendris
vienen
vinieron
venan
vendrn
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
vine
ir - to go
present: go(es)
preterite: went
imperfect: went
future: will go
(yo)
voy
fui
iba
ir
(t / vos)
vas
fuiste
ibas
irs
(l / ella / usted)
va
fue
iba
ir
(nosotros /
nosotras)
vamos
fuimos
ibamos
iremos
(vosotros /
vosotras )
vais
fuisteis
ibais
iris
van
fueron
iban
irn
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
http://ielanguages.com/spanish2.html
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The vos conjugation for venir (vens) is different from the t conjugation (vienes) and identical
to the vosotros form in the present tense, but the t and vos conjugations are identical for ir
(vas). Notice that the preterite of ir is the same as the preterite of ser. Context will indicate
whether the meaning is was/were or went.
You can also use ir to express to be going to + an infinitive. You just need to insert a between
the conjugation of ir and the infinitive.
Voy a estudiar ms. I'm going to study more.
Vamos a empezar de nuevo. We're going to start again.
22. TO / IN AND FROM
to
from
de
in
en
Remember to use the prepositional contractions (a + el = al and de + el = del) when a noun

with an article follows the preposition.
Vengo de los Estados Unidos. I come from the US.
23. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES
Africa
el Africa
Indonesia
Indonesia
African
africano/a
Indonesian
indonesio/a
Albania
Albania
Ireland
la Irlanda
Albanian
albano/a
Irishman
irlands/esa
America
la Amrica
Israel
Israel
American
americano/a
Israeli
israel
Argentina
la Argentina
Hebrew
hebreo/a
Argentine
argentino/a
Italy
Italia
Asia
el Asia (f)
Italian
italiano/a
Asian
asitico/a
Japan
Japn
Australia
Australia
Japanese
japons/esa
Australian
australiano/a
Latvia
Letonia
Austria
el Austria (f)
Latvian
letn/ona
Austrian
austraco/a
Lithuania
Lituania
Belgium
la Blgica
Lithuanian
lituano/a
Belgian
belga
Luxembourg
Luxemburgo
Bolivia
la Bolivia
Luxembourger
luxemburgus/esa
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Bolivian
boliviano(a)
Macedonia
Macedonia
Bosnia
la Bosnia
Macedonian
macedonio/a
Bosnian
bosnio/a
Malta
Malta
Brazil
el Brasil
Maltese
malts/esa
Brazilian
brasileo/a
Mexico
Mxico
Bulgaria
la Bulgaria
Mexican
mexicano/a
Bulgarian
blgaro/a
Netherlands
los Pases Bajos
Canada
Canad
Dutch
holands/esa
Canadian
canadiense
New Zealand
Nueva Zelanda
China
China
New Zealander
neozelands/esa
Chinese
chino/a
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Chile
la Chile
Nicaraguan
nicaragense
Chilean
chileno/a
Norway
Noruega
Colombia
Colombia
Norwegian
noruego/a
Colombian
colombiano/a
Panama
Panama
Costa Rica
la Costa Rica
Panamanian
panameo/a
Costa Rican
costarricense
Paraguay
Paraguay
Croatia
la Croacia
Paraguayan
paraguayo/a
Croatian
croata
Peru
Per
Cuba
la Cuba
Peruvian
peruano/a
Cuban
cubano/a
Poland
la Polonia
Czech Republic
la Repblica Checa
Polish
polaco/a
Czech
checo/a
Portugal
Portugal
Denmark
Dinamarca
Portuguese
portugus/esa
Danish
dans/esa
Romania
Rumania
Dominican Republic
Repblica Dominicana Romanian
rumano/a
Dominican
dominicano/a
Russia
Rusia
Ecuador
Ecuador
Russian
ruso/a
Ecuadorian
ecuatoriano/a
Scotland
la Escocia
Egypt
Egipto
Scottish
escocs/esa
Egyptian
egipcio/a
Serbia
Serbia
El Salvador
El Salvador
Serbian
serbio/a
Salvadorean
salvadoreo
Slovakia
la Repblica Eslovaca
England
la Inglaterra
Slovak
eslovaco/a
English
ingls/esa
Slovenia
Eslovenia
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Estonia
Estonia
Slovene
esloveno/a
Estonian
estonio/a
South Africa
Sudfrica
Europe
la Europa
South African
sudafricano/a
European
europeo/a
Spain
Espaa
Finland
Finlandia
Spanish
espaol/a
Finnish
finlands/esa
Sweden
Suecia
France
Francia
Swedish
sueco/a
French
francs/esa
Switzerland
la Suiza
Germany
Alemania
Swiss
suizo/a
German
alemn/ana
Turkey
la Turqua
Great Britain
la Gran Bretaa
Turk
turco/a
British
britnico/a
Ukraine
Ucrania
Greece
Grecia
Ukrainian
ucraniano/a
Greek
griego/a
United Kingdom
Reino Unido
Guatemala
Guatemala
United States
Estados Unidos
Guatemalan
guatemalteco/a
Uruguay
Uruguay
Honduras
Honduras
Uruguayan
uruguayo/a
Honduran
hondureo/a
Venezuela
Venezuela
Hungary
Hungra
Venezuelan
venezolano/a
Hungarian
hngaro/a
Wales
el pas de Gales
Iceland
Islandia
Welsh
gals/esa
Icelandic
islands/esa
India
India
Indian
indio/a
24. WORK & SCHOOL

accountant
el contador
musician
el msico
actor / actress
el actor / la actriz
nurse
el enfermero
architect
el arquitecto
official / civil servant
el funcionario
author
el autor
optician
el ptico
baker
el panadero
painter
el pintor
banker
el banquero
pharmacist (chemist) el qumico
barber
el barbero
pharmacist
el farmacutico
bookseller
el librero
photographer
el fotgrafo
businessman
el comerciante
pilot
el piloto
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butcher
el carnicero
plumber
el fontanero
carpenter
el carpintero
policeman
el agente de polica
computer programmer el programador
postman
el cartero
cook
el cocinero
priest
el cura
customer
el cliente
professor
el profesor
dentist
el dentista
publisher
el editor
doctor
el mdico / el doctor salesman
el vendedor
electrician
el electricista
scientist
el cientfico
employee
el empleado
secretary
la secretaria
engineer
el ingeniero
servant
el criado
firefighter
el bombero
shoemaker
el zapatero
fisherman
el pescador
singer
el cantante
gardener
el jardinero
soldier
el soldado
grocer
el dependiente
student
el estudiante
hair stylist
el peluquero
surgeon
el cirujano
jeweler
el joyero
tailor
el sastre
journalist
el periodista
teacher
el profesor
judge
el juez
teacher (grade
school)
el maestro
lawyer
el abogado
typist
el mecangrafo
librarian
el bibliotecario
waiter / server
el camarero
mason
el albail
watchmaker
el relojero
mechanic
el mecnico
worker (blue-collar)
el obrero
model
el modelo
writer
el escritor
accounting
la contabilidad
law
el derecho
algebra
el lgebra
linguistics
la lingstica
architecture
la arquitectura
literature
la literatura
art
el arte
mathematics
la matmatica
astronomy
la astronoma
medicine
la medicina
biology
la biologa
modern languages
las lenguas modernas
botany
la botnica
music
la msica
business
el comercio
natural science
las ciencias naturales
chemistry
la qumica
painting
la pintura
computing (IT)
la informtica
philosophy
la filosofa
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drawing
el dibujo
physical education
la educacin fsica
earth science
la ciencia terrestre
physical science
las ciencas fsicas
economics
la economa
physics
la fsica
engineering
la ingeniera
political science
las ciencias polticas
English
el ingls
Portuguese
el portugus
French
el francs
psychology
la psicologa
geography
la geografa
religious education
la enseanza religiosa
geometry
la geometra
science
la ciencia
German
el alemn
sociology
la sociologa
Greek
el griego
Spanish
el espaol
history
la historia
technology
la tecnologa
Italian
el italiano
zoology
la zoologa
Latin
el latn
25. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS

conocer - to know people
(yo)
(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
(nosotros /
nosotras)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
present: know(s) preterite: knew imperfect: knew future: will know

conozco
conoc
conoca
conocer
conoces /
conociste
conocas
conocers
conocs
conoce
conoci
conoca
conocer
conocemos
conocimos
conocamos
conoceremos
conocis
conocisteis
conocais
conoceris
conocen
conocieron
conocan
conocern
(yo)
saber - to know facts

present: know(s) preterite: knew imperfect: knew future: will know
s
supe
saba
sabr
(t / vos)
sabes / sabs
supiste
sabas
sabrs
(l / ella / usted) sabe

(nosotros)
sabemos
supo
supimos
saba
sabamos
sabr
sabremos
(vosotros)
supisteis
sabais
sabris
sabis
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(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
saben
supieron
saban
sabrn
26. COMMON WORDS

a lot
mucho
always
siempre
very much
muchsimo
everyday
todos los das
a little
poco
now
ahora
very little
muy poco
usually
usualmente
sometimes
a veces
there
ah
well
bien
over there
all
after
despus
too bad
demasiado malo
poorly
mal
27. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS: PRESENT TENSE

Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive.
Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing,
while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings
to the stems:
-ar
(yo)
(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
(nosotros /
nosotras)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
-er
-ir
-o
-as / -s
-a
-o
-es / -s
-e
-o
-es / -s
-e
-amos
-emos
-imos
-is
-is
-s
-an
-en
-en
Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here
are some more regular verbs:
-ar verbs
bailar
to dance
desear
to want
escuchar
to listen
aprender
comer
correr
estudiar
to study
leer
to read
recibir
hablar
to speak
vender
to sell
subir
-er verbs
to learn
to eat
to run
-ir verbs
vivir
to live
escribir
to write
compartir to share
to receive
to go/come
up
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practicar
tomar
to practice
beber
to take / drink comprender
viajar
to travel
to drink
to understand
Conjugations of regular verbs:

(yo)
hablar
hablo
(t / vos)
hablas / habls
(l / ella / usted)
habla
aprender
aprendo
aprendes /
aprends
aprende
hablamos
aprendemos
vivimos
hablis
aprendis
vivs
hablan
aprenden
viven
(nosotros /
nosotras)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
vivir
vivo
vives / vivs
vive
To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.

No hablo bien el espaol. I don't speak Spanish well.
To indicate that something just happened, you can use acabar de + an infinitive. Acabar (to
finish) is a regular verb.
Acaba de comer. He just ate.
28. VOWEL CHANGES IN PRESENT TENSE
Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second
person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to
ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs
ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural. Note that these
irregularities do NOT apply to vos conjugations.
e to ie
o to ue
pensar - to think
querer - to want, like, love
cerrar - to close
comenzar - to begin
despertar - to awaken
empezar - to begin
entender - to understand
perder - to lose
preferir - to prefer
sentar - to seat
sentir - to regret, feel
contar - to count
poder - to be able
costar - to cost
dormir - to sleep
encontrar - to find, meet
jugar - to play
morir - to die
mostrar - to show
volar - to fly
volver - to return
e to i
ui to uy
pedir - to ask (for) construir - to build

repetir - to repeat
seguir - to follow
servir - to serve
vestir - to dress
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(yo)
pensar
contar
pienso
cuento
piensas /
penss
(l / ella / usted) piensa
(nosotros /
pensamos
nosotras)
cuentas /
cuents
cuenta
contamos
(t / vos)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
pedir
construir
pido
construyo
pides / peds
pide
pedimos
construyes /
construs
construye
construimos
pensis
contis
peds
construs
piensan
cuentan
piden
construyen
A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms
tend to follow the regular pattern:
traer
salir
hacer
saber
dar
to carry
to go out
to do
to know
to give
traigo
salgo
hago
s
doy
I carry
I go out
I do
I know
I give
ver
tener
poner
decir
valer
caer
to see
to have
to put
to say
to be worth
to fall
veo
tengo
pongo
digo
valgo
caigo
I see
I have
I put
I say
I am worth
I fall
conocer
deducir
caber
to know
to deduce
to fit
conozco
deduzco
quepo
I know
I deduce
I fit
Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending.
We have already seen verbs that are irregular in all conjugations in the present tense, such
as ir and ser. Another irregular verb is haber - to have or the impersonal there is/are;
however, it is different from tener (which also means to have) because it is not used to show
possession. It is only used in compound tenses as a helping verb, i.e. I have seen that movie,
which will be covered in Spanish III.
The three completely irregular verbs in the present tense are:
ser - to be
ir - to go
haber - to
have
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(yo)
(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
(nosotros /
nosotras)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
soy
eres / sos
es
voy
vas
va
he
has
ha (hay)
somos
vamos
hemos
sois
vais
habis
son
van
han
An impersonal conjugation of haber, hay, is used to mean there is/are in English.

29. REFLEXIVE VERBS
The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A
reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These
verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with gender and
number and precedes the verb when it is conjugated. Reciprocal verbs are conjugated the
same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. Reflexive verbs
sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."
reflexive verbs
acordarse - to remember
dormirse - to fall asleep
acostarse - to go to bed
irse - to go away/leave
levantarse - to get/stand
up
baarse - to take a bath sentarse - to sit down
quedarse - to
casarse - to get married
stay/remain
despertarse - to wake up quejarse - to complain
desvestirse - to get
vestirse - to get dressed
undressed
atreverse - to dare
The reflexive pronouns are me, te, se, nos, os and se and they are placed before the
conjugated verb:
(yo)
me acuerdo
(t / vos)
te acuerdas / te acords you remember

he/she/you
se acuerda
remember
(l / ella / usted)
(nosotros /
nosotras)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
I remember
nos acordamos
we remember
os acordis
you remember
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(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
they/you
remember
se acuerdan
However, when the reflexive verb is in the infinitive and used with another verb, the reflexive
pronoun must still agree with the subject of the conjugated verb. It is either attached to the
end of the reflexive verb or placed before the conjugated verb:
Vamos a casarnos. / Nos vamos a casar. We're going to get married.
Tengo que irme. / Me tengo que ir. I have to go.
Puede quedarse contigo? / Se puede quedar contigo? Can he stay with you?
The verb contarse is used colloquially to ask how's it going (with you)? Qu te cuentas ?
30. PERSONAL A
When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if
a number precedes the object. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone),
nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) require a as well, when used as the direct object.
Veo a Juan. I see John.
Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.
Veo a alguien. I see somebody.
31. PRETERITE TENSE
The preterite tense expresses an action in the past and is also called the simple past in
English. It is used to describe events that have completely finished and are not still
happening or that do not indicate repeated actions. It is formed by adding the following
endings to the verb stem. For the vos conjugation, an -s may or may not be added to the end
of the t conjugation.
-ar
(yo)
(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
(nosotros / nosotras)
(vosotros / vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
-er / -ir
-
-aste
-
-amos
-
-iste
-i
-asteis
-isteis
-aron
-ieron
-imos
Conjugations of regular verbs in the preterite:

hablar
(yo)
habl
aprender
aprend
vivir
viv
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(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
hablaste
habl
(nosotros / nosotras) hablamos

(vosotros / vosotras) hablasteis
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
hablaron
aprendiste
aprendi
viviste
vivi
aprendimos
aprendisteis
vivimos
vivisteis
aprendieron
vivieron
Notice that the nosotros forms of -ar and -ir verbs are the same in the present and preterite
tenses.
Viv en Espaa dos aos. I lived in Spain for two years.
Ellos hablaron con los nios. They spoke with the children.
Quin comi la fruta? Who ate the fruit?
32. IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE
A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. Depending on which variety is used, the vos
conjugation may or may not add -s to the t conjugations listed below.
caber - to fit
cupe
cupiste
cupo
cupimos
cupisteis
cupieron
dar - to give
di
diste
dio
dimos
disteis
dieron
caer - to fall
ca
caste
cay
camos
casteis
cayeron
decir - to say / tell
dije
dijiste
dijo
dijimos
dijisteis
dijeron
conducir - to drive
conduje
condujiste
condujo
condujimos
condujisteis
condujeron
estar - to be
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvisteis
estuvieron
haber - to have
hube
hubiste
hubo
hubimos
hubisteis
hubieron
hacer - to do / make
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteis
hicieron
ir - to go / ser - to be
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
or - to hear
o
oste
oy
omos
poder - to be able to / can

pude
pudiste
pudo
pudimos
poner - to put / place

puse
pusiste
puso
pusimos
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osteis
oyeron
pudisteis
pudieron
pusisteis
pusieron
querer - to want
quise
quisiste
quiso
quisimos
quisisteis
quisieron
saber - to know facts

supe
supiste
supo
supimos
supisteis
supieron
tener - to have
tuve
tuviste
tuvo
tuvimos
tuvisteis
tuvieron
traer - to carry
traje
trajiste
trajo
trajimos
trajisteis
trajeron
venir - to come
vine
viniste
vino
vinimos
vinisteis
vinieron
ver - to see
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.
33. IMPERFECT TENSE
The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past,
as repeated or habitual, or to translate the English "used to + infinitive." It is also used with
mental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The imperfect tends to be used more
often than the preterite with these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber.
The imperfect is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem:
-ar
-aba
(yo)
(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
-a
-abas
-aba
(nosotros / nosotras)
-er / -ir
-as
-a
-bamos
(vosotros / vosotras)
-abais
(ellos / ellas / ustedes)
-aban
-amos
-ais
-an
Regular imperfect tense conjugations:

estar - to be
(yo)
estaba
(t / vos)
estabas
(l / ella / usted) estaba
tener - to
have
tena
decir - to say /
tell
deca
tenas
tena
decas
deca
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(nosotros /
nosotras)
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
estbamos
tenamos
decamos
estabais
tenais
decais
estaban
tenan
decan
Yo viva en Espaa. I used to live in Spain.

Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad.
El venda radios. He was selling radios.
Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
ser - to be
ir - to go
iba
ver - to see
(yo)
era
(t / vos)
(l / ella / usted)
eras
era
ibas
iba
veas
vea
(nosotros /
nosotras)
ramos
bamos
veamos
erais
ibais
veais
eran
iban
vean
(vosotros /
vosotras)
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
vea
You can use ir in the imperfect tense to express "was/were going to + infinitive" similar to its
use in the present tense:
Iba a decir "no." I was going to say "no."
34. FOOD AND MEALS
bacon
el tocino
salad
la ensalada
beef
la carne de vaca
salami
el salchichn
beer
la cerveza
salt
la sal
beverage
la bebida
sandwich
el bocadillo
biscuit
el bizcocho
sauce
la salsa
bread
el pan
sausage
la salchicha
breakfast
el desayuno
soft drink
el refresco gaseoso
butter
la mantequilla
soup
la sopa
cake
la torta
sour cream
la crema agria
candy
los dulces
steak
el bistec
14/22
3/29/2015
cheese
el queso
stew
el guisado
chicken
el pollo
sugar
el azcar
chocolate
el chocolate
supper
la cena
chop
la chuleta
tea (iced)
el t (helado)
coffee
el caf
toast
las tostadas
cookie
la galleta
turkey
el pavo
cottage cheese
el requesn
veal
la ternera
cotton candy
el algodn de azcar
vegetable
la legumbre
cream
la crema
vinegar
el vinagre
custard
las natillas
water
el agua
dessert
el postre
whipped cream
la nata montada
dinner
la comida
wine
el vino
duck
el pato
yogurt
el yogur
egg
el huevo
bag
la bolsa
fat
la grasa
bowl
el tzon
flour
la harina
bottle
la botella
fried eggs
los huevos fritos
box
la caja
goose
el ganso
can
la lata
ham
el jamn
can opener
abrelatas
hamburger
la hamburguesa
carton
el tetrabrik
honey
la miel
chopsticks
los palillos
hot dog
el perro caliente
coffee pot
la cafetera
ice
el hielo
colander
el colador
ice cream
el helado
corkscrew
el sacacorchos
jam
la jalea
cup
la taza
juice
el jugo / el zumo
dish
el plato
lamb
el cordero
fork
el tenedor
lobster
la langosta
frying pan
la sartn
lollipop
el chupete
glass
el vaso
lunch
el almuerzo
jar
el tarro
meal
la comida
jug
la jarra
meat
la carne
kettle
la caldera
milk
la leche
knife
el cuchillo
milkshake
la malteada
lid
la tapa
15/22
3/29/2015
mustard
la mostaza
napkin
la servilleta
mutton
la carne de carnero
plate
el plato
oil
el aceite
saucer
el platillo
omelet
la tortilla
saucepan
la cacerola / el cazo
pepper
la pimienta
spoon
la cuchara
pie
el pastel
spray can
el spray
pork
el cerdo
table
la mesa
rice
el arroz
tablecloth
el mantel
roast
el asado
teapot
la tetera
roll
el panecillo
tube
el tubo
El zumo is used in Spain to refer to fruit juice, while el jugo only refers to juice from meat. In
Latin America, el jugo refers to fruit juice.
35. GUSTAR
Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an
indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The
verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with
the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.
Me gusta(n)
I like
Nos gusta(n)
we like
Te gusta(n)
you like
Os gusta(n)
you like
Le gusta(n)
he / she / you like(s)
Les gusta(n)
they / you like
Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is
also possible to add a + pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. These
pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a m and a ti.
Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the
flowers are pleasing to me.)
A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house.
No me gusta. I don't like it.
Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?
A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.
36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES
almond
la almendra
barley
la cebada
apple
la manzana
beans
los frijoles / las judas
apricot
el albaricoque
beet
la remolacha
avocado
el aguacate
broccoli
el brcoli
banana
el pltano / el cambur
cabbage
la col
berry
la baya
carrot
la zanahoria
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blackberry
la zarzamora
cauliflower
la coliflor
blueberry
el arndano
celery
el apio
cherry
la cereza
chives
la cebollana
chestnut
la castaa
corn
el maz
coconut
el coco
cucumber
el pepino
currant
la grosella
eggplant
la berenjena
date
el dtil
garlic
el ajo
fig
el higo
green bean
la habichuela
fruit
la fruta
herbs
le hierba
grapefruit
el pomelo
horse-radish
el rabano picante
grapes
la uva
leek
el puerro
hazelnut
la avellana
lentil
la lenteja
kiwi
el kiwi
lettuce
la lechuga
lemon
el limn
mint
la menta
lime
la lima
mushroom
el hongo / la seta
lychee
el lichi
oats
la avena
mango
el mango
onion
la cebolla
melon
el meln
parsley
el perejil
olive
la aceituna
pea
el guisante
orange
la naranja
pepper
el pimiento
papaya
la papaya
potato
la papa / la patata
peach
el melocotn
pumpkin
la calabaza
pear
la pera
radish
el rbano
pineapple
la pia
rhubarb
el ruibarbo
plum
la ciruela
rice
el arroz
prune
la ciruela pasa
rye
el centeno
raisin
la uva pasa
sage
la salvia
raspberry
la frambuesa
seed
la semilla
starfruit
la carambola
spinach
la espinaca
strawberry
la fresa
sweet potato
el camote / la batata
walnut
la nuez
tomato
el tomate
watermelon
la sanda
turnip
el nabo
artichoke
la alcachofa
wheat
el trigo
asparagus
el esprrago
zucchini
el calabacn
17/22
3/29/2015
Los frijoles, la papa, and el hongo are used in Latin America, whereas las judas, la
patata, and la seta are used in Spain. El champin is also used everywhere for a round,
white mushroom. La callampa is only used in Chile for mushroom.
El cambur is used in Venezuela, where el pltano means plantain instead of banana.
El camote is mostly used in Mexico and the Andes.
37. TO TAKE OR DRINK
tomar - to take / drink
present:
take(s)
preterite: took imperfect: took future: will take
tomo
(yo)
tomas /
toms
(l / ella / usted) toma
(t / vos)
tom
tomaba
tomar
tomaste
tomabas
tomars
tom
tomaba
tomar
(nosotros /
nosotras)
tomamos
tomamos
tombamos
tomaremos
(vosotros /
vosotras)
tomis
tomasteis
tomabais
tomaris
toman
tomaron
tomaban
tomarn
(ellos / ellas /
ustedes)
When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive,
as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa
- to have a drink and tomar un caf - to have a coffee.
38. COMMANDS / IMPERATIVE
To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the t form, drop
the final -s and accent the vowel for the vos form, and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d
for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros)
use the present subjunctive forms. (More about the Subjunctive at #70.) Use the nosotros
form to mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive
conjugations for all forms, except vos may either be identical to the t form or add an accent
to the vowel. The only forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are t,
vos and vosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes as well: c
becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c.
Affirmative
-ar
Negative
-er or -ir
-ar
-er or -ir
-a
-e
-es
-as
vos
- / -
-es (or -s)
-as (or s)
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3/29/2015
usted
-e
-a
-e
-a
nosotros /
nosotras
-emos
-amos
-emos
-amos
vosotros /
vosotras
-ad
-ed / -id
-is
-is
ustedes
-en
-an
-en
-an
Habla! = Speak! (t form)

Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form)
No comis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form)
Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)
Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form)
No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)
Irregular Imperative
Some verbs have irregular t forms while the other forms use a different stem from the
regular verb stem when forming the imperative.These stems are also found in the subjunctive
mood. Notice that the only irregular form of vos in the imperative is and for the verb ir. When
the negative imperative form is not given, it is identical to the affirmative form (this applies to
usted, nosotros and ustedes forms). Finally, remember that some users of vos accent the last
vowel in the negative imperative; otherwise it is identical to the negative imperative for t
(shown in the tables below).
dar
decir
estar
haber
hacer
da / no des
di / no digas
est / no
ests
h / no hayas
haz / no hagas
vos
d / no des
dec / no
digas
est / no
ests
hab / no
hayas
hac / no
hagas
usted
diga
est
haya
haga
nosotros
demos
digamos
estemos
hayamos
hagamos
vosotros
dad / no
deis
decid / no
digis
estad / no
estis
habed / no
hayis
haced / no
hagis
ustedes
den
digan
estn
hayan
hagan
ir
poder
poner
querer
saber
ve / no vayas
puede / no
puedas
pon / no
pongas
quiere / no
quieras
sabe / no
sepas
vos
and / no vayas
pod / no
puedas
pon / no
pongas
quer / no
quieras
sab / no
sepas
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3/29/2015
usted
vaya
pueda
ponga
quiera
sepa
nosotros
vamos / no
vayamos
podamos
pongamos
queramos
sepamos
vosotros id / no vayis
poded / no
podis
poned / no
pongis
quered / no
queris
sabed / no
sepis
ustedes
puedan
pongan
quieran
sepan
vayan
salir
ser
tener
traer
venir
sal / no salgas
s / no
seas
ten / no
tengas
trae / no
traigas
ven / no
vengas
vos
sal / no
salgas
s / no
seas
ten / no
tengas
tra / no
traigas
ven / no
vengas
usted
salga
sea
tenga
traiga
venga
nosotros salgamos
seamos
tengamos
traigamos
vengamos
vosotros
salid / no
salgis
sed / no
seis
tened / no
tengis
traed / no
traigis
venid / no
vengis
ustedes
salgan
sean
tengan
traigan
vengan
39. MORE NEGATIVES

To make sentences negative, place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or
follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The
word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it
follows a comparative; jams means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb
means the same thing as no + verb + ms (no more, no longer).
ms
no more, no longer
nada
nothing, (not) anything
nadie
nobody, (not) anybody
ninguno (a)
no, none
tampoco
neither, either
ni
nor
ni...ni
neither... nor
ni siquiera
not even
nunca, jams
never, ever
No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance.

No juego ms. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.
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3/29/2015
40. HOLIDAY PHRASES

Feliz Navidad
Merry Christmas
Feliz Ao Nuevo
Happy New Year
Feliz Cumpleaos
Happy Birthday
Feliz Pascua
Happy Easter
Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real

There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.
Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra

by Francisco Gonzlez Bocanegra
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridn;
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del can.
Cia oh patria! tus sienes de
oliva
De la Paz el arcngel divino,
Que en el cielo tu eterno destino
Por el dedo de Dios se escribi.
Mas si osare un extrao enemigo
Profanar con su planta tu suelo,
Piensa oh patria querida! que el
cielo
Un soldado en cada hijo te dio.
Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que
intente
De la patria manchar los
blasones!
Guerra, guerra! Los patrios
pendones
En las olas de sangre empapad.
Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en
el valle
Los caones horrsonos truenen
Y los ecos sonoros resuenen
Con las voces de Unin!
Libertad!
Antes, patria, que inermes tus
hijos
Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen,
Tus campias con sangre se
rieguen,
Sobre sangre se estampe su pie.
Y tus templos, palacios y torres
Se derrumben con hrrido
Mexicans, at the cry of battle

lend your swords and bridle;
and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.
Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive
garlands
by the divine archangel of peace,
For in heaven your eternal destiny
has been written by the hand of God.
But should a foreign enemy
Profane your land with his sole,
Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven
gave you a soldier in each son.
War, war without truce against who would attempt
to blemish the honor of the fatherland!
War, war! The patriotic banners
saturate in waves of blood.
War, war! On the mount, in the vale
The terrifying cannon thunder
and the echoes nobly resound
to the cries of union! liberty!
Fatherland, before your children become unarmed
Beneath the yoke their necks in sway,
May your countryside be watered with blood,
On blood their feet trample.
And may your temples, palaces and towers
crumble in horrid crash,
and their ruins exist saying:
The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes
here.
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Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear

to exhale their breath in your cause,
If the bugle in its belligerent tone
should call upon them to struggle with bravery.
For you the olive garlands!
For them a memory of glory!
For you a laurel of victory!
For them a tomb of honor!
estruendo,
Y sus ruinas existan diciendo:
De mil hroes la patria aqu fue.
Patria! patria! Tus hijos te juran
Exhalar en tus aras su aliento,
Si el clarn con su blico acento
Los convoca a lidiar con valor.
Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva!
Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria!
Un laurel para ti de victoria!
Un sepulcro para ellos de honor!
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridn,
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del can.
Mexicans, at the cry of battle

lend your swords and bridle;
and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.
Go on to Spanish III
Return to top of page
1997 - 2015 Jennifer Wagner E-mail: ielanguages [at] gmail [dot] com
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Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

21. TO COME & TO GO

preterite: came imperfect: came future: will come

vienes / vens viniste

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Remember to use the prepositional contractions (a + el = al and de + el = del) when a noun

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

los Pases Bajos

Repblica Dominicana Romanian

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

24. WORK & SCHOOL

official / civil servant

pharmacist (chemist) el qumico

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

computer programmer el programador

el mdico / el doctor salesman

las lenguas modernas

las ciencias naturales

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

las ciencas fsicas

las ciencias polticas

25. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS

present: know(s) preterite: knew imperfect: knew future: will know

saber - to know facts

(l / ella / usted) sabe

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

26. COMMON WORDS

todos los das

27. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS: PRESENT TENSE

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Conjugations of regular verbs:

To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.

pedir - to ask (for) construir - to build

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

An impersonal conjugation of haber, hay, is used to mean there is/are in English.

te acuerdas / te acords you remember

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Conjugations of regular verbs in the preterite:

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

(nosotros / nosotras) hablamos

poder - to be able to / can

poner - to put / place

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

saber - to know facts

Regular imperfect tense conjugations:

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Yo viva en Espaa. I used to live in Spain.

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

los huevos fritos

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

he / she / you like(s)

they / you like

los frijoles / las judas

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

preterite: took imperfect: took future: will take

-es (or -s)

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

Habla! = Speak! (t form)

Spanish II Tutorial: Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and Grammar

39. MORE NEGATIVES