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H = 26.3 kJ
a) Calculate the energy absorbed when 68.7 grams of sodium bicarbonate is decomposed.
68.7 g NaHCO3
x 1 mol NaHCO3
84.01 g NaHCO3
129 kJ
2 mol NaHCO3
= 52.7 kJ
70800 J
0.235 J/gAgK x 498 g Ag
= 605 K
= 70.8 kJ
b) Calculate the mass of ice that can be melted from the heat released by the reaction of
168.5 g of iron (III) oxide reacted with excess carbon monoxide.
Heat released from the reaction
168.5 g Fe2O3 x 1 mol Fe2O3
159.68 g Fe2O3
26.3 kJ
1 mol Fe2O3
= 27.7 kJ
18.02 g H2O =
1 mol H 2O
c) Calculate the final temperature of 14.36 g of water with a starting temperature of 4.57 C
if 82.7 g of calcium hydroxide is formed from calcium oxide and water.
Heat released from the reaction
82.7 g Ca(OH)2 x 1 mol Ca(OH)2
74.10 g Ca(OH)2
65.2 kJ
1 mol Ca(OH) 2
= 72.8 kJ
q= 34700 J
C= 1.7 J/gC
m= 14.36 g H 2O
T=?
T=
q
Cm
34700 J
1.7 J/gC x 14.36 g H2O
= 1400 C
Final temperature
1400C + 100C = 1500 C
3) Heat of solution
a) Calculate the heat released when 98.54 g of NaOH is completely dissolved.
98.54 g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH x -445.1 kJ
= 1097 kJ released
40.00 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
b) Calculate the mass of calcium chloride that is dissolved when 42.97 kcal of energy is
released by the dissolving of the calcium chloride.
-42.97 kcal x 4.184 kJ
1 kcal
b) Calculate the mass of phosphorus (at it melting point temperature) that can be melted
using the heat given off by the dissolving of 76 g of sodium hydroxide.
Dissolving the NaOH
76 g NaOH
x 1 mol NaOH x
-445.1 kJ
40.00 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
= -850 kJ
x 30.97 g P =
1 mole P
42000g P
c) Calculate the final temperature of 543 g of water starting at 87.54 C using the heat
released when 1298 g of calcium chloride dissolves.
Dissolving the calcium chloride (releases energy)
1298 g CaCl2 x 1 mol CaCl2 x -82.8 kJ
110.98 g CaCl 2
1 mol CaCl2
= 968 kJ released
Since only part of the water is boiled and part remains as a liquid, the average temperature will
equal the boiling point (i.e. 100 C)
5) Heat of formation
a) Using the standard heats of formation, write a balanced equation and calculate the heat of
reaction when hydrogen peroxide reacts with nitrogen monoxide to form steam and
nitrogen dioxide.
H f
products
Hf
reactants
H f
products
Hf
reactants
0 kJ +
1 mol Na
1 mol CaCO3 x
-1207.0 kJ ) = 75.9 kJ
1 mol CaCO 3
c) Hydrogen sulfide reacts with chlorine to form monoclinic sulfur and hydrogen chloride.
Calculate the energy released when 657 g of hydrogen chloride is produced with this
reaction.
Balanced Equation
8 H2S + 8 Cl2 S8 + 16 HCl
Find the Heat of Reaction
Hrxn =
H f
Hf
products
reactants
H f
Hf
products
reactants
0.413 C
b) Calculate the mass of cesium at it melting point that can be melted when the heat from
the reaction of 96.2 L of ozone at STP with an excess of sulfur dioxide produces sulfur
trioxide.
Find the Balanced Equation
O3 + 3 SO2 3 SO3
Find the Heat of Formation for each material
Hf for O3 = 142.0 kJ/mol
Hf for SO2 = -296.8 kJ/mol
Hf for SO3 = -395.7 kJ/mol
Find the Heat of the Reaction
Hrxn =
H f
Hf
products
reactants
Hrxn= 3 mol SO3 x 395.7 kJ - (1 mol O 3 x 142.0 kJ + 3 mol SO2 x 296.8 kJ ) = -438.7 kJ
1 mol SO3
1 mol O3
1 mol SO2
1.20 x 105 g Cs
c) Calculate the mass of liquid water that can be boiled and heated from 89.65 C to 178.09
C using the energy released when 88.30 g of calcium oxide is produced when calcium
reacts with excess iron (III) oxide. Iron metal is also produced by the reaction.
Hf for Ca = 0 kJ/mol
Hf for Fe = 0 kJ/mol
Find the Energy Released:
Hrxn =
H f
products
Hf
reactants
0 kJ +
1 mol Ca
1 mol Fe2O 3 x
-822.1 kJ ) = -1083.2 kJ
1 mol Fe2O3
88.30 g CaO x
1 mol CaO x
56.08 g CaO
1083.2 kJ = -568.5 kJ
3 mol CaO
Affecting the water (solve each energy calculation but leave the variable M for mass)
Heat Water from 89.65 C to 100 C
q= ?
m= M
C= 4.18 J/gC
T= 10.35 C
q= 4.18 J/gC x M x 10.35 C = 43.3 J/g M
Boil the Water:
M g H2O x 1 mol H2O x 40.7 kJ
= 2.26 kJ/g M
18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O
Heat Water from 100.00 C to 178.09 C
q= ?
m= M
C= 1.7 J/gC
T= 78.09 C
q= 1.7 J/gC x M x 78.09 C = 130 J/g M
Total energy = 43.26 J/g M + 2260 J/g M + 130 J/g M = 2400 J/g M
Mass calculation using energy from CaO reaction
2.4 kJ/g M = 568.5 kJ released
M = 240 g water
7) Calculating with different thermochemical equations
a) Given the following thermochemical equations:
H =112 kJ
i)
H2CO3 H2CO + O2
ii)
H2CO + O2 H2O + CO2 H =-50 kJ
Calculate the heat of reaction for the following:
H =?
H2CO3 H2O + CO2
Adding the chemical equations as stated above will give us the reaction desired. Therefore we
just add the heat of reactions together to calculate the heat of reaction of the reaction desired.
H =112 kJ
+ H =-50 kJ
H = 62 kJ
b) Given the following thermochemical equations:
H = 650 kJ
i)
4PCl3(g) P4(s) + 6Cl2(g)
H = 917 kJ
ii)
4PCl5(g) P4(s) + 10Cl2(g)
Calculate the heat of reaction for the following:
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) H =?
Reverse the second equation and then add the two reactions together:
P4(s) + 6Cl2(g)
4PCl3(g)
P4(s) + 10Cl2(g) 4PCl5(g)
4PCl3(g) + 4Cl2(g) 4PCl5 (g)
H = 650 kJ
H =-917 kJ
H 270 kJ
H =-1222 kJ
H =356 kJ
H =-866
1 mol PCl3 x
137.32 g PCl3
x 32.06 g S =
1 mole S
4000g S
9) Mixed bag
a) Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of 980 grams of mercury liquid by
387.65 C.
q= ?
m= 980 g Hg
C= 0.140 J/gHgK
q = C m T = 0.140 J/gHgK x 980 g Hg x 387.65 C = 53000 J
b) Calculate the temperature change of 738.9 grams of water if 9.65 grams of calcium
chloride is dissolved in the water.
Find the Energy Released
9.65 g CaCl2 x 1 mol CaCl2
x -82.8 kJ
= 7.20 kJ released
110.97 g CaCl 2
1 mol CaCl2
Find the Change in Temperature
T=q/cm
T= ?
_
q= 7200 J
C= 4.18 J/gC
m= 738.9 g H 2O
T=
7200 J
= 2.3 C
4.18 J/gC x 738.9 g H 2O
c) Calculate the final temperature of 80765 grams of water with a starting temperature of
2.98 C if the water is heated first by the freezing of 114.76grams of ruthenium at its
freezing point and then the water is further heated by the cooling of the same ruthenium
by 47.8 C.
Freeze the ruthenium
114.76 g Ru x 1 mol Ru
x 25.52 kJ = 28.98 kJ
101.07 g Ru 1 mol Ru
Cooling the ruthenium
q= ?
m= 114.76 g Ru
C= 0.238 J/gRu K
q = C m T = 0.238 J/gRu K x 114.76 g Ru x 47.8 C = 1.30 kJ
Total energy from the Ru
28.98 kJ + 1.30 kJ = 30.28 kJ
= 0.0897 C
Final Temperature
0.090 C + 2.98 C = 3.07 C
d) Calculate the mass of gold that can be warmed up to its melting point from a starting
temperature of 727.00 K and melted using 5624 kJ of heat.
We are doing two processes to the gold, heating and then melting, without knowing the mass or
the individual energies. So, we use M for the mass and solve the two processes with the
unknown mass.
Heating the gold
q= ?
m= M g Au
C= 0.129 J/gRu K
T = 1337.58 K - 727.00 K
q = C m T = 0.129 J/gAu K x M g Au x 610.58 C = 78.8 J/gAu x M g Au
Melting the gold
M g Au x 1 mol Au
x 12.36 kJ = 0.06275 kJ/gAu x M g Au = 62.75 J/gAu x M g Au
196.97 g Au 1 mol Au
Totals
5624000 J = M g Au (78.8 J/gAu + 62.75 J/gAu )
M g Au = 9210 g Au
e) Calculate the heat in Joules needed to change a 76.23 g sample of 27.89 C ice to steam
at 149.33 C.
Find the Energy of the Ice
q=cmT
q= ?
C= 2.1 J/ gC
m= 76.23 g H 2O
T= 27.89 C
q= 2.1 J/gC x 76.23 g x 27.89 C = 4500 J
q=cmT
q= ?
C= 1.7 J/gC
m= 76.23 g H 2O
T= 49.33 C
q= 1.7 J/gC x 76.23 g x 49.33 C = 6400 J
f) Calculate the mass of hafnium (at it boiling point) that can be boiled by the heat
generated when 245 g of ozone is reacted with an excess of sulfur to produced sulfur
dioxide.
Find the Balanced Equation
3 S + 2 O3 3 SO 2
H f
products
Hf
reactants