Struggle for Rights and Freedom

1. Revolt of Lankandula and Sulayman (1574)

Cause: Lavezaris reversal of Legazpis policy
Lavezaris no longer exempted the native rulers and their descendants from paying
tribute.
Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise in arms because of the new policy.
Lavezaris asked Fr. Geronimo Marin to persuade them not to carry out their plans
and offered pardon for those who took arms.
Lavezaris did this gesture to ask help from Filipinos in driving away Lim-Ah-Hong
from the country
2. First Pampanga Revolt (1585)
Cause: Abuses of Encomienderos
The Pampanguenos planned to massacre the Spaniards but failed when a native
woma who was married to a Spanish soldier warned the Spanish authorities about
it.
The leaders were arrested and executed without any fair trial.
3. The Tondo Conspiracy (1587-88)
Cause: Regain lost freedom
The desire to regain the freedom they enjoy during the pre-colonial years planned to
overthrow the Spanish rulers in the country.
The revolt failed when Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio
Surabao who in turn recounted it to his Spanish master Pedro Sarmiento.
The leaders were executed brutally, some of them were exiled.
4. Magalats Revolt, Cagayan (1596)
Cause: Tribute
Magalat, one of the two brothers who instigated the revolt was kept together with
his men.
Upon his release he continued the revolt but later on murdered in his own house by
assassins hired by the the Spaniards.
5. Revolt of the Igorots (1601)
Cause: Refusal to accept new religion
Spaniards try to proselytize the native but they were only able to gain political and
military control over them.
6. Revolt of the Irrayas, Northern Isabela in the Cagayan Valley (1621)
Cause: Oppression of Spanish officials
The revolt was led by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Catubay.
The revolt ended without a fight when the rebels heed the advice of Fr. Santo Tomas
to surrender to the government.
7. The Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621-22)
Cause: Return to native religion
Tamblot, a native babaylan reported the appearance of a diwata who promised the
people a life of abundance, without the burden of paying the tribute to the
government or the dues to the church.
Around 2,000 Boholanos followed him.
The revolt was gaining success in the beginning but was defeated in the end.
8. Bankaws Revolt, Leyte (1622)
Cause: Return to native religion

Bankaw who was previously converted to Christianity led the people to return to
their old religion.
They were defeated by Spanish-Filipino forces. He perished in battle and his head
was place on a stake as a public warning.
9. The Revolt of Ladia (1643)
Cause: Spanish Oppression
Ladia who claims to be a descendant of Rajah Matanda instigated the revolt. He was
later on captured and sent to Manila to be executed.
10.The Revolt of Dabao (1650s)
Dabao, a Manobo chieftain allowed himself to be baptized to the Catholic faith so he
can freely move among fellow Christians.
His trickery resulted to the killing of Spanish soldiers and officials.
11.Sumuroys Revolt, Samar (1649-50)
Cause: Forced labor
Sumuroy resented Governor Diego Fajardos order, which involved the sending of
men to Cavite shipyards.
Sumuroys men won some victories early on, but were defeated by the Spanish
forces in the end.
12.Maniagos Revolt, Pampanga (1660)
Cause: Frequent recruitment of men to cut timber in the mountains and Bandala
Don Francisco Maniago, a chief from the village of Mexico was the leader of this
revolt in Pampanga.
The Spaniard concluded an agreement with Maniago, which brought about peace in
Pampanga.
13.Andres Malongs Revolt, Pangasinan (1660-61)
Cause: Spanish oppression and the desire to replace the Spaniards as personal
rulers of the people.
Spurred by the Pampagueno rebellion, the natives of Pangasinan also rose in arms
against the Spanish government in Lingayen on December 15, 1660.
A faulty strategy in deploying his men led to their defeat.
14.The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)
Cause: Continue Andres Malongs revolt
Pedro Gumapos continued the revolt started by Malong in Ilocos.
He and his men were defeated by the Spanish forces in an encounter.
15.The Revolt of Almazan (1660s)
Cause: Personal ambition
Pedro Almazan proclaimed himself as King of Ilocos.
The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniard eventually
suppressed them.
16.Tapars Revolt, Panay (1663)
Cause: Found a new religion under native supervision
The misdemeanor of Spanish friars alienated countless natives from the Catholic
faith.
Tapar claimed to have spoken with a demon.
Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody fight against the Spaniards, along with
native volunteer soldiers. Their corpses were impaled in stake.
17.Dagohoys Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829)
Cause: Refusal to give his brother a Christian burial
Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoys brother a Christian burial
because the latter died in a duel. The body was left decomposing.

This humiliation made Dagohoy mad and incited the people of Bohol to revolt. Many
people followed him and his community grew in number.
His revolt lasted for 85 years lasting 20 Spanish Governor General.
18.Silangs Revolt (1762-63)
Causes: His imprisonment, abusive government officials, heavy taxation.
Started by Diego Silang and was continued by his wife Gabriela when the former
died from an assassins bullet.
The revolt spread all throughout Ilocos.
19.Palaris Revolt (1762-65)
Causes: Tribute, Spains loss of prestige due to the British Occupation of Manila.
Irregularities in the collection of tributes by Joaquin Gamboa, the alcalde mayor led
to this revolt in Pangasinan led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris.
The revolt was suppressed by Don Mariano Arza together with 3,000 loyal Ilocano
soldiers.
Palaris was publicly hanged.
20.Basi Revolt (1807)
The locals were compelled to buy wine from the government and prohibited them to
drink their local sugarcane wine basi.
The alcalde mayor together with a strong force of regular troops attacked them at
San Ildefonso and quelled the revolt.
21.Revolt in the Defense of the Spanish Constitution (1815)
The abolition of the 1812 Spanish Constitution caused an explosion of violence in
the country against the principales took place.
Under the leadership of Simon Tomas, Ilocanos rose in arms in defense of the
Spanish Constitution.
The Ilocanos plundered the houses of rich Spaniards and pro-Spanish natives. They
also looted the churches and killed some friars and officials.
The Spanish government rushed infantry and cavalry forces to the rebellious towns
of Ilocandia.
The revolt ended on March 6, with the surviving leaders of the rebellion severely
punished.
22.Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822)
Cause: Feeling of distrust between Peninsulares and the Creoles.
Jealousy to the peninsulares by the insulares and creoles became intense in the
early decades of the 19th century.
Brothers Manuel, Jose, and Joaquin plotted to overthrow the government.
The conspiracy however was discovered and the leaders were imprisoned.
23.Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule ( 1840-41)
Cause : Religious freedom
He was not accepted on the ground that he was an indio. Religious orders are closed
to indios.
Founded Cofradia de San Jose as a response.
His religious brotherhood was not recognized.
He was captured and executed on November 4, 1841, where his body was chopped
and paraded from Tayabas to Lucban.
24.Muslim Wars (1578-1898)
Causes : (1) the Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu, (2) preservation of Islam,
(3) the love of adventure arising from the spoils of war.
25.The Rise of Filipino Nationalism

Nationalism was said to have rooted from a strong feeling among populace that
they belong to the same race. This was not present in the Philippines prior to 19 th
century.
By perpetuating poverty and injustice among the lower classes of the society, the
Spanish government unknowingly planted seeds of nationalism.
The following are regarded as factors that gave rise to Filipino nationalism:
o Spread of Liberalism
o Sentiment against the principales
o Racial prejudice
o Cultural Changes
o Secularization controversy
o Cavite Mutiny of 1872
26.Propaganda Movement
The emergence of more Filipino illustrados gave birth to a unified nationalist
movement, which is known as the propaganda movement.
The aim of the propaganda movement was peaceful assimilation. They wanted the
recognition of the Philippines from a colony to a province of Spain.
Reforms sought by Propagandists
o Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law
o Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
o Secularization of Philippine parishes and the expulsion of the friars
o Human rights for Filipinos such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
etc.
Well known Propagandists and their works
o Marcelo H. del Pilar Dasalan at Tocsohan
o Graciano Lopez Jaena Fray Botod
o Jose Rizal Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
o Juan Luna Spoliarium
o Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo Virgenes Cristianas Expuesta at Populacho
o Other Propagandist are Pedro Paterno, Antonio Luna, Pedro Laktaw, and
Isabelo de los Reyes.
La Solidaridad was established in Barcelona on December 31, 1888. A newspaper
named after the group was also founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena. Marcelo H. del
PIlar later on succeeded Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad.
Rizal for his part founded La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League). La Liga was to be
a sort of mutual aid and self-help society, dispensing scholarship funds and legal
aid, loaning capital and setting up cooperatives.
The objectives of the La Liga are the following:
o Unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and
homogenous body.
o Protection in cases of want and necessity.
o Defense against violence and injustice.
o Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce.
o Study and implementation of reforms.
Alarmed with the situation, the Spanish officials arrested Rizal and had him
deported in Dapitan
27.The Katipunan
Tired of waiting for reforms to happen by peaceful means, Bonifacio and his friends
met secretly and formed the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan,on July 7, 1892.

The movement aims for the assimilation to separation and then independence of
the country.
Katipunan was a government in itself.
The structure of the Katipunan is as follows:
o Kataas-taasang Sangunian (Supreme Council) Central or National government
o Sanguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) Provincial government
o Sanguniang Balangay (Popular Council) administers the town
o Sanguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) holds judicial power
Grade Membership of Katipunan
o Katipun (associate) wore a black mask and has the password Anak ng
Bayan
o Kawal (soldier) wore a green mask and has the password GOM-BUR-ZA
o Bayani (patriot) wore red mask and has the password Rizal
Deodato Arellani became the first president, and later on he was deposed by
Bonifacio as Supremo (president). Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacios wife was known as
the Lakambini of Katipunan
Emilio Jacinto, known as the brains of Katipunan wrote the Kartilla which serves as a
primer to the members of the Katipunan.
Bonifcaio for his part, wrote Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties
to be Observed by the Sons of the Country), this was a Decalogue of the 10
commandments.
Rizal did not agree to the Katipunans plans of an armed uprising since the people
were not ready for it.
28.The Revolution of 1896
The discovery of Katipunan led to the Cry of Pugadlawin or Cry of Balintawak which
proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish government by tearing their cedulas
personales, the symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain.
Series of attacks from the Katipunan followed after the Cry of Pugadlawin.
Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war against Manila and seven
other provinces who waged war against Spain namely: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.
On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort San
Felipe in Cavite and are now remembered as Los Trece Martires.
Meanwhile, Rizal was convicted of sedition, rebellion, and illicit association was
executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta) on December 30, 1896.
Such incidents involving detention, deportation, and execution only made the
Filipinos more unrelenting to the Spanish government. The more they became
determined to continue the struggle.
29.Rivalry in the Katipunan
In Cavite, there were two Katipunan councils- Magdalo Council, headed by
Baldomero Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldos cousin) and Magdiwang Council with
Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacios wife).
A convention in Tejeros was called to unite the two factions. The election of new
officers was presided by Bonifacio, Aguinaldo was elected as president even though
he was absent as he was defending the Magdalo towns at that time.
Bonifacio felt insulted when his election as Director of Interior was rejected and so
he declared the election null and void.
The group of Aguinaldo went after Bonifacio and his men. In the process, Andres
and his brother Procopio was captured, while his other brother Ciriaco, was killed
together with two other soldiers.

Tragically, the Bonifacio brothers were given the penalty of death the next day. The
charges were treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.
The brothers were executed in Mt. Nagpatong in Maragondon.
30.The Biak-na-Bato Republic
On November 1, 1897 the revolutionary leaders met and adopted a constitution
titled the Provisional Constitution of the Philippine Republic.
It declared that the aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from
Spanish monarchy and the formation of an independent state. The constitution was
based on the Cuban Constitution.
Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaugurated on the same day.
To end the struggle, Aguinaldo entered in an agreement with the Spanish
government. This agreement was known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato which resulted
to the voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong.
The pact consisted of three documents namely: Program, Act of Agreement, and the
third discussing the question of indemnity.
After the peace pact, neither side fully complied with the terms of the agreement.
Sporadic uprisings ensued.
31.The Spanish American War
Spanish American broke out on April 25, 1898 and ended on August 12 of the same
year.
Factors that contributed to the United States decision to open hostilities against
Spain:
o The Cuban struggle for independence
o Efforts of the Americans to extend influence overseas, and
o The sinking of the U.S. warship Maine
Manifest Destiny refers to the belief that the U.S. has the divinely ordained duty to
help troubled countries.
The conclusion of the Spanish-American war, which resulted to the victory of the
Americans, paved the way to the end of the Spanish colonial rule and the rise of the
United States as a global power.
32.Filipino-American Collaboration
American offered to support the Philippines in fighting the Spaniards.
Upon their defeat from the Americans and Filipinos, Spain rejected the terms for an
honorable surrender of the latter. When Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila
on August 7, the Spanish Governor General honorably conceded.