PAPER

NUMBER

SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGI NEERS OF AIME

6300 North Central Expressway
Dallas, Texas

SPE-436

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

ELECTRICAL LOGGING RESPONSES

EXPLAINED BY CONVENTIONAL CORE DATA
By
J. C. Anderson, Pan American Petroleum Corporation, Lake Charles, La.
Junior Member AIME
Publication Rights Reserved
This paper is to be presented at the 37th Annual FaJi Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of
AIME in Los Angeles, October 7-10, 1962, and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum
Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgement of
where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in Journal of Petroleum
Technolog or Societ of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given
t at pub ication an the origina presentation of the paper.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for pub Iication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.
ABSTRACT
The importance of open hole electrical well
logs and their proper interpretation cannot be over- .
emphasized. A great number of the decisions made
in drilling, development, and production operations
are made on the strength of what electrical well logs
tell us of subsurface conditions. Thereby log interpretation work can have a very real effect on the
economics of a given venture. Thus it is unfortunate
that many times log responses suggestive of nonproductivity or low productivity can be recorded in
reservoirs capable of hydrocarbon production at high
capacity.
In 1960 an extensive three well conventional
coring program was undertaken by Pan American
Petroleum Corporation in the Bastian Bay Field of
Plaquemines Parish in South Louisiana. The purpose

of this program was to obtain reservoir data for use

in gas reserve estimation. Over two thousand feet
of conventional core was obtained from the Upper
Miocene gas reservoirs found at Bastian Bay. The
volume of porosity, permeability, capillary pressure
and descriptive data available from this program is
seldom available in the Gulf Coast area and therefore it provided an excellent opportunity to study
the various logging responses experienced~ A preliminary comparison of the core date with the Induction-Electrical logs and Micrologs obtained has
been made and the results are presented herein. The
study shows that log responses most often associated
with reservoirs which are non-productive of hydrocarbons or that are of low productivity, can be recorded in reservoirs which are productive of hydrocarbons with high productivity.
The conclusions and points made here are not

J. C. ANDERSON

SPE-436

necessarily new, however, they are based on actual feasibility and economics of drilling programs,
field examples with the confirming data supplied by secondary recovery projects and other ventures.
core analysis available. Actual field examples of
Thus as the groundwork of reserve determinations
logging responses which often result in questionable most often lies in log interpretation for the deterinterpretation should give log analysts more insight
mination of the necessary parameters, interpretainto the problems of interpretation. Also, field ex- tion work itself can have a very real effect on an
amples with confirming data available, are valuable operator's income or expenditures.
as training aids for those who wish to become more
adept in log analysis work.
In 1960, Pan American Petroleum Corporation
undertook, in the Bastian Bay Field in Plaquemines
INTRODUCTION
Parish of South Louisiana, an extensive convention~
al coring program to gain reservoir information.
Perhaps one of the most important single operThis was a three well program wherein 2132' of secations in the drilling of a well or development of a
tion was conventionally cored in five Upper Miofield is the running of the necessary open hole elec- cene gas sands betwee~ the depths of 12,300' and
trical logs. This is true because these logs provide
15,300'. An overall core recovery of 94.90k was
a permanent record of the formations penetrated by
ach ieved a nd because of th is excell ent recovery
the well or wells and this record is used continuous- the correlation of the core data with the logs was
ly throughout the life of any well or field. As there a simple process. Very complete descriptions of
is only one time during the drilling of a well that
the cores were made by engineers in the field and
open hole logs can be obtained, the decision conporosity and permeability determinations were made
cerning the proper logs to be run must be made prior on each one foot section of core. In addition many
to or during that time in order to have the desired
capillary pressure determinations were made. The
information on file throughout the producing life of open hole logging programs in the three wells conth~ well. Further, one of the most important phases sisted of running an Induction-Electrical Log, Micand normally the beginning phase in the performancE rolog, and Sonic Log in each well. The extensive
of a geologic or reservoir study is the interpretation core data available provided an excellent opportunof the available logs. As the information recorded
ity to study the logging responses experienced in
on the logs normally represents information on only
light of these data. A preliminary comparison of
a minute portion of a reservoir, which must be exthe core data with the Induction-Electrical logs and
trapolated to be representative of the entire reserMicrologs has been made and this comparison is the
voir, proper interpretation is very important.
subject of this paper.
Open hole logs are used to determine or provide a measure of (1) stratigraphic correlation, (2)
detection of hydrocarbon saturation, (3) net effec:tive pay, (4) porosity, and (5) connate water saturation. Prior to the past few years, quite often little
significance was placed on the determination of
accurate val ues for net pay, porosity and connate
water saturation. The important thing was to determine if the formation penetrated would produce
oil or gas in commercial quantities. Approximate
or experience values for porosity and connate water
saturation were sufficient to give the operator an
idea concerning the magnitude of reserves. In the
present day industry oil and gas reserve work is becoming increasingly important as the exchange of
producing properties by sale is more common and
gas sales contracts are most often geared to reserves
where daily producing rates are concerned. Furthermore the magnitude of reserves certainly affects the

Certain logging responses have come to be

synonymous with given reservoir conditions. This
often leads to a rule of thumb type of log interpretation. Generally, when accurate quantative
interpretation is not necessary this type of interpretation may be satisfactory. It should be recognized, however, that this type of interpretation often
leads to an over-conservative opinion concerning
reservoir parameters which may seriously affect the
economics of a venture. This paper presents field
examples of some of the logging responses which
tend to lead to over-conservative rule of thumb
interpretations. Conservative interpretation can
occur due to the fact that logging responses generally associated with reservoirs which are nonproductive or would have low productivity can be
recorded in reservoirs of high hydrocarbon productivity. It is not implied here that any of the present
day logging devices are inadequate, but rather that

SPE-436

ELECTRICAL LOGGING RESPONSES

interpretation is the key to proper estimation of

the capabilities of a reservoir. Logging devices
are designed to give the desired results under a
given set of borehole conditions. If these conditions do not exist at the time of logging then
the logging device cannot be expected to give
a response suitable for exact interpretation.
Through field examples where confirming data is
available a better understanding of this problem
can be gained. Considerable discussion of Microlog responses is presented realizing that the use of
other porosity tools such as the Sonic' Log has supplanted the use of the Microlog in many areas. The
Microlog is still widely used; also, most fields remain under study throughout their producing life
and in many of these the Microlog is the only porosity tool available.
RESISTIVITY AS A FUNCTION OF PERMEABILITY
The determination of connate water saturation
b1 capillary-pressure measurements has shown that
the connate water saturation of sands containing
hydrocarbons varies with the permeability. The industry has accumulated sufficient data on measurements of this type which indicates that the connate
water saturation of sands will increase in proportion
to the decrease in the logarithm of permeability.
It would appear then that as the magnitude of resistivity measurements in electrical logging depends on the type and relative quantities of fluids
saturating a given formation, that resistivity in
hydrocarbon saturated sands would be a function of
permeabi lity due to its relationship to connate
water saturation. This should be true particularly
in relatively clean sands where shale content would
not have an apprec"iable effect on resistivity.
Fig. No. 1 shows a plot of water saturation
versus permeability for the "5" Sand in the Bastian
Bay Field which may be defined as a relatively
clean sand. The data plotted in Fig. No. 1 are
from over 100 measurements of water saturation at
a capi Ilary pressure of 45 psi. No attempt is made
here to show an average water saturation curve,
however, a range is shown in order to illustrate
the magnitude of water saturation in the "5" Sand,
with relation to permeability.
In Fig. No.2 the variation in resistivity due
to permeability changes in the "5" Sand, is illustrated. The Induction-Electrical logs of two wells

are shown and in each case nearly the entire "s"

Sand was conventionally cored and core recoveries
of approximately 96% were achieved, making
correlation of the core data with the logs relatively simple. Permeability logs are plotted using permeability data derived from a foot by foot analysis
of the cores. It is interesting to note that the
attitude of the permeability logs is nearly identical
to that of the induction resistivity curves. The
implied reason for the similarity in attitude is of
course, that as permeability changes so does connate water saturation. Thus, with the magnitude
of measured resistivity being dependent upon connate water saturation it is in turn dependent upon
permeability. Simi lar resistivity-permeability
relationships are apparent in other sands and wells
cored in the Bastian Bay program. In general it is
felt that the data gathered at Bastian Bay tends to
lend credence to the capillary pressure method of
determining connate water saturation in that it
shows that resistivity and this connate water saturation vary with permeability as expected.
Further inspection of the permeability plots
in Fig. No.2 reveals abrupt reductions in average
permeability at A in Well No.2 and at B in Well
No.1. Accompanying resistivity reductions are
noted on the two Induction logs. The resistivity
responses at Points A and B are similar to those
normally encountered at oil or gas-water contacts.
Here the apparent water contacts are caused by
the hig,er connate water saturation associated with
the lower average permeabil ities below A and B
although the sand below is gas productive. The
average permeabil ity of the sand section above A
in Well No.2 is 2365 md. as opposed to an average of 42 md. immediately below. The corresponding resistivity decrease is from 16-20 ohm-meters
to 3 ohm-meters. Based on the available capillary
pressure data, considering height above free water,
average connate water saturation above and below
Point A is approximately 8% and 45% respectively.
In Well No. 1 the average permeabilities of the
sand above and below the apparent water contact
at Point Bare 1454 md. and 89 md. respectively.
The two low resistivity zones in question are well
above the field gas-water contacts in the members
in which they occur. However, without proper
evaluation these zones might have been overlooked
as PQy zones. The known value for Ro in the "5"
Sand is approximately 0.7 .ohm-meters and thus the
low resistivity zones in question might be suspected

SPE-436

J. C. ANDERSON

of being transition zones which would not produce

water free. Testing in the low resistivity zones in
this case proved them capable of water free gascondensate production. The sand member at C in
Well No.2 has an average permeability of 307 md.
It would thus appear that this member would be
transitional due to its low resistivity. The member
was dri II stem tested as indicated and the results
confirmed the fact that it was a transition zone in
that it produced at a rate of 400 MCFD with 507
BSWD.
Worthy of consideration here is that resistivity
changes in apparently uniform sands may be suggesting permeability changes which might have a
real effect on the results of certain projects. Such
projects might be depletion of sands by selective
perforating or secondary recovery projects. Also it
is apparent that abrupt resistivity changes in hydrocarbon productive sands can be caused by abrupt
changes in average permeability. If such changes
ar~ in the form of large reductions over a fairly
large interval of sand these responses can give the
indication of encountering a gas or oil-water contact. Hasty qualitative interpretations in these
cases could obviously prove costly. When this
situation is suspected all supplemental data should
be considered and possibly additional evaluation
techniques attempted.
PRINCIPLES OF MICROLOGGING
The primary purpose for running Micrologs is
to provide means of determining porosity and net
pay. Quite often we hear the statement that, lithe
Microlog is no good. II The actual meaning of this
statement is normally that Microlog resistivities are
so high that a sand which should be permeable
appears impermeable, or that the porosity calculated from the Microlog appears too low and determination of net pay from micro-resistivity curve
separation is difficult. In this situation it may be
that borehole conditions at the time of logging
were not conducive to the recording of a Microlog
suitable for accurate quantitative analysis although
some qualitative analysis is possible in some cases.
In the way of review, the use of the Microlog
for quantitative analysis is referred to as a flushed
zone method. In order for the Microlog to yield
reliable results, the presence of a flushed zone,
which is a zone adjacent to the wellbore that has

been flushed clean of formation fluid, with the

exception of residual saturation, and filled with
mud filtrate is necessary. Generally, it is thought
that the flushed zone does not extend more than a
few inches away from the wellbore. As the depth
of investigation of the Microlog is only a few inches, values read from the Microlog in hydrocarbon
productive sands facilitate the calculation of the
resistivity of the flushed zone Rxo from which the
apparent formation factor Fa is determined from
the formula
Rxo

= Fa

Rmf (1)

Available interpretation charts readily show that

calculated porosity values which are low would
be associated with Rxo values which are relatively
high. If a true flushed zone of sufficient depth
exists then Microlog calculations of porosity should
be rei iable.
It appears reasonable to assume that under
normal conditions where the use of the Microlog
is applicable, invasion would continue to take
place as long as the wei Ibore is exposed to open
hole operations. Associated with invasion, of
course, is the formation of the mud cake on the
wall of the hole opposite permeable sections. As
the mud cake normally reduces hole size to less
than bit size, the mud cake or at least a portion
of it should be removed during trips in and out of
the hole with the bit. It should be immediately
replaced by continued invasion after passage of
the bit, in which case there would always be a
flushed zone of some magnitude present.
In the Gulf Coast, where the sands encountered normally have high permeability and porosity,
the depth of invasion is usually indicated to be
relatively shallow and thus the flushed zone will
in some cases be very thin. If the conditions of
invasion described above do not exist, then it is
possible that under certain conditions of permeability and porosity that the flushed zone could
dissipate or the fluid therein, which is predominantly mud filtrate, could become contaminated
with formation fluid which might be oil, gas, or
salt water in excess of residuals. Then microresistivity readings which would not support
accurate porosity calculations could be recorded.
Several cases of flushed zone deterioration were
noted in the Bastian Ba~r:QQ!am.

SPE-436
MICROLOG RESPONSE TIME OF LOGGING

ELECTRICAL LOGGING RESPONSES

VARIATION WITH

In the Bastian Bay Field prior to the major

program, Microlog responses had been observed
in other wells in the field which indicated that
apparently productive zones were impermeable.
Also porosity calculations from some of the prior
logs were often not possible or yielded values
which appeared much lower than what would
normally be expected of Upper Miocene Sands
of the type encountered at Bastian Bay. Meager
core data available before the major coring program also indicated that porosity calculations
were often giving results too low. In order to
study the variation of Microlog response with the
time of logging, repeat runs of the Microlog were
made through some of the major gas reservoirs in
the wells involved in the coring program. These
logs were studied in light of the porosity data from
the core analysis.
A comparison of two Micrologs run through
the "SI1 Sand in one well is shown by Fig. No.3.
Shown are the Induction-Electrical log and the
two Micrologs with Run No. 1 being obtained on
April 10, 1960, 'and Run No.2 being obtained on
May 2, 1960, which results in a lapse of 22 days
between Microlog runs. At first glance there does
not appear to be a significant difference in the
resistivity responses on the two Microlog runs. In
each case a good approximation of the amount of
net pay present is possible from micro-resistivity
curve separation and a reliable qualitative analysis
is possible. For quantitative purposes, however,
there is a considerable difference in the two runs.
Porosity claculations were made from both Micrologs
at the several different zones indicated by the notations A through K in the depth track of the Inductior
log. A comparison of the results of these calculations and the porosity from core analysis is made in
Table No.1.
It can be noted that the agreement between
the porosities calculated from Run No. 1 and the
core analysis porosities is good, however, that the
porosities calculated from Run No.2 are considerably lower than the core analysis porosities. The
core analysis porosities listed in Table No.1 average 25.8% as compared to averages of 25.6% and
20.20k for the calculations from Run No.1 and 2
respectively. Both sets of calculations were made

using the clean sand technique and the assumption

of a residual gas saturation of 40% was made in
each case. The lower porosity values calculated
from Run No.2 result because of generally higher
micro-resistivity readings and greater micro-resistivity curve separation as compared to those recorded on. Run No.1. This in turn results in the
calculation of a higher value for flushed zone
resistivity, Rxo. Available interpretation charts
readi Iy show that as Rxo increases the resultant
porosity decreases for given mud filtrate properties.
In order for the flushed zone resistivity to increase
in the 22 day lapse of time between the two Microlog runs, the flushed zone must have become contaminated with a high resistivity fluid, which in
th is case was the formation gas.
The average 115 II Sand permeability is approximately 1300 md. and the average porosity
is approximately 26%. It is certainly possible
that in such a highly permeable and porous sand
the flushed zone would always be too thin, due
to shallow invasion, to support reliable porosity
calculations. This of course is not the case here
as a flushed zone of a magnitude sufficient to
support reliable porosity claculations existed at
the time Microlog Run No. 1 was obtained. When
considering the results of the porosity claculations
from the two Micrologs runs shown in Fig. No. 3
it is apparent that the flushed zone in this case
deteriorated with the passage of time.
Other cases of flushed zone deteriorations
with time were noted. In Fig. No.4 a case is
illustrated where flushed zone deterioration is
evident by inspection rather than calculation.
Shown are the Induction-Electrical log and two
Micrologs run through the 110 11 Sand in one well.
As in the case of the "5 11 Sand, 22 days lapsed
between the running of the two Micrologs in this
well bore. Microlog Run No. 1 proved to be reliable for porosity calculations in comparison to
the core analysis. Several zones in the sand are
noted by the letters in the depth track of the Inducl"':
tion log and at zones C, 0, and F flushed zone
deterioration can be noted on Microlog Run No.2
by inspection as compared to Microlog Run No.1.
At zones C and 0 Microlog Run No. 2 gives
the sand the appearance of being tight if the usual
significance of the relatively high micro-resistivity
response in
Irison to thp- ather 2:anes an th~

J. C. ANDERSON
SPE-436
log is assumed. In Table No.2 the permeability
necessarily be a problem. In multi-reservoir
and porosi ty of zones A through F, as shown in
fields where several log runs might be made before
Fig. No.4, are tabulated. It may be noted that
reaching TD it may be advisable to run Micrologs
flushed zone deterioration was noted opposite the
as soon after penetrating the shallowest reservoirs
most permeable zones. The most severe deterioraas possible even though the expense would be
tion occurred opposite zone C where the permegreater than running one Microlog at total depth.
ability is highest at an average of 5831 md. There
In gas fields where usually a number of wells are
is I ittle doubt that inva~ion continued to take place drilled after discovery and before contracts for
between the two Microlog runs, however, it eviproduction can be made it would appear advisable
dently took place at a reduced rate. This reduced
to have the best information possible available in
rate of invasion evidently allowed some re-entry
the early stages of development in order to plan
of the formation gas into the original f1ushE'd zone
for prop~r spacing, drill ing, and contract reserve
of the most permeable zones such that Rxo increasec negotiations.
whereas the lower permeabi Iity of the other zones
would not allow this re-entry.
In the study of fields, old or new, where the
Microlog is the only available porosity tool several
points might be studied by the analyst in order to
The exact reason for flushed zone dissipation
be satisfied that the Microlog gives reliable results.
to the point where a sand would appear hard on
These points are: (1) The relative time of exposure
the Microlog is not completely discernible from
of a reservoir in different wells as compared to
the Bastian Bay data, however, some possible
porosity calculations from the wells could be an
causes might be: (1) The sand must have high perarea worthy of study. (2) The appearance of
meability and porosity such that contamination of
the flushed zone fluid with formation fluid is possi- negative micro-resistivity curve separation in an
obviously salt water productive sand in the vicinble . (2) The continued plastering action of the
ity of the zone of interest would indicate that the
drill pipe during'rotation while drilling below the
micro-normal curve is investigating beyond the
zone of interest could serve to actually compress
a portion of the wallcake into the pore space adfl ushed zone into the zone where Ro would pre-.
vail. In this case the micro-normal curve in the
jacent to the wellbore such that it would not be
zone of interest if hydrocarbon productive, could
disturbed during trips with the drill pipe. (3) The
be approaching investigation into the Rt zone
hole size could possibly be enlarged in sand section, again to the point where the wall cake would rendering porosity calculations too low or imnot be disturbed during trips. (4) In conjunction
possible. (3) In active fields repeat Microlog
with the above three points the permeability of the
runs might be made or other porosity tools used
mud cake would have to decrease considerably after if justifiable. (4) A study of relative mud water
initial formation to prevent further water loss at the losses and relative filter cake thicknesses might
initial rate.
prove enlightening in some cases.

The implications of flushed zone deterioration

are readi Iy apparent considering the effect the
difference in the calculated porosity val ues shown
in Table No. 1 would have in the calculation of
reserves in a reservoir by pore volume methods.
In Fig. No.4, in the absence of Microlog Run
No. 1 or the core data a lower porosity might
have been suspected for zones C and D. Also,
low permeability might have been suspected,resuiting in conservative estimates of net pay and
connate water saturation. The foregoing shows
that the timing in running of Microtogs can be
critical to obtaining the most reliable results. In
single reservoir fields where the reservoir is near
the total depth of the wells, timing would not

In summary of this section it may be concluded that Microlog responses most often associated with reservoirs of relatively low porosity or
reservoirs which are too tight to produce may
occur in reservoirs which have very high permeability and porosity. Timing the running of the
Microlog may be critical to obtaining the most
rei iable results from the Microlog and the analyst
should guard against possible conservative interpretation due to flushed zone contamination or
deterioration.
MICRO/-RESISTIVITIES APPROACH~NG RT
AND NEGATIVE SEPARATION

SPE-436

ELECTRICAL LOGGI NG RESPONSES

In Fig. No.5 a case where micro-resistivities

approach Rt is illustrated. In the top portion of
this sand the micro-resistivities record an average
of approximately 700k of Rt At zone AI the micrO'"
resistivities read 1000k of Rt in these thin sand
members. The sand members at AI are gas-condensate productive with permeabilities of approximately 400 md. It is readily apparent that this Microlog is of I ittle value quantitatively for net pay and
porosity determination.

for accurate net pay counts. This is particularly

true for the" X" Sand. Fig. No.6 shows the
Induction-Electrical log and the Microlog with
Cal iper through the "X" Sand in one of the wens
cored. From the complete core descriptions made
cind a knowledge of porosity and permeability the
core log in Fig. No.6 was plotted. It can be seen
that there is a remarkable correlation between the
core log and the Caliper. In many cases very
small sand or shale members of less than two feet
in thickness are identifiable on the Caliper. In
this
case a net pay count of some reliability could
A case of negative separation in a hydrocarbon
be made from micro-resistivity curve separation,
productive sand section is also shown on Fig. No.
5. At zones C, D, and E, negative micro-resisti- but in other logs of the II X" Sand pay counts by
this method 'AOuld not be possible. This example
vity separation is indicated. Negative sepc:iration
was used in this case, however, as 261' of section
is usually associated with water productive sands
was cored and 1000k recovery was achieved. Thus
where micro-normal resistivities may approach Ro
there can be Iittle doubt about the correlation of
due to shallow invasion.
the core data with the Cal iper. Without relying
on the Caliper, over-conservative pay counts
Table No.3 tabulates the permeabilities and
could be made in the" X" Sand. In addition to
porosities of the zones shown on Fig. No.5. It
the micro-resistivity separation problem there is
mGlY be noted that negative separation occurs in
the sand sections having the relatively low perme- very little definition between sands and shales
abilities. Positive separation is noted in the high- on the spontaneous-potential curves to assist in
pay counts.
er permeability zones. The negative separation is
evidently indicating the higher connate water
The observations made at Bastian Bay indisaturation which would be expected in the low
cates conclusively that the Caliper log can be a
permeability of zones C, D, and E. Zone D was
perforated for production and the well flowed gas- reliable indicator of net pay and in some cases
may be the only reliable indicator.
condensate with no salt water.
Conservative interpretation could obviously
occur here if the negative separation were assumed
to be indicative of water production.
NET PAY FROM THE CALIPER LOG
Essential to the determination of reservoir
volume is the determination of net pay. As shown
in previous sections this determination is often
difficult from micro-resistivity curve separation.
In many cases in the Bastian Bay Field the
Caliper log proved to be the most reliable source

CONCLUSION
Careful analysis of logging responses generally associated with formations non-productive of
hydrocarbons is necessary in order to prevent
pessimistic interpretation. The analyst should
consider all available data and the implications
of conservative interpretation when these responses
occur as additional evaluation techniques may be
justifiable.

7.1OCl
51)00

2.5OCl

K.vI Sw

lo::\'

\~ ~
\: \

J.OOQ

T50
50Cl

Z5Cl

.1Kn

liS SAND

\. \
~
\.\:
a\ :_
v-
'\ -: .. ~\

...

..
. .....-..).'\\

,.,

..
\ .. . -.;\
1\.
\
.\\
\ -:
\

. ..
.\

\.

\ 1\.

50

. . \ '-,.

.'

,,
. ,

1'.

. .
. \\

ZII

"

""

7.11

'\

'\

"

","\.
..

"\

.,

~"

.'\.

" ,

"" ,

'\..

'\.

1\

to

10

20

20

~O"

10

""-

to

Figure No. 1 - Permeabi lity vs water saturation at 45 psi.

capillary pressure, liS" Sand.

'0

WELL fCll INDUCTION LOG

SP

IE$.

1010

K-md
1000

WELL NO.2 INDUCTION LOG

RES.

2000+

K-mel

1000

~""

IVfV

~
-

=
g

.~I'""

r-- --

.1--1-

=.
-

_.

..

iii
0

cl
-

..

Figure No.2 -

Resistivity as a function of Permeability,

"s"

Sand.

2000+

SP

INDUCTION LOG .
RES.
o
5

10 0

MlCROLOG NO.1 APRL 10th

RES.
2

MICROlDG NO. 2 MAY 2 nd.

RES.

4 0

B
C

=~.

=:::!!!

II

....

_:...0
=~Ii

1-

~.

r-"

1---

..

Figure No.3 -

Variation of Microlog response with time of logging, "S" Sand.

Zone
(Fig. No.3)

% Porosity By

A
B
C

25. 1
28.0
25.8
25.4
26.0
25. 1
25.7
27.8
26.2
24.3
24.4

E
F
G

H
I
J
K

Core Analysis

Calc. % Porosity
Microlog No. 1
27.4
27.8
23.5
25.0
26.9
23.5
25.0
27.0
25.0
26.8
24.0

Calc. % Porosity
Microlog No.2 *
24.2
13.0
13.0
22.5
29.0
19.0
19.5
21.5
18.0
23.0
19.5

* Microlog Run No.2 obtained 22 days after Microlog Run No.1.

Table No. 1 -

Comparison of porosity values from core analysis with calculated values from two
Microlog runs in same well bore - "S" Sand, Bastian Bay Field.

INDUCTION LOG
SP

RES.

MICROLOG NO.1 APRIL lOth

MICROLDG NO. 2 MAY 2nd.
RES.
RES.
2
4
0
240
-

:o
o

i~

0
+- f-

E
;;;
~

II

II

i~

Figure No.4 -

Zone
(Fig. No.4)

Variation of Microlog response with time of logging, "0" Sand.

Core Analysis Averages

PermeabiI ity-md.
Porosity-%

28.0
28.2

28.7

28.4
28.4

318
257
5831
1317
992

29.5

3254

E
F

Flushed Zone Deterioration

Noted in Comparison of Micrologs 1 & 2*
No
No
Yes
Yes
Slightly
Yes

*Microlog Run No.2 obtained 22 days after Run No.

Table No.2 -

Flushed zone deterioration in relation to permeability -

110 11 Sand, Bastian Bay Field.

INDUCTION LOG
SP-15+

RES.

~O

MICROLOG
RES

10

~
if~

AI

.......

::;; ~
o

~ i!
E

!Iiiii

:=;; ~~
~

Figure No.5 -

Zone
(Fig. No.5)

Micro-resistivity approach ing RT and negative separation in

productive sand, II X" Sand.

Porosity-%

K - md.

Sand
Productive

22.4

730

Yes

21.0

814

C
0*

20.0
21.3

88
114

Yes
Yes
Yes

19.8

76

Yes

Mi c ro-resisti vi ty
Separation
-f- or -

ii-

*Perforated and produced gas-condensate with no sal t water.

Table No.3 -

Illustration of negative micro-resistivity separation in hydrocarbon

productive sand - "X" Sand, Bastian Bay Field.

SP-I!5+

INDUC11DIt LOG
RES.

10

..........
1- -- ...

r
--

~-

MICROLOG
RES.
2

I=- _.-

1-

I:::; =f-~.

-;,;;

=r:; F.a .

-"

f-.

~I

--

..

,.-

~JIE
I

1=

1=

1=
1=

~~

~E t- =- -

=J
=

JIll

<;:-

..,. --..

~.

=
== ~

-.-

._-- ---..

t- - r-:--

---.

._--

I:::;
F
1=

f=

.. -f-

-.

--

.~

Figure No.6 -

Net pay from the Caliper log,

IIX

II

L..

Sand.

t--