Natural Science

Vol.3, No.7, 566-572 (2011)

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2011.37079

A new approach for reduction of methylene green with

ascorbic acid by de-oxygenation through carbon
dioxide
Rafia Azmat1*, Noshab Qamar2, Raheela Naz2
1

Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; *Corresponding Author: rafiasaeed200@yahoo.com

Department of Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Nazimabad Karachi, Pakistan.

Received 11 March 2011; revised 18 April 2011; accepted 25 April 2011.

ABSTRACT
Reduction kinetics of the methylene green (MG)
with ascorbic acid (AA) in acidic medium at max
660 nm was monitored through visible spectrophotomtry in absence and presence of sodium
carbonate. CO2 release through reaction of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid, created deoxygenated atmosphere for reduction of dye
which greatly boosted the reaction rate. Initially
slow reaction in presence of atmospheric oxygen proceeded rapidly when sodium carbonate
was added. The reaction followed fractional order kinetics with AA and zero order kinetics with
MG. The rate of reaction shows no linear de+
pendence on [H ] concentration as an acidic
medium. The rate of reaction is directly related
with the elevated concentration of salt, which
suggests that the two same charged species are
involved in the rate determining step. Secondary
reactions at elevated temperature showed complex kinetics.
Keywords: Ascorbic Acid; Methylene Green;
Sodium Carbonate; Charged Species; Secondary
Reactions; Elevated Temperature

1. INTRODUCTION
Ascorbic acid (AA),a form of Vitamin C and water
soluble which comes primarily from fruit and vegetables
is an important micronutrient and plays many physiological roles. It occurs as l-ascorbic acid (AA) and its
oxidized form, dehydro-l-ascorbic acid (DHAA), both of
which are biologically active. The formula of which is
C6H8O6, behaves as a vinylogous carboxylic acid, where
in the double bond (vinyl) transmits, electron pairs
between the hydroxyl and the carbonyl [1-2].
Cooper et al. [3] reported the photo electrochemical
analysis of ascorbic acid in aqueous solution at a platiCopyright 2011 SciRes.

num channel electrode, using the dissolved phenothiazine dyes methylene blue and methylene green. This is
achieved by measuring the current produced by immediate electro-oxidation of the reduced form of the dyes
produced during the 1:1 photoreaction between the dyes
and ascorbic acid induced by visible light of a wavelength of 620 - 625 nm. Strizhak [4] propose a kinetic
scheme for reduction of methylene blue by ascorbic acid,
characterized by the existence of two pathways: outersphere reduction of methylene blue according to a second-order reaction, and reduction through formation of a
1:1 complex with ascorbic acid. Strizhak [5] reported the
reduction of methylene blue by ascorbic acid in the
presence of copper (II) ions. The introduction of copper
(II) ions increases the reaction rate, owing to the increased concentration of ascorbic acid radicals in the
solution. It is shown that the inhibition of the reaction
that is observed with low concentrations of copper (II) is
a result of redox reactions proceeding in the system, involving oxygen dissolved in the water. Yusuf and Giirel
[6] used methylene blue (MB), incorporated into titanium phosphate for determination of AA and showed
that reaction can be helpful in some pharmaceutical
products and are for the detection of AA as the procedure
involving the reaction between triiodide and AA. AA has
been determined by photo bleaching of methylene blue
using continuous and FI systems, both procedures determination of AA based on its photooxidation sensitized
by Toluidine Blue [7,8]. Cooper et al., [9] discussed the
photoelectrochemical analysis of AA and decolorizing
efficiency of AA to different synthetic dyes using Co/
H2O2 system [10].
Detail literature search showed that few reports were
available on the reduction of methlyene green with organic reductants but no reports were available on reduction of MG and AA in presence and absence of sodium
carbonate in acidic medium. This procedure is shown to
be a good alternative to routine vitamin C analysis in
pharmaceutical preparations, fruit juices and soft drinks.
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R. Azmat et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 566-572

2. EXPERIMENTAL

567

were mixed together and portion was transferred to the

cuvette (1 cm) to record a change in optical density of
methylene green. Kinetic measurements were made with
visible spectrometer 180 A at max 660 nm of methylene
green at room temperature in thermostatic water bath
(FJPSO UK) [11,12].

2.1. Materials and Methods

All reagents of pure quality (E-Merk) were used
throughout the experiment. Dye stock solution of 3
105 moldm3 was prepared in 100 ml of deionized distilled water. Solution of dye was preserved in polyethylene
bottle. Stock solutions of ascorbic acid of 0.1 moldm3,
Oxalic acid of 0.5 moldm3, Na2CO3 of 0.1 moldm3,
KNO3 of 2 moldm3, was prepared in distilled water

2.3. Stoichiometry
The stoichiometry of the reaction mixture of MG and
AA were determined by mixing the reagents in molar
ratios of 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 with oxalic acid in excess.
Quick de-coloration was observed in the bottle contain
molar ratio in 1:2 as compared to other ratios showed
that MG react with AA in 1:2 ratios in aqueous medium
according to following equation [13].

2.2. Kinetic Measurements

Five sets of mixture were prepared from stock solution. In each set one specie was varied while concentrations of other four were kept fixed. Each component

NO2

hv

+ 2AA
N(C2H5)2

N(CH4)2

In the present work reduction of the methylene green

with ascorbic acid were studied with variable concentrations of dye, ascorbic acid, and oxalic acid keeping one
parameter varied and other constant in acidic medium in
absence and presence of sodium carbonate [11,12,14].
The values of rate constant were determined through a
plot of lnA vs time for each parameter concentration
from the slope of line and reported in the Tables 1, 3-7.
A plot of log [dye] and log k were evaluated for each
variable. It was observed that rate of reaction was very
slow and took long time for complete de-colorization of
the dye in absence of sodium carbonate according to
following Eqs.1-3.

slow in absence of sodium carbonate

h
MGH e
MGH A

(1)
(2)
(3)

The above reactions were significantly enhanced in

presence of sodium carbonate with reduced de-coloration time. The total de-coloration time reduced to 5
min. while at the same pH value, but in the absence of
sodium carbonate the total de-coloration was achieved in
Copyright 2011 SciRes.

DHAA

N(CH3)2

leucomethylene green

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

MG H
MGH

+
(H3C)2N

methlyene green

AH 2 AH H fast

NO2

a time more than 60 min. Addition of sodium carbonate

in reaction mixture results in the brisk effervescence of
CO2 (confirmed by using lime water which turn milky)
with rapid de-coloration of dye indicating that CO2 atmosphere helps in fast bleaching of the MG. The change
in concentration of sodium carbonate proves that release
of CO2 in the reaction mixture affected the reduction
kinetics of MG (Table 1) and showed that CO2 displace
the oxygen due to which equilibrium shift in forward
direction with the formation of leuco dye [15]. The decline in the time of de-coloration due to the innovation
of CO2 during reaction by the addition of sodium carbonate throughout course of reaction is also supported
by the early study of Gest and Stokes [16] who reported
that the time required for the reduction of methylene
blue was greatly increased by CO2 removal when no
substrates were added. Spectral changes for reduction of
dye were recorded and presented in Figure 1. clearly
showed that dye reduced without shift in wavelength in
absence and presence of sodium carbonate.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreases sharply
with evolution of CO2 which greatly influences the reduction of dye by providing the oxygen free atmosphere
for reduction (Table 2). Reduced COD showed that CO2
atmosphere helps in the reduction of MG through the
movement of H+ ion in the reaction mixture [16]. The
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R. Azmat et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 566-572

Table 1. Effect of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) on Rate of

Reduction [MG +] = 1 105 moldm3, [Ascorbic Acid] = 5
103 moldm3, [H2C2O4] = 0.18 moldm3, [KNO3] = 0.2 moldm3,
[Na2CO3] = (1 - 5) 102 moldm3, Temperature = 303 K.s.
Concentration
of Na2CO3
102 moldm3
1.0

10 .00

Specific rate
constant
(kobs) 103 s1
1.0

1000

55.0

2.0

3.00

1.2

833.33

60.48

3.0

3.00

1.2

833.33

73.134

4.0

3.00

3.2

312.5

81.223

5.0

3.00

2.9

344.828

90.415

Velocity
105

1/(kobs)

%
decoloration

Table 2. Chemical Oxygen Demand in presence of sodium

carbonate. [MG+] = 1 5 105 M Mixture, [MG+] = 1 105 M,
[Ascorbic Acid] = 6 9 103 M, [H2C2O4] = 0.06 0.3 M,
[KNO3] = 0.2 M, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 M, Temperature = 303 K.
[MG] 105
moldm3

COD

Ascorbic Acid 103

moldm3

COD

1.0

307.2

5.0

585.6

2.0

208

6.0

572.8

3.0

195.2

7.0

572.8

4.0

188.8

8.0

566.4

5.0

256

9.0

579.2

MG AH 2
MGH AH
H /2e
2

(5)
fast (CO2 atmosphere)

MG AH
MGH A fast
(6)
h
MGH e
MGH A fast
(7)
The dye and ascorbic acid concentration were varied
to analyze the effect of reduction of MG on rate of reduction. Results showed that the reaction followed fractional order kinetics with ascorbic acid and zero order
kinetics with methylene green (Tables 4 and 5). COD
increases with the increase in concentration of dye (Table 2). The values of percent de-coloration decreases
with the increase in concentration of dye in reaction solution (Table 4) [17-19]. Unexpectedly it was observed
that the rate constant of MG reduction appears to be the
same in concentration range of 2 105 to 5 105 moldm3
also, when concentration of ascorbic acid was varied in
solution containing a fixed amount of the dye, the de-coloration percentage increases with the increase in the
concentration of dye. This reflects that the reaction depends upon the concentration of ascorbic acid (Figure 2).
However, beyond certain limits the value of rate constant
decreases (Table 5). The hydrogen ion abstraction and
electron donation by ascorbic acid take place through
following reaction which leads to the formation of leuco
dye with dehydroxy 1- ascorbic acid (DHAA) (Eq.8)
[1-3,19]..
Table 3. Effect of Oxalic Acid (H2C2O4) on Rate of Reduction
of MG With Ascorbic Acid. [MG+] = 1 105 moldm3, [Ascorbic Acid] = 6 103 moldm3, [H2C2O4] = (0.06 0.3) moldm3,
[KNO3] = 0.2 moldm3, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 moldm3, Temperature = 303 K.
Concentration
Specific rate
Velocity
of H2C2O4
constant
5

10
(k obs) 103 s1
moldm3

Figure 1. Spectral scan of MG with ascorbic acid in presence

3
3
and absence of sodium carbonate. Where a = 5 10 moldm ,
3
3
3
3
b = 6 10 moldm , c = 7 10 moldm , d = 8
103 moldm3, e = 9 103 moldm3.

effect of change in concentration of oxalic acid on rate

of reaction showed no a linear dependence on [H+]. This
may be attributed with that the varied concentration of
oxalic acid as a medium, showed no effect on rate of
reduction (Table 3). This indicated that oxalic acid is
involved in the release of CO2 with sodium carbonate as
varied concentration of sodium carbonate decrease the
reduction time according to following equations no. (4 7).
H 2 C 2 O 4 Na 2 CO3
Na 2 C 2 O 4 CO 2 H 2 O
Copyright 2011 SciRes.

(4)

1/(k obs)

% decoloration

0.06

3.0

1.3

767.23

77.241

0.12

3.0

1.3

767.23

77.241

0.18

3.0

1.3

767.23

77.241

0.24

2.0

1.2

500.00

71.312

0.3

3.0

1.3

767.23

77.241

Table 4. Effect of Methylene Green [MG+] on Rate of Reduction. [MG+] = (1 5) 105 moldm3, [Ascorbic Acid] = 6
103 moldm3, [H2C2O4] = 0.18 moldm3, [KNO3] = 0.2
moldm3, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 moldm3, Temperature = 303 K.
Concentration
Specific rate
Velocity
of [MG+] 105
constant
5
10
(kobs) 103 s-1
moldm-3
1.0
4.0
1.8
2.0
4.0
1.0

1/(kobs)

% decoloration

555.56
1000

71.111
81.361

3.0
4.0

5.0
5.0

1.0
1.0

1000
1000

89.194
93.657

5.0

7.0

1.0

1000

82.282

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R. Azmat et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 566-572

569

Table 5. Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Rate of Reduction of MG.

[MG + ] = 1 10 5 moldm3 , [Ascorbic Acid] = (6 9)
103 moldm3, [H2C2O4] = 0.18 moldm3, [KNO3] = 0.2
moldm3, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 moldm3, Temperature = 303
K.
Concentration of
Specific rate
%
Velocity
Ascorbic acid 103
constant
1/(kobs)
decoloration
105
3
moldm
(k obs) 103 s1
5.0

10.00

2.7

370.37

81.223

6.0

4.00

1.8

555.56

71.111

7.0

10.00

5.5

181.82

57.667

8.0

20.00

14.3

69.93

67.025

9.0

9.00

121.0

8.265

49.738

Figure 2. A plot of ln A0 A At A vs Time for reduction

of MG with variable concentration of AA. [MG+] = 1 105 M,
[Ascorbic Acid] = 5 9 103 M, [H2C2O4] = 0.18 M, [KNO3]
= 0.2 M, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 M, Temperature = 303 K.

HO

HO

HO
H

-H

HO

HO

OH

+
HO

OH
HO

H
N

NO2

NO2 HO
H

CO2

___(8)

Atmosphere

N(C2H5)2

N(CH4)2

(H3C)2N

(MG)

LMG

The general effect of an added electrolyte on the observed rate constant of a reaction in solution is determined only by the ionic strength which showed that the
rate of reaction is directly related with the elevated concentration of salt, suggested that the two same charged
species are involved in the rate determining step [11,14].
The kinetic salt effect of added salt electrolyte was determined through Debye-Huckel limiting law which
gives relationship between ionic strength and rate constant. The equation may be given as
log k log k0 1.02 Z A Z B

(9)

for the determination of reactive specie in the rate determining step. This equation shows that a plot of log k vs
Copyright 2011 SciRes.

N(CH3)2

OH

DHAA

should be linear, with the slope and intercept equal

to 1.02 ZAZB and log k0 respectively. The slope represents the product of charges on the species involved in
the rate timing stop. If the rate limiting step is between
the species of like charges, a positive slope is expected.
When the reaction is in between opposite charges, it results in a negative slope. In present work effect of salt
was studied at constant concentration of dye, reductant
and acid by varying concentration of salt which showed
that the rate constant increases with increase in an ionic
strength of the reaction (Table 6) indicating that the reaction is in between ions of like charges in rate determining step. The plot of log k vs is linear with
1.5012 slope [20]. The positive sign of the slope
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R. Azmat et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 566-572

Table 6. Effect of Ionic Strength on Rate of Reduction of MG. [MG+] = 1 105 moldm3, [Ascorbic Acid] = 6 103 moldm3,
[H2C2O4] = 0.18 moldm3, [KNO3] = (0.2 1) moldm3, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 moldm3, Temperature = 303 K.

moldm3

Concentration of
KNO3
moldm3

Velocity
105

Specific rate constant

(kobs) 103 s-1

1/(kobs)

% decoloration

0.8809

0.2

4.0

1.8

555.56

71.111

0.9879

0.4

3.0

1.1

909.091

77.931

1.0844

0.6

3.0

1.3

767.23

83.448

1.1730

0.8

10.0

3.4

294.118

87.805

1.2554

1.0

20.0

5.5

181.818

81.034

indicate that the species involve in the rate determining

step has like charges. If ZA and ZB have the same sign,
then ZA ZB is positive and the rate constant increases
with ionic strength as observed in the present investigation. The value of ZA and ZB was obtained from the slope
of the plot of logk vs which is 1.50. The pseudo
first-order rate constant (k') with respect to dye concentration was found to non significantly correlated (R2 =
0.5717) as a function of ionic strength. From the data in
Table [4] it can be observed that higher rate constants are
attained at higher ionic strengths. This can be related to
alterations of ionic atmosphere and changes in the
charge densities around anions involved in the rate-determining step. The formation of a single highly charged
ionic complex from two less highly charged ions is favored by a high ionic strength because the new ion has a
denser ionic atmosphere [20].Using rate constant data at
different ionic strengths, a graph was obtained employing the BrnstedBjerrum equation, based on the limiting law of DebyeHckel (Figure 3).The rate constant
at infinite dilution (k0) is 4.2 M [the product of charges
ZA ZB is 1.5. Considering the extended law of DebyeHckel (Figure 3), k0 is 4.2 moldm3 ZAZB is 1.50.
This value is close to the expected value of 2 considering
the proposed mechanism, which involves a collision
between a monovalent and a biivalent cation in the
rate-determining step [20].
The effect of temperature on rate of reaction indicated
that elevation in temperature results in the complex kinetics which may be due to the some secondary reactions operating in the reaction mixture at a given temperature [19, 21-29]. It was observed from the Table 7
that there is no linear relation in between the temperature
elevation and rate constant which showed that temperature elevation cause secondary reactions in which dye
molecule or reductant may be break down due to which
black particles were appear in the reaction mixture. The
values of activation parameters like entropy of activation,
enthalpy of activation and energy of activation support
secondary reaction predominantly degradation of dye
molecule instead of reduction [14,23].
Copyright 2011 SciRes.

4. REACTION MECHANISM
Reaction mechanism of the reduction of MG proposed
in which role of CO2 was considered to displace the
oxygen and provide deoxygenated atmosphere to increase the rate of reduction. Ascorbic acid existed in
reaction mixture as follows (equation) and reduction
take place by abstraction of H from AA (Eqs.10 and 11).
k

AH 2
AH H
k
1

k2

MG H
MGH

(10)
(11)

k3

MGH +2AH MGH+A

+

Rate law for abstraction of H to convert dye into colorless form is as follows
d[MG]
MG AH 2
dt
d MG
dt

k2 MG H

(12)
(13)

Rate of formation of active species of reductant according to Eq. 2.

Figure 3. A plot of logk vs . [MG+] = 1 105 M, [Ascorbic Acid] = 6 103 M, [H2C2O4] = 0.18 M, [KNO3] = (0.2 1)
M, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 M, Temperature = 303 K.
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R. Azmat et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 566-572

Table 7. Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reduction. [MG+] =
1 105 M, [Ascorbic Acid] = 5 103 M, [H2C2O4] = 0.18 M,
[KNO3] = 0.2 M, [Na2CO3] = 1 102 M, Temperature = 303
323 K.
Temperature
(K)

Velocity
105

Specific rate
constant (kobs)
103 s1

1/(kobs)

%
decoloration

303

3.00

1.6

625

65.87

308

3.00

1.5

666.667

66.25

313

8.00

3.3

303.03

88.22

318

4.00

3.2

312.5

5.00

2.5

400

moldm

E
kjmol1

H
kjmol1

S
kjmol1

G
kjmol1

0.8809

28.337

258.765

380.392

143.506

323
3

d AH 2
dt

k1 AH 2

(14)

At equilibrium rate of formation of H = rate of reduction of dye

Hence
k1 AH 2 k2 MG H +

(15)

+
k1 MG H

k2
AH 2

(16)

MG H +
K
AH 2

(17)

Taking k1/k2 = K

H+
K
AH 2

(18)

According to Eqs.1 and 2 reaction is in depended

upon H ion concentration
d MG
K

dt
k2 AH 2

d MG
MG dt +
k2 H
d MG
dt
K
k2 AH 2
d[MG]
dt
k2
k[AH 2 ]
Copyright 2011 SciRes.

(19)

(20)

(21)

571

The above Eq.21 corresponds to our results that reduction is in depended upon concentration of dye and
fractional order with respect to ascorbic acid Tables 4
and 5.

5. CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded from above investigation that dehydrogenation of ascorbic acid with methylene green in the
presence of sodium carbonate decolorizes the dye more
rapidly in acidic medium which could be more economical technique in future and has a significant advantage over other studies reported in the chemical literature
for the dehydrogenation of ascorbic acid or in other
words it may be used for the detection of AA in different
fruit samples in very diminutive quantities.

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