Professional Documents
Culture Documents
~-- ,_
Mastering
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- .. .,....--:::-
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Statics .............................................. 1
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
7
10
17
23
Kinematics
25
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
25
Dynamics
45
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
45
Projectile Motion
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
Chapter 5
Circular Motion
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
Chapter 6
Gravitation
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
Chapter 7
Oscillation
Brief Notes
Worked Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Exam-type Questions
Answers
28
30
38
42
50
56
82
92
101
101
104
106
115
118
121
121
123
126
142
147
153
153
156
161
173
180
185
185
189
192
208
213
220
Chapter 2
- - - -- ---
Chapter 3
Kinematics
~----
. --~
.. ... -
Dynamics
----------~---.. -
-"'---
25
45
Chapter 4
Projectile Motion
101
Chapter 5
Circular Motion
121
- - ------------- .Chapter 6
-~--~~~---------
Gravitation
153
185
'
CHAPTER
Statics
1
BRIEF NOTES
Mathematical
Formula
Algebra
1 {oo,forx>O
If x--+ 0 then - =
, (1 + x)" ""'1 + nx and (1-xr" ""'1+nx
__
x
- oo, for x < 0
y=mx+c
y=kx~
""~"""'-'--~-~.......i
y\
y
Positive slope
..,::~4:~
Negative slope
-.......___,
"'-.__' - - - - - - - - X
If x = e', then y =I n x
ln (x y)
log(x/ y)
ln(xl y) = lnx-ln v
logx- log y
logx" = nlogx
y=e
\'
ln x"
In x +In y
nlnx
,,.
,.
-~---'
1- e"
~-"~--~ J
- 2.72
Ne ter
I011ch
the x-uxis
-0.37
\0/ope is 1101
~ era here!
I lk
y = kx"
-0.63
Ilk
Ilk
or
~J~Z..~.~fut.J~i kJ
I'
logy
slope=
11
log k
logx
0
Brief Notes
.
'
Section A
Mechanics
r
I
Trigonometry
sin( -8) =-sin 8
t!
sin 8
tan(-8) =-tan 8 = - - cos8
t
cos 28 = 2 cos 8- 1
cos( 8 ) = cos 8 cos+ sin 8 sin
c
2
sin A
sin B
sin C
k
kx
c =a +b -2abcosC
Function y=f(x)
Geometry
For any triangle,
cos(90 8) =+sin 8
sin(90 8) = cos 8
B~
c
dy
DifferentiaL
dx
0
k
llX
n-1
11
sin(kx)
cos(kx)
e~cx
Function y=f(x)
k cos(kx)
-k sin(kx)
ke"'
fy dx
Integral,
kx +c
kx2
kx
-+c
2
x"
--+c
n+l
xn+1
ln(x)+c
X
sin(kx)
cos(kx)
----+c
cos(kx)
sin(kx)
---+c
k
-+c
k
V'-/
Error
Treatment
Random error occurs when repeated measurements of the same quantity give rise to
different values.
Systematic error refers to an effect that influences all measurements of a particular quantity
equally.
Systematic errors may be due to
zero errors
human errors
failing instrument
Brief Notes
'
'
'
.
Chapter 1
Statics
The largest probable error (uncertainty) is the maximum dev iation from the mean value.
Percentaoe error = 6 A= largest probable error xI 00%
"'
A
mean value
For A x y or A= x- y , M
y
=+
=I xI+I I.
Measuring
instrument
~ =l~;'"l+n 16:1+1 6 1
2
Vernier Caliper
upper jaws
(fo r internal diameter)
probe
(for depth)
I
fixed scale
II
i
sliding scale
T:~p2
lowe r jaws
(for external diameter)
em
1111l1ffitrnir11
sliding scale -
~.
step 4
Istep 3
I
_______..
0.1 mm ~
21+0.1=21.1 mm ~
I
I
I
step 4
1.5+0.33=1.83 mm
1.5 mm
Brief Notes
Section A
Free
body
diagram
Mechanics
A~t~r~e~s~t------------------------------,
Acceleratin
Concurrent
forces
the external forces are concurrent with the weight (i.e. passing through the same point)
Toppling of
object
Moment of
forces
Toppling begins to occur when the normal reaction reaches the lower edge of the object.
toppling begins to occur
Static
Equilibrium
2.
Brief Notes
= Fxrsin 8
= 0
Chapter 1
Vector nature
of forces
Statics
Resultant F
Horizontal:
Components:
{ Vertical:
F,
= F; cos 8 + F2 cos 82
FY
= F; sin 81 + F2 sin 8 2
Direction: 8 = tan_, (
Resultant:
Center of
gravity
~J
Rod
x=-'-;=
: ::'--- or x =
-";=
:::'---
I~
w,
x,
,~';':','~,I I
It'
C. G.
W,
X,
It I
w,
X,
Lamina
Applied force
'I
IV
x=-'-'=
:::'- - -
M
N
2)m;y;)
y =-'-'=-'_,_ __
M
C.G may be located outside the object.
(e. g . L-shaped objects)
C.G can be found by suspending the object
freely at two points. It is~e -i~ecting
point of lines drawn using a~lumb-lin 2\
Stability
I.
2.
3.
.r-axis
Neutral equilibrium When displaced, the C.G remains at the same level
When displaced, the C.G is raised.
Stable equilibrium
Unstable equilibrium Wh en dt splaced , the C. G. is !oweted.
N e utral
equilibrium
Friction
Stable
equilibrium
Unsta ble
equilibrium
Friction occurs between two contact surfaces in a way to resist their relative motions.
Lubrication or the use of bearings can reduce kinetic friction, and helps to energy
savtng.
Brief Notes
Section A
Mechanics
Kinetic friction
Kin etic friction fk usually takes on a fix ed value, independent of the relative speed of the
contact surfaces.
It accounts f()r !Tl91?L~_!)_ergy dissipation.
For instance, it occ~~ between the rotating shaft of a car and its chassis.
Static friction
Static friction f, is alway s eq ual to the applied force, as there is no rel ative motion between
the contact surfaces.
Static friction will not cause energy di ssipation.
The limiting static friction f L is
Coefficient of
friction
= ).l._,R
fL
. !
(Jlldepends on
, __.. ,
th e ~.s of the surfaces
Ill
>).l., l
/'---./
Fri ction
.f
In mot1on
At rest
limiting
friction
f
.f=(;
:.::..;:,_~.
~. . ..
-"' :?~1}~~;~
.;r~~~~~w~~~i~~
Applied force
Friction in a
car
When a car undergoes normal braking without skidding, kinetic friction exists between the
brake pads and the rotating wheels , while static friction exists between the tyres and the road.
However, on wet or icy roads, the static friction is reduced very muc_h and the wheels would
be easily locked, causing skidding. Skidding would also occur if the brake pedal s are pressed
tocihard.
~
........___
-
Hooke's Law
The extension or compression of a sprin g is directly proportional to the forc e acting on it,
provided that the deformation is small (less than the elastic limit) .
F=k
In series:
In parallel:
Brief Notes
'I
..
Chapterl
Statics
t'
WORKED EXAMPlES
EXAMPLE 1
A workman uses a set of ropes to unload a l 200 N cargo from a truck as shown. The
ropes are arranged so that the segment pulled by the workman is horizontal. As the mass
is raised a small height from the truck, find
(a)
(b)
I
T
F
1200 N
Fig.h
Fig. a
SOLUTION
Consider the forces at the junction of the ropes (see Fig. b ). At equilibrium , the vertical and horizontal
forces are balanced. We have
Tcos20 = 1200 ...... .. .. (!)
{ F = T sin 20
..... .. ... (2)
From ( I) , T = 1277 N
1300 N
EXAMPLE
440 N
Two identical smooth spheres of weight l N and radius rare placed inside a smooth
cylinder of radius l.Sr. Find
(a)
(b)
1.5r
R\
w
Fig.a
Figb
Fig.c
Worked Examples
'
Mechanics
Section A
.)::
SOLUTION
From the geometry in Fig.a , the angle 8 that the lin e joining the centers makes with th e horizontal is
given by
cos 8
= __::__
. .
2r
60
As the surfaces are smooth, the contact force s are at right angle to the surfaces of the spheres, i.e. they
are radial (see Fig.b). Consider the forces on the upper sphere (see Fig.c). The x- and y-co mp onen ts
are respectively
N cos8 = R
{ Nsin8 = W
From (2), N
..... (!)
.... ... ... .. ... (2)
IV
sin 8
sin 60"
= -- = - - =
__!!_ = ~ = 2.31
EXAMPLE
1.15 N
cos 8
cos60o
A stage is set up by a wooden plank PQ of weight 1000 N and length 12 m . The stage is
supported by two ropes, A and 8, which are both 2 m from the ends. A workman of
weight 600 N walks from rope 8 towards end P.
600 N
Fig. a
12m
'r
i
SOLUTION
(a)
(b)
(a)
Let x be the distance of the workman from rope A (see Fig. b). Initially, x = 8 m. At P, x =-2m.
T'
p
1-
4m
A
1000 N
Fig.b
- l!
I
[._
600 N
Taking mom e nt about the point where rope A is attached to the plank,
4 x 1000 + 600x
8T
As the workman moves towards P, x decreases from 8 m to-2m, i.e. T always decreases.
On the other hand , the tension T' in the other rope must increase because the weight is balanced
by T and T'.
Therefore, during the movement, tension in rope A increases and that in rope B decreases .
.
(b)
For th e plank to topple, one of the rope s slacks. Putting T = 0 into (I) ,
0 = 75x + 500
:. x = -6.67 m
Worked Examples
r--
r-
Statics
Chapter 1
A uniform ladder of length 4 m and weight 1 000 N leans against a wall making an angle
of 60 to the horizontal. The maximum friction between the ladder and the ground is
400 N.
EXAMPLE 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
-- smooth wall
;,;~~~
' :i!
.\"
-:.::~~
~~**
. _..t.,_
rough
ground
. -...:O.r
-----~--
.. t
p
....,_
;~??!lC~.:;:
Fig.b
Fig. a
SOLUTION
(a)
R'
60
R
--
J.:.... =
'
p
400 N
Fig.c
Fig.b s hows all the forces acting on the ladd er. T aki ng moment abo ut th e lowest point P. the
normal reac tion N from th e wall is give n by
N = 289 N
(b)
The gro und exerts two forces o n the ladder: the friction f to the left a nd the normal reaction R
upward. As hor izonta l force are balanced, f = N = 239 N .
(c)
The ladder falls if th e friction between the ladder and th e ground is not great e nou g h to balance
the no rm a l re ac ti o n N' from the wal l (see Fig.c). The limiting case occurs when
N' = J.na< = 400 N .
1.54 m
Worked Examples
10
Section A
Mechanics
B.
o~---.l.....l....l..;..l_J_J
_ __ . .
x ..
c.
A'
Metal foil
()
x ..
D.
n
X
(3)
A.
B.
C.
D.
(l)only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only
(I)
(2)
3.
2.
c.
... N
A.
D.
4.
A.
B.
c.
X
L __ _~LL~~LL~--~~
x ..
Multiple-Choice Questions
32mm
3 1 nun
61mm
62mm
L)
D.
()
.\
5%
10%
15 %
50% .
.,
Chapter 1
5.
9.
-0.15
+3.25
C.
D.
6.
3.10
3.10
3.40
3.40
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.04
The formula F
A.
c.
D.
A.
m v2
B.
= --
C.
D.
4%
5%
9%
12%
10.
8.
'
D.
8%
11%
find experimentally
9.8 0.3 m s- 2
9.78 0.304 m s-2
9.8 0.2 m s-2
9.785 0.163 m s-2
B.
C.
D.
'
11.
c.
J7i . To
A.
7.
2:rc
mm
mm
mm
mm
B.
Statics
(2)
(3)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Multiple-Choice Questions
11
,.
12
Section A
Mechanics
15.
Force as a Vector
12.
(2)
(3)
A.
B.
C.
D.
13.
air propeller
(1) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
toy plane
14.
A.
B.
0
1N
C.
D.
2N
3N
B.
c.
D.
Case A
Case B
0
nzg(tanG-cosG)
C.
mg (cos B- sin B)
D.
mg (tanG- sin G)
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 1
16.
A.
B.
(I)
D.
13
Statics
c.
18.
upward
downward
upward
downward
(2)
~9;C-
r .......
smooth
pulley
(3)
100 kg
A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
( 1) only
(3)only
(!) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only
B.
C.
D.
Pulley
17.
19.
....__....,
in
static
50 kg
.'vi
100 kg
Ill
B.
C.
D.
Tt > T2
T2 > T,
T3 > Tz
T, > T2
> T3
> T3
> T1
= T3
Multiple-Choice Questions
14
Mechanics
Section A
--------'---'-----
-~----
Friction
22.
20.
slowly increasing
applied force
rough plane
(max. friction 4 N)
111
A.
F
A
B.
c.
D.
sliding up
0.1 kg
0.5 kg
0.9 kg
0.9 kg
sliding down
0.9 kg
0.5 kg
0.1 kg
0.9 kg
B.
23.
F
c.
F
F
D.
o""-----'----_.
21.
B.
C.
D.
5.0N
7.5 N
8.7 N
10 N
Multiple-Choice Questions
A
B.
C.
D.
IN
2N
3N
4N
Chapter 1
Moment of force
24.
26.
Statics
70 em
- -"i
pivot P
5N
lm
A.
B.
0 .5Nm
0.5Nm
1.1 Nm
l.INm
c.
D.
clockwise
anti-clockwise
clockwise
anti-clockwise
3 kg
27.
c.
1.5 kg
3.0 kg
4.0 kg
D.
6.9 kg
A.
B.
25.
--
Q -- smooth
,,'
wall
Fd
Fd
Fx
2Fd
clockwise
anti-clockwise
clockwise
clockwise
rough
ground
(2)
(3)
normal reaction at P
normal reaction at Q
friction at P
A.
B.
C.
D.
(1) only
(3) only
(2) and (3) only
(1) , (2) and (3) only
(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions
15
16
Section A
Mechanics
30.
W:
f:
R :
A.
c.
D.
29.
0.58
1.15
2.31
3.00
B.
m
m
m
m
c.
~~
D.
ltJ
'
l
w
If W is shifted gradually from P towards Q,
which of the following quantities will increase?
(I)
(2)
(3)
A.
B.
C.
D.
(I) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only
Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 1
Statics
EXERCISES
In all calculations, take g = 10m s 2 and ignore air resistance unless specified otherwise.
ERROR TREATMENT
1.
The width and height of the screen of a notebook computer are quoted as 0.28 m and 0.17 m. State the
area of the screen giving the result to the number of sig nificant figures that are justified by the data.
2.
3.
A metal ball is allowed to fall through a column of viscous oiL The time of motion t Js repeatedly
measured for six times and the result is given below:
4.
(a)
Use your calculator to compute the mean value of the time of motion. Give your re sult corrected to
one decimal place.
(b)
Hence, find the probable error for the time of motion and write down the mean value again with the
error taken into account.
2nj!i
If the percentage error in measuring Tis 0.1 % and in measuring I is 0.8 %, what is the percentage error
in the calculated value of g, the acceleration due to grav ity?
5.
a=20 1,b=12
2,c=50
Calculate the value of each of the fo llowin g quantities, stating the uncertainty.
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
z=
X= 2a + 4b
=
6a b
3
Sa b
c
In an experimen t to determine g, the acceleration due to gravity, a stone is dropped from a height h
which is measured to be 9.05 0.01 m. The time of flight, t, is repeatedly measured for five times:
1.41
S,
1.45
S,
1.42
S,
1.43
S,
1.40
(a)
(b)
What is the value of g? Give your answer with the probable e rror.
Exercises
'7
17
18
Section A
7.
Mechanics
(b)
(c)
0.05 mm.
In an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a liquid, the liquid is heated in an insulated
container using a 50 W heater. The following data were obtained:
mass of liquid
temperature rise
time for which heater runs
9.
=so
1g
I K
= 35.0 0.2 s
= 20
(a)
(b)
(c)
Determine the absolute uncertainty in the value of the specific heat capacity.
(a)
(b)
2 mm. 25
2 mm and
10. The external diameter a and the internal diameter b of a metal tube are measured to be 50 0.5 mm and
48 0.5 mm respectively. What is the percentage error in finding the thickness of the metal tube?
The answer illustrates the need for careful measurement when dealing with the difference between two
almost equal quantities. Suggest a method to improve the reliability of the result.
& VERNIER
SCALES
11. The following diagrams show a micrometer with a screw pitch of 0.5 mm. The circular scale has 5Q
divisions on it. What is the reading in each case?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Exercises
Chapter 1
12.
19
S~atics
The following diagrams show a sca le graduated in centimetres and millimetres together with a
millimetre vernier. What measurement is indicated in each diagram?
(a)
(b)
em 2
1111111111111111111111111111111
[1111111
em
(d)
(c)
em 9
10
11
15
16
em
17
r 1111111
...
O~.::....~.L~_:L:.:: :_.~
f ORCE, STATICS
13.
A point object is acted on by forces 3.0 N, 4.0 N and 5.0 N and is in equilibriu m. If the 5.0 N force is
removed, what is the resultant force acting on the object?
14.
15.
50 '
16.
450 N
370 N
17. 1Jwo identic.! blook mh of length L ' " ""nged ,: hown. Find
\,__/he greatest overhanging distance x of the upper block from the
table edge. (Hint: Consider equilibrium starting from the top to the
bottom)
----------
Exe r cises
I'
20
Mechanics
Section A
18.
Fig.h
Fig. a
19.
(a)
On Fig .a draw and label an arrow to represent the weight W of the half-me tre rule and an arrow to
represent the force F provided by the student's hand .
(b)
In Fig.b, the rul e is held horizo ntally between the thumb and th e first finger.
i) Draw and label all the forces acting on the half-metre rule.
ii) List these forces in order of increasing magnitude .
metre rule
1oocm
30 em
20.
15m
Fig. a
Fig.b
A truck, supported by three shafts, is at rest on a level ground as shown in Fig.a. The front shaft takes
q,ne half of the total weight of t~d the rear shafts share the other half equ ally.
2 I.
(a)
Calculate the horizontal di stance of the centre of gra vity from the front shaft.
(b)
If the tru ck is at rest on a slope as show n in Fig.b, describe qualitatively how force acting on the
front shaft changes.
Exercises
..
'I
22.
at P ,
(b)
at Q, and
(c)
at the middle of P a nd Q.
21
Statics
Chapter 1
heavy chain
ION
Q
20 N
23.
A man of mass 80 kg stands at the middle of a 4 m long uniform beam of mass 10 kg. The beam is
supported at both ends by strings which break under a tension of 650 N. How far from the centre of the
beam can he move before one of the strings breaks?
.....) ~ gao .A : c~o(J'-)
i
)
~-"c
24.
25.
(b)
A_ -:..1
R
1A
e:
,n
'
--v:;. \~
1'
!
.;, - .
~ ~
f
- ~--~
I kg
plank
(b)
Exercises
..
I'
22
Section A
Mechanics
27.
The diagram shows a 100 kg load being tran sported across a river by means of two ropes and a fixed
pulley. The rope PQ passing over the pull ey is maintained by persons on one side of the river. The other
ropeRS is pulled by a truck on th e opposite bank.
Ca lcu late the tension in each rope
28.
(a)
(b)
(b)
'.
(b)
J
A
'- t
. ~r.
~ ~
-,
Exercises
""
Chapter 1
Statics
EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
T,
T
Q
--~-----Fig.a
(a)
(b)
(c)
same weigh!
12 em
Fig.b
Fig.c
Two identical blocks are suspended by a string and a pull ey in two d ifferent ways as shown in Fig .a
and Fig .b. Compare
i)
the tensions T 1 and T2 in the strings that pass over the p ull eys
ii)
the tensions T' 1 and T' 2 in the strings that suspend the pulleys.
(2 marks)
Determine the tension Tin the string that passes over the pulleys .
ii)
Find the position of the center of gravity of the plank. Hence, state what happen to the system
if the plank used is uniform.
(4 marks)
A workman of weight 600 N standing on a uniform plank of weigl~'\f is trying to keep himself
shown in Fig.d. The plank is shown in do tted li ne-:-
~1s
plank
workman
600 N
400 N
Fig.d
i)
Assume that the workman arid the plank are in equilibrium. Find the force F that the workman
must exert on the string, and the normal reaction R between the workman and the plank.
ii)
By drawing a free-body diagram of the plank, show that the p lank located in the dotted line
wi ll turn about a horizontal axis. State the direction of the rotation and draw in Fig.d to show
the correct position of the plank.
(6 marks)
Exam-Type Qu es ti o n s
23
24
Section A
2.
(a)
Mechanics
Fig.a
Describe and explain how the half-metre rule moves relative to the fingers
i)
ii)
at the beginning,
when the fingers are separated by a distance slightly Jess than 113 the rule's length.
(4 marks)
1.0
t
f
water
drop
;..
half-metre rule
half-metre nile
10 N-
JON
~
~
0.1 N
f
I
~
f
(.
r.
r
~-
Fig.h
Fig.c
Fig .d
A water drop of weight 0.1 N and a half-metre rule of weight 10 N are in equilibrium against a
rough wall as shown in Fig.b_and Fig.c. Find the frictional force due to the wall in each case.
(2 marks)
The half-metre rule in (b) is now supported vertically by both hands as shown in Fig.d. Given that
the coefficient of static friction between the hand and the half-metre rule is 0.5 . What is the ,
minimum compression that each hand should exert on the half-metre rule to keep it from falling .
down?
(2 marks)
smooth vertical wall
(~ The rule in (b) is now placed with one end on a
~ rough horizontal ground and the other end leaned
against a smooth vertical wall as shown in Fig.e.
Given that the coefficient of static friction between
the rule and the ground is 1.2. Determine the
minimum angle that the rule can make with the
horizontal without sliding down.
(4 marks)
(c)
rough horizontal
ground
I
Fig.e
Exam-Type Questions
. '(, ,
..~
CHAPTER
2
.; 4. t.t.
Kinematics
:t
BRIEF NOTES
Speed
Speed is a scalar quantity that indicates how rapid an obj ect is movi ng.
Average speed, v
Distance travelled
ill
=- - - - - - Time taken
t:lt
. (t:ls) =ds-
Velocity
Cl/
d(
. - D isplacement
Average velocity, v = _ _o__ __
Time taken
ru
t:lr
(ru)
Change in
velocity
When velocity changes from v 1 to v2 , the change in veloc ity is found by vector subtraction
t:lv
= v2
=vi
Relative
velocity
ThevelocityofArelativetoBis
Acceleration
v,JJ=v,-v 8
.
Chancre in velocity
Average acceleration =;--"""'----=.
Time taken
v - u t:lv
a =--=t
t:lt
. (t:lv) = -d v
Cll
df
Brie f Note s
26
Section A
Mechanics
v=u+at
s = ut+ 1at
v
= u 2 + 2a s
u+l '
s= - - 1
Consider an object projected vertically upward from the ground (Neglecting air resi stance and
taking upward as positive):
upward
downward
5m
0
10 ms
/s
-10 ms'
The
The
The
The
downward
v /ms'
t Is
!2
v = u - g sin
S
v2
e.t
-1 g sin 8 12
=u 2 -
2 g sin8s
u+v
s=--t
2
Velocity-time
graph
Brief Notes
~
~
l
~
.J
,~
:I
Chapter 2
Kin e matics
Motion graphs of a bouncing ball (upward positive, with energy loss during impact)
G/ms'
2nd
bo unce
1st
boun ce
3rd
bounce
q
1j
tis
ll
0
-10
1
'!
5m
V/ms '
10 ~----"-------n-----,,
t Is
S/m
O h.-----.----------------~
II
lis
li
li
-5
Termin a l
ve lo c ity
Air resis tance increases with speed of motion. Therefore, whe n an obj ect fa lls in air, its
acce leratio n falls gradually until zero . Then, the o bj ect mo ves with a constan t speed, known
as terminal velocity.
"
"'
initi al slope
=g
constant
velocity
I
V'lope
4 ',
IL1 .
o,L-~------~--------~~
Brief Note s
27
28
Mechanics
Section A
WORKED EXAMPlES
EXAMPlE 1
Fig.a shows a body's initial velocity v 1 and final velocity v 2 . Calculate its change in
velocity .
..
1\/
/<ms'
~'"
120'
4 ms'~
Fig.a
SOlUTION
t
From Fi g.b,
tri angl e,
the
an equi lateral
t
f
120
Llv = 4 ms'
pointing downward.
- 1',
r
I
I
Figh
EXAMPlE 2
A ball rolls from rest down an inclined plane of length 2.0 m in a time interval of 1.0 s.
Find the speed of the ball at the bottom of the incline.
SOLUTION
Assume th at the ball rolls with a co nstant acce leration. The speed ' 'of the ball at the bottom is given
by
U+V
S = -- t
2
2=v+0 1
2
:. v = 4.0 m s '
EXAMPlE
SOLUTION
A car moving at a constant acceleration of 0.40 m s 2 passes through a point with a speed
of 4 .0 m s 1 . How long does it take to travel a further distance of 100 m?
The tim e required t is given by
s = ut + ~at 2
!00 =4x t+ ~x 0.4 x r
2
r=
' - - -- - - - ' - --
r = 14.49 s
2x0.2
or -34.49 s (rejected)
Kinematics
Chapter 2
EXAMPLE 4
SOLUTION
(b)
How far must the police car travel before it reaches its top speed?
(c)
Find the distance of the van ahead of the police car, when the police car has just
reached its full speed.
(d)
Calculate the velocity of the police car relative to the van wh en both cars are
travelling at full speed s. Hence, calculate how long the police car takes to catch up
with the van , after reaching its top speed.
(a)
. t IS
Th e spee d I1m1
(b)
v --
100 103
x
-- 27.8 ms'
3600
54 2 = 0 + 2. 3. s
.. s
486 m
(c)
I
- ------~--- ~
police car
accelerate.Jiwn rest
speed detector
va n
40 ms'
=---c>
~
- - '------------~--=-----------~
~~-~~8--~
-=~
l!f
~
~
- - --- 200
111
-~---- -
Before the police car starts . the distance trave ll ed by the va n is s, = 40 x 30 = 1200 m
The time requ ired for the police car to reach its fu ll spee d is
v = u +at
t=
54
= 18 s
3
486 m.
Since the police car is hidden 200 m ahead the speed c heck, the distance of t he van ahead of the
pol ice car is
(d)
1234
Ill
=54- 40 = 14 ms ' 1
1234
14
I=-~=
88 s .
Worked Exa mples
29
30
Sec tion A
Mec hanic s
D.
l'
1 ----- --~-
1.
3.
(2)
(3)
\Vhich of the followii1g statement is COJTect?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
A.
B.
(1) only
c.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
c.
b.
6.
0
C.
7.5 m s 1
10m s 1
12.5 m s 1
20m s 1
B.
(3) only
velocity
displacement
acceleration
1.0 s
1.7 s
2.7 s
3.7 s
"
(b..
s
0
Multiple-Choice Q u estions
B.
C.
D.
10m s 1
15ms 1
20m s 1
Cannot be determin ed
deceleration is not given.
becau se
the
Chapter 2
Questions 7 to 8
9.
L-
31
Kinematics
A.
:-~.
- -- ~ -~:-:- j
~---;----
= 10 ms 2 .
B.
A.
B.
'C.
D.
10.
v
c.
30m
45 m
90 m
180m
D.
'1-- La
.J
c.
D.
7.
8.
2.0 s
s
3.0 s
3.5 s
?__ )-
(B.
c.
D.
8.7 m
17 .3 m
20.0 m
34.6 m
Multiple-Choice Questions
f..,
..A>
32
Section A
12.
Mechanics
- - - - - - - - -- --
0.38
0.77
1.00
1.50
s
s
s
s
---.._, \
13.
15.
- - -.
IV
4-
---
true'~
.:_;........,
(1)
(2)
p
(3)
2:3
3:2
D.
4 :9
9:4
c.
C.
(3) only
(l)
A.
B.
2:3
3:2
D.
4:9
16: 81
c.
(1) only
'D.
"1n
A.
B.
'
16.
14.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Multiple-Choice Qu estions
(1) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only "
,
Chapter2
fy.
Kinematics
33
I .
A parachutist falls vertically with a uniform
speed of 20 m s 1 At the moment when he is
I 00 m from the g round, he drops a coin which
accelerates. Neglect air resistanc
Pilland take g =
ms 2 What is the ti~ference
between the coin and the parachutist reachin g
the ground?
f'..
2 1.
A.
B.
A.
B.
c.
D.
2.1
2.9
4.5
5.0
s
s
s
and
c.
D.
,z
'(
and
and
and
{2
r'
l
tone _P is !ocated a~a~
the r Jdent1ca! stone Q -Wh1ch 1s at a height h
~ Thet;o stones are released
from res t at the same time. If the time interval
between the stones hitting the ground is 2.0 s,
what is the value of h?
A
B.
C.
D.
19.
80m
100m
115m
180m
A.
des~ending
A
B.
C.
D.
B.
C.
D.
(c)
2.4 m s 1
4.8 m s 1
5.0 m s 1
Cannot be determined because
distance up the hill is not given .
23.
(2)
the
(3)
A.
B.
A.
--
---
C.
D.
24.
the
two
bodies
have
the
same
acceleration.
the ir speeds always differ by the same
amount.
1;
their dis tance of se paration is always the
sa me.
(l)
(3)
(l)
(2)
only
only
and (2) only
and (3) only
9.00 m
c.
9.75 m
10.5 m
B.
D.
18.0 m
B.
22ms 1
19.6ms 1
16.8 m s 1
10m s 1
c.
D.
Multiple-Choice Ot
1"' t l
34
Section A
25.
Mechanics
26.
,.
0
----------
A.
(2)
(3)
27.
C.
V.
A.
B.
(1) only
C.
D.
(3) only
(2) and (3) only
0
D.
2h
X [
A.
~-
.
.
;
i-
f~;-~
.. '
Multiple-Choice Questions
.
ailE..
~-
,.
'
~ !'
~-
t -~
..,:-
1 ~.~
~-
'i
28.
;'v/
B.
35
Kinematics
ChapteT 2
tIs
21!
~~~~~~
C.
(2)
(3)
.
*
A
B.
(1) only
D.
Is
\1
(3) only
29.
30.
10m
B.
90 m
C
D.
lOOm
120m
....
A.
3 I.
Hammer thrown
~
Ill
II
ElevatOr
moving up
r Is
0
Multiple-Choice Qu es t io n s
36
Section A
Mechanics
A.
B.
C.
D.
34.
B.
C.
D.
30.0 with
45.0 with
60.0 with
63.4 with
the
the
th e
the
stream
stream
stream
stream
32.
35.
a1
initial velocity
B.
C.
D.
33 .
15 m s at an
1
15m s at an
1
26 m s at an
1
26m s at an
angle of 30 to Ox.
angle of 120 to Ox.
angle of 30 to Ox.
angle of 120 to Ox.
c.
D.
1 ms -1
5 m s 1
5 m s 1
5 m s 1
due south
S 53W
N53W
N37W
Multiple-Choice Questions
Shortest time
A.
B.
C.
D.
2s
2s
6s
6s
Distance from R
0
4m
3m
4m
Chapter 2
36.
38.
Kinematics
c..x
3m s
=---c>
1
II
8m
Along which direction shou ld the boy swim if he
wishes
37.
A.
B.
4ms'
5 ms'
C.
D.
6 m s'
7 ms'
(1)
(2)
( 1) shortest route
A.
B.
D.
39 .
N 30E
N 60 E
NE
N 40.9 E
A.
B.
40.
p
p
D.
from
from
from
from
the east
north-east
so uth -east
south-west
(3)
A.
B.
c.
D.
'
R
Q
Q
R
c.
C.
It may be zero.
It may act due north.
It may act due east.
(1) only
(3) only
(1) and (2) only
(2) and (3) only
Multiple-Choice Questions
37
38
Section
A
._.
~:
Mechcmics
EXERCISES
In all calculations, take g =10m s 2 and ignore air resistance unless specified otherwise.
VElOCITY , RElATIVE MOTION
I.
2.
A light pulse lasts only I0-14 s. What is the length of the pul se? Take the speed of light in air to be
3.0 x 10 8 m sl.
3.
In an athletic meet, the time for a runner on a 100m track is record ed by a stop-watch to be 12.2 s. lf the
largest probable error of the stop-wa tch is 0.20 s and th at of the track length i s 0.5 m, \\hat is the largest
probable error of the average speed of the runner? Do you think the give n uncertainty in track len gth
acce ptable ?
4.
5.
A boat travels downstream along a river at a speed of 8.0 m s 1 and returns moving against the current at
4.0 m s 1. What is the average speed of the boat?
6.
A shell is fired from a gun with a speed of 20 m s- 1 relative to the gun, which recoils with a speed of
0.20 m s 1 relative to the ground. Determine
(a)
(b)
7.
the recoil speed of the gun relative to the moving shell, and
the speed of the shell relative to the gro und.
A lorry is moving in a straight line at a constant speed of l 0 m s 1 A package is thrown from the lorry
with an initial horizontal velocity of 2.0 m s 1 relative to the lorry , and in a direction opposite to its
motion. The package stays in air for 0.50 s.
(a)
(b)
Exercises
..
,.~ .
Chapter2
8.
Kinematics
An aircraft from U.S.A. is scheduled to reach the H.K. International Airport at 6:30p.m. However, it is
speeded up by a steady wind so that it arrives H.K. earlier at 5:40 p.m. If the distance of U.S.A. from
H.K. is 7200 km and the average speed of the aircraft relative to the earth surface below is 100 m s- 1,
calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
[Hint: Since the aircraft has arrived earlier than scheduled, the wind is blowing in the direction of travel.
As a result, the actual speed of the aircraft is less than 100m s- 1. ]
9.
a boy who walks at steady speed of 0.20 m s- 1 due south a nd th en at steady speed of 0.2v'2 m due
south-east,
a girl who runs with steady speed of 8.0 m s- 1 halfway round a circul ar running track, starting at its
most easterly point due north,
a boat moving with top speed of 2.5 m s- 1 upstream and then downstream, the river current being
2.0 m s- 1 downstream.
* 10.
On a rainy day, the path of each raindrop makes an ang le of 20 wit h the vertical as a wind blows in the
northerly direction. A passenger in a car travelling due north at 15m s- 1 sees perfectly vertical tracks of
rain on the windowpane. Determine the speed of the raindrops relative to the earth .
* 11.
A plane travels with a speed of 100m s- 1 in still air . A 10m s- 1 ,,ind is blowing. The resultant speed of
the plane is still 100m s- 1 and the resultant path is in the northerly direction. What is the direction of the
wind?
* 12.
A plane can attain a speed of 110m s- 1 when there is no wind. The pilot sets out for a destination
700 km due north.
(a)
The pilot find s that there is a wind blowing in the easterly direction (relative to the earth). As a
result, the plane must be headed 25 west of north in order to fly there directly. How long does it
take for the plane to arrive the destination?
(b)
A wind is blowing but the exact direction is unknown. To fly the destination directly, the plane
must be headed 25 west of north and the total time of flight is 3.0 h. What are the magnitude and
direction of the wind velocity?
ACCELERAT I ON
13.
A train slows down smoothly from a speed of 100 km h- 1 to rest within a distance of 1.0 km. Estimate its
average deceleration.
14.
When brakes are applied, a car can be brought to rest from a speed of 20m s- 1 in a time of 1.5 s. If the
driver's reaction time is 0.20 s, calculate the total braking distance of the car moving at an initial speed
of 30m s- 1.
15 . The minimum speed required for a plane to take off is 120m s- 1 If the acceleratio n of the plane on the
ground is 30m s- 2 , what is the minimum length of runway?
ii0
Exer ci ses
39
...
_.,.
40
Section A
Mechanics
16.
A man stands on the edge of a cliff and throws a stone over the edge vertically upwards at 15 m sl.
After what time will the stone hit the ground 50 m below?
17.
A stone is projected up along the greatest slope of a smooth inclined plane with an initial speed of
1.5 m s 1. If the acceleration of the stone is always 2.0 m s 2 down the incline. calculate
(a)
(b)
(c)
18.
A ball is released from rest at a height of 45 m abo ve the ground. Another ball is then released exactly
1.0 s after the first ball is rele ased. Wh en the first ball reaches the ground, calculate
(a)
(b)
19.
A half-metre rule is initiall y held vertically with the zero mark at the
upper end. Timothy is ready to catch the rule between hi s thumb and
first finger at the lower end. The rul e is rel eas ed sudd enly and
Timothy catches th e rule at its 30 em mark. Calculate the reaction
time of Timothy.
20.
.... 20
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
21.
- 4()
When the traffic light turns green, a car accelerates from rest at a rate of 2.0 m s 2 . At the same time, a
truck, moving at a constant speed of 10m s 1, passes the traffic light, which just turns green , and
overtakes the car. Since the car moves with increa si ng speed , it will overtake the truck some times later.
(a)
(b)
23.
A MTR train accelerates from rest at one station at a rate of 1.5 m s 2 for half of the distance to the next
station, the n decelerates for the final half. If the time of acceleration equals the time of deceleration and
the stations are 1500 m apart, find
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
22.
the
the
the
the
. . 30
At what distance from the traffic light will the car overtake the truck?
What is the speed of the car at that instant?
The maximum acceleration (and deceleration) th at is tolerable for passengers in a KCR train is 1.5 m s 2
and the speed limit of the train is 40 m s l.
(a)
(b)
Exercises
What are th e minimum accelerating distance and th e ll111111llUm accelerating time of a KCR train.
assuming that it will mov e at full speecl7
If two sta ti ons are 6.0 km apa rt , what is th e minimum time of trave l bet ween the se two stations"
Chapter 2
41
Kinematics
24.
An ambulance is speeding along the fast-lane of a highway. As there is some road works in the fast-lane,
it has to cut into the slow-lane. As soon as it shifts into the slow-lane, the driver is shocked to find a
truck 100 m ahead moving at a slow steady speed of 0.50 m s 1. At that instant , the speed of the
ambulance is 40 m s 1 and the driver of the ambulance immediately applies the brake . Wh at must be the
deceleration of the ambulance if a collision is to be just avoided?
25.
A ball is dropped from rest at a certain height hand strikes the ground with a speed of 20m s 1
(a)
(b)
26.
rl:
An object falls from a bridge that is 55 m above the water. It falls directly into a small boat moving with
co nstant ve locity v. If the boat was 14 m from the point of impact when the object was relea sed, what
was th e speed of th e boat?
""
~
27 . A shell is shot vertically downward from a gun. The speed of the shell just before it strike s the grou nd is
250m s 1 . If the she ll imbeds itself 0.40 minto the ground, find
(a)
(b)
..._
;t.
~
28.
At the Science Museum, balls are released one by o ne from a machine at a regular time interval of 12 s.
The ball ro ll s down a track with an average acceleration of 0.2 m s 2 When the first ball reaches the end
of the track, the lOth ball begins to fall. Determine th e di stan ce of se paration betwee n
(a)
(b)
29.
A ball is dropped from the Phys ics Lab of a sc hool building. On e second after the first ball is dropped,
another ball is thrown vertically down ward with an initial speed of I 5 m s 1 The two balls strike the
playground at the same time.
(a)
(b)
Determine the height of the Phy sics Lab above the playground.
Plot a speed-time graph for each ball, taking the in stant the first ball was released to bet= 0.
30.
A balloon is ascending at the rate of 16 m s 1. At a height of 120 m above the gro und , a package
dropped from rest relati ve to the balloon. How long doe s it take for th e package to reach the ground?
31.
IS
Exercises
42
Section A
Mechanics
EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
vlms'
10
5
1 /s
-5
-10
-15 ---------------------------------
The velocity-time graph shows the first 1.6 s of the motion of a ball which is thrown downward at
6 m s I The ball hits the ground and rebounds directly upwards. taking a negligible time to bounce.
(a)
How far does the ball travel before first hitting the ground?
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1 mark)
(e)
(1 mark)
(f)
If the ratio of the downward velocity .to the upward velocity has a constant value, determine the
upward velocity of the ball on its
(2 marks)
(I mark)
(2 marks)
i) second rebound,
ii) third rebound.
(g)
(2 marks)
Extend the velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of the ball up to the highest position after
the third rebound.
(3 marks)
Exam-Type Questions
Chapter 2
2.
(a)
Kinematics
Determine whether each of the following situations is possible or not . lf it is possible, give an
example to support your answer.
i) A body instantaneously at rest is accelerating.
ii) A body has a constant velocity but varying speed.
(3 marks)
(b)
An astronaut has reached a planet where the atmosphere is absent and the acceleration due to
gravity is l m s 2 .
i)
A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of 2 m s When the ball return s, it is
caught at a point 2m vertically below where it is projected. The motion of the ball is recorded
in the acceleration-time (a-t) graph which is partially drawn in Fig.a. Downward is taken as
positive.
L---------------------------L---~
Fig.a
,_
<
i i)
( l)
Complete the a-t g raph in Fig.a by putting appropriate numbers on the time-scale. Also.
mark on the graph to show when the ball was at its highest position.
(2)
By taking downward as positive, carefully sketch the velocity-time (v-1) graph and
displacement-time (s-1) graph of the ball.
(4 marks)
A g un is placed with its mouth just below the surface of a long column of viscous liquid as
shown in Fig. b. A bullet is fired from the gun. It is noticed that after a while, the bullet falls
with a uniform speed of 2 m s 1 downward. The a-t graph which represents the motion of the
bullet is recorded in Fig.c. Again, downward is taken as positive. The e~periment is carried
out on the planet.
:;
a /ms'
10
Fig.b
Is
Fig.c
( l)
(2)
(3)
If the gun is placed at the bottom of the liquid column and the bullet is fired vertically
upward, estimate the initial acceleration of the bullet.
(5 marks)
Exam-Type Questions
43
.., ...
44
Mechanics
Section A
3.
A motion sensor used in a laboratory send s out short pulses of ultrasound at a reg ular time interval of
0 .05 s. Give n th at the duration of each pulse is 1 m s and th e speed of so und in a ir is 340 m s 1
(a) The re are tw o limitation s of the device:
I.
(b)
(c)
2.
Whil e the de vice is tran smittin g a pul se, it cannot detect any re fl ecte d pul ses.
Th e ec ho of th e first pul se mu st arri ve before the second pul se is tra nsmitted; Otherw ise, th e
f irst pul se will be ignored .
i)
ii )
(4 marks)
In measurin g th e speed of a tro lley m o vin g at a co nstant ve loc ity . th e ro und -tri p t ime of the first
and the second pul ses are measured to be 8.1 ms and 9.4 ms res pecti vely.
i)
ii)
iii )
Di sc uss w het her th e ave rage speed in ii) is eq ual to th e in sta nta neo us speed of the tro ll ey or
not.
( 4 ma rks)
A tro ll ey is pl aced o n an inclin ed pl ane whi ch has a sprin g fi xed near th e botto m as show n in Fig.a .
As soon as th e tro ll ey is re lea sed , th e mo ti o n se nsor starts to reco rd th e speed of the tro ll ey. A
velocity- time grap h is pl o tted as shown in Fi g. b.
moti on
sensor
Fig. a
v /ms'
3
Is
0
-1
-2
Fig.b
-3
i)
ii )
v- 1 graph
Estim ate th e ang le o f in clin ati o n of th e in clin ed pl ane, statin g a n y ass ump t io n(s) yo u have
made.
(4 m arks)
Exam-Typ e Questions
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.1-J