HUME DAM SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL/STRUCTURE INTERACTION

Guy Lund1
Brad Dawson2
Mark Foster3
ABSTRACT
Hume Dam is located near Albury/Wodonga, Australia and was constructed between
1919 and 1936. The reservoir was enlarged in the 1960s to its current capacity of
3,038,000 megaliters (2.5 106 acre-feet). It is the main regulating reservoir on the
River Murray System and supplies irrigation water and hydro-electric power. State
Water Corporation (State Water) on behalf of the Murray Darling Basin Authority
(MDBA) currently manages the dam and reservoir.
The main dam consists of an embankment dam with a concrete core wall and a gated
concrete gravity spillway. Spillway discharges flow through the gates, over the ogee
gravity section, and into the river through a discharge channel. The flow is trained with
large concrete training wall on both the right and left side of the discharge channel. The
left, southern training wall (STW) is located between the spillway channel and the main
embankment, and retains the embankment fill as well as containing the spillway
discharges. The height of the STW varies from approximately 50 meters (165 feet) near
the crest of the embankment dam to 18 meters (60 feet) at the downstream end, and is the
subject of this paper.
Modifications have been performed on the STW over the last few decades to improve
stability due to the increased loads caused by severe deformation of the embankment.
The modifications have included installation of sub-vertical post-tensioned tendons and
horizontal post-tensioned anchors. However, continued embankment deformation has
resulted in the need for additional rehabilitation. In addition, it is understood that the
critical loading condition is due to the safety evaluation earthquake (SEE), and a
significant portion of the load is dependent on the combined behavior of the embankment
fill and the mass concrete wall.
The finite element method of analysis was used to analyze the soil/structure interaction
and the behavior of the STW for both static and dynamic loads. This paper summarizes
the finite element model, parameter assumptions, and sensitivity studies used to verify the
behavior of the model with the actual STW, and the results used to develop the design
modification.

P.E., Principal Civil/Structural Engineer, URS Corporation, Denver

P.E., Civil/Mechanical Engineer, URS Corporation., Denver
3
CP Eng., Project Manager, URS Australia., Sydney, Australia
2

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The main dam consists of an embankment dam with a concrete gravity spillway. The
spillway consists of a gated ogee section, flip-bucket type stilling basin, and mass
concrete, gravity training walls. The north (right) and south (left) spillway training walls
extend downstream from the axis of the dam past the concrete apron to retain the
embankment fill and train spillway discharges. The southern training wall (STW) is
located on the left side of the spillway looking downstream and is photographed in Figure
1.

Figure 1. Photograph of the Southern Training Wall and Hume Dam, Australia.
Modifications to improve stability were performed in the 1980s and included installation
of sub-vertical post-tensioned tendons through the full height of the STW and into the
foundation rock. These tendons are spaced at approximately 2 meter (6.5 feet) centers
and were designed to have a working load (equal to 65 percent of the minimum breaking
load) of 2,900 kN (12.9 kips).
Additional modifications were performed to the STW between 1995 and 2004 to
accommodate the increased load due to a rockfill berm constructed on the downstream
slope of the embankment dam. These modifications included installation of large
diameter, horizontal anchors that extend from the upper part of the STW to a concrete
deadman wall located approximately 80 meters (262 feet) within the embankment/berm.
A mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall was installed to retain the rockfill berm
along the crest of the STW.

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Figure 2. Modifications to the STW, including sub-vertical tendons, horizontal anchors,

and MSE Wall with rock fill berm.
The Hume embankment dam continues to deform, and has resulted in significant
settlement at the deadman wall, and the deformation has again increased the load on the
STW. Recently, some of the horizontal anchors have failed, which has increased concern
regarding the long term safety of the STW. To compound concern, recent field
investigations indicate that the zones of backfill adjacent to the STW is potentially
liquefiable, which would add significantly more load on the STW. An external review
panel (ERP) for the Hume Dam safety evaluation concluded that additional evaluation
was required to assess the capacity of the wall, and design alternatives need to be
developed to provide long term serviceability for the STW.
Initial stability studies were performed for several sections of the STW using the
simplified gravity method of analysis. The studies identified the most critical sections of
the STW regarding stability, and evaluated different alternatives that would stabilize the
wall. It is important to note, that due to the embankment deformation and localized
failure of selected horizontal anchors, it was concluded that any potential modification
should include the decommissioning of the horizontal anchors. Based on the results from
the gravity studies, the preferred alternative to stabilize the STW consists of a concrete
buttress.
The more critical sections of the STW were further evaluated using sophisticated nonlinear finite element analyses. The section locations are described by offset stations (OS)
along the axis of the wall. OS zero (0) corresponds to the upstream face of the spillway.
OS 31 corresponds to the section located 31 meters downstream of the upstream face of
the spillway. Two critical sections were used in the evaluations, OS 31 and OS 75. The
upper section, OS 31, simulates the portion of the wall adjacent to the concrete stilling
basin, and is the subject of this paper. The lower section, OS 75, simulated the portion of
the wall embedded in the rock foundation and loose backfill. The section of the STW at
OS 31, spillway apron, and embankment are shown in Figure 3.

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Figure 3. Section of STW at OS 31.

EVALUATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FAILURE MODE
The failure mode of highest concern for Hume Dam consists of the following
developments: movement of STW occurs due to either failure of the horizontal tendons
or increased loads (i.e. seismic or liquefaction); potential seepage path develops between
the embankment fill and the STW; seepage initiates in path opening; seepage initiates
piping of materials; hydrostatic load on STW increases causing additional movement and
increased path opening; piping results in loss of material causing failure of core; reservoir
breaches dam and floods downstream areas.
Potential movement of the STW and the development of a seepage path between the wall
and embankment was the primary concern for these structural stability evaluations. After
expert elicitation, it was concluded that for these studies, the development of a seepage
path would be due to instability of the STW. Instability would be results from one or
more of three common failure mechanisms, which are typically used for rigid concrete
gravity structures. If the evaluation indicates that the STW has adequate capacity against
these three prominent failure mechanisms, then it was assumed that potential for
developing a seepage path due to structural instability would be very unlikely. The three
prominent failure mechanisms for these studies are summarized below:

Structural Capacity. The results from the analysis were used to evaluate the potential
for overstressing of the concrete (i.e., crushing or cracking), and the moment capacity
of the STW with the sub-vertical post-tension anchors.

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Overturning. The results from the finite element model were used to assure that
moment equilibrium, or rotational stability, was maintained throughout the structure.

Sliding Stability. The results from the finite element model were used to evaluate the
potential for sliding failure along different planes through the structure.

Structural Capacity
The structural capacity of the STW was evaluated based on the allowable strength of the
mass concrete, and the bending moment capacity at select horizontal sections within the
STW.
Concrete Strength
The overstressing evaluation compares the computed stress from the finite element
analysis to the estimated strength of the mass concrete. If the computed stress is greater
than the allowable strength, then the concrete is expected to crack (tension) or crush
(compression). If cracking or crushing of the concrete develops, then there is an
increased potential for deformation (movement). On-the-other-hand, without cracking or
crushing of the concrete then movement of a rigid body (STW) is very unlikely.
Bending Moment Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR)
The sub-vertical post-tensioned anchors in the STW can be thought of as a type of
reinforcement. The capacity of a reinforced section can be evaluated based on the axialflexural interaction diagram.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers use the demand capacity ratio (DCR) method to
evaluate the ability of structures to support the dynamic earthquake loads [U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-6051, Engineering and Design Time History
Dynamic Analysis of Concrete Hydraulic Structures, December 2003.]. The method
determines if the behavior of the reinforced concrete structure is linear, or non-linear. If
the behavior is linear, then it can be assumed that when the load is removed the structure
will return to the initial state. For reinforced concrete hydraulic structures, the maximum
bending moment DCR is taken as 2.0, and the shear DCR is taken as 1.0 [USACE, EM
1110-2-6051].
The flexural capacity of the STW at Hume
Dam was determined using an interaction
diagram, as shown on Figure 4. The
relationship of axial vs. flexural load was
computed assuming that the maximum
compressive strain in the concrete is
0.003, and the maximum tensile strain in
the tendons is the yield strain (i.e., yield
strength of the tendons was assumed to be
65 percent of the ultimate strength, or
1210 MPa).

Hume Dam

Figure 4. Moment interaction diagram for

the STW at Hume dam, OS 31.
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For dynamic loads, the computed moment should not exceed the moment capacity for
prolonged periods of time. The DCR
is allowed to exceed unity (1.0) for
short durations during the earthquake,
because studies have shown that short
term yielding of the steel will not result
in a brittle failure. The assumption is
considered valid for the STW at Hume
Dam, because the tendons are nonbonded, such that any potential
elongation will be applied over the full
length of the tendon, and not an
isolated point such as with reinforced
Figure 5. DCR Acceptance curve.
concrete.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers use the demand capacity ratio (DCR) method
evaluates the total duration of time that the DCR greater than 1.0. The time duration is
plotted on the acceptance curve, shown in Figure 5. If duration of time is greater than
1.0, but within the limits of the acceptance curve (see Figure 5), then the structure is
expected to behave linearly and further evaluation is not necessary. If the time duration
falls outside the limits of the acceptance curve, then the structure will behave nonlinearly, and further studies may need to be performed to correctly evaluate the behavior
of the structural system.
Overturning
The rotational stability (moment equilibrium) is satisfied if the summation of moments
from the analysis equal zero. The finite element model for the STW at Hume Dam used
non-linear contact elements to simulate the condition at the base of the STW. The
contact element can develop compression, but will separate rather than developing
tension. Therefore, if the analysis shows that the separation of the contact elements
stabilized (i.e. there is no further propagation of the crack), then moment equilibrium has
been satisfied.
Sliding Stability
The minimum factors of safety required to satisfy sliding stability for the usual, unusual,
and extreme load combinations are based on criteria published by the USACE [U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-2100, Engineering and Design Stability Analysis of
Concrete Structures, December 2005]. The minimum factor of safety for the postseismic load combination is based on the FERC [Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC), Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower Projects, Chapter 3
Gravity Dam, 2002.]. If the computed sliding factor of safety is greater than the
minimum value set in the criteria, then sliding instability if very unlikely.

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METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The studies for the Hume Dam STW were performed using a two-dimensional plane
strain, finite element model using the computer program ANSYS. The geometry of the
STW section at OS 31 is shown on Figure 6.

Figure 6. Finite Element Model of STW at Hume Dam, OS31.

To properly simulate the behavior of the STW required the use of several different types
of elements in the computer model. The concrete, foundation rock, weathered rock,
embankment soil, and alluvium were modeled using 4-node solid elements. Single-node
mass elements were used to simulate the added mass due to the hydrodynamic interaction
between the tailwater and STW.
Two-dimensional contact elements were used to simulate the STW/embankment and
STW/foundation interface, and specialize in surface-to-surface interaction. The contact
elements can develop compressive forces, but will separate rather than developing tensile
forces. The element also simulates shear along the interface. It was necessary to
simulate the behavior of the STW/embankment interface using contact elements,
primarily because of the very different dynamic behavior characteristics between the
STW and embankment. The different dynamic characteristics results in the two materials
oscillating at different frequencies, which results in separation at the interface during the
seismic loads. Without the contact element, the interface would develop tensile stress,
which would affect the behavior of the STW structure.
The boundary conditions used for the finite element model were defined such that the
nodes along edges of the model were restrained against deformation in the horizontal (X)
direction, but not in the vertical (Y) direction. The nodes along the base of the model
(i.e., base of the foundation) were restrained against deformation in the vertical direction,
but not in the horizontal direction.

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The behavior of the concrete, rock and soil were simulated using different material
models. The concrete and foundation rock were evaluated using linear elastic material
behavior. The weathered rock, alluvium and embankment were evaluated using the
Extended Drucker-Prager (EDP) material model, which is an expanded use of the MohrCoulomb failure criteria and is used for the evaluation of granular materials, such as rock
and soil. The parameters used to define the behavior of the EDP materials are based on
the internal friction angle and cohesive strength of the soil.
Dynamic Material Properties
The dynamic behavior of the STW was evaluated using a full transient analysis. Some of
the most critical material properties used in this type of studies typically includes the
stiffness, Poissons ratio, and damping. The stiffness and Poissons ratio for the concrete
material was not modified for the dynamic studies, primarily because the ratio of concrete
stiffness to embankment stiffness was so large.
The stiffness and Poissons ratio for the embankment materials were modified for the
dynamic evaluations. Typically, the Poissons ratio for soils under static loads will range
between 0.3 and 0.4 [Lambe, T. William, Robert V. Whitman, Soil Mechanics,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1969.]. The
assumed Poisson ratio for the embankment materials varied depending on moisture
content and loading conditions. The Poissons ratio for dry embankment soil was
assumed equal to 0.30 for both static and dynamic loads. The Poissons ratio for
saturated soils was assumed equal to 0.30 for static loading conditions and 0.45 for
dynamic loading condition. The higher ratio better simulated the relationship between
elastic and shear modulus during the seismic loads, due to increased pore pressures.
When a soil liquefies the Poissons ratio will approach 0.50; however, mathematical
limitations within the finite element code will not solve for a Poisson ratio of 0.50.
Therefore, for the liquefied saturated soils the Poissons ratio was set equal to 0.49.
The elastic property of the soil was simulated using various values for Youngs modulus.
Initial studies assumed elastic values of Youngs modulus for the alluvium, backfill, and
rockfill materials based on test data [URS, Hume Dam Remedial Works Geotechnical
Investigation, Volumes I and II, Report prepared for State Water, dated June 22, 2009
The stiffness of the materials was then computed based on the relationship with Poissons
ratio and shear modulus.
The material damping constants used in the analysis conservatively assumed 5 percent
damping for the concrete, 5 percent in the foundation rock, and 10 percent in the
weathered rock and embankment materials.
Sensitivity Studies
Several sensitivity studies were performed to verify properties for the embankment
materials in the finite element model. The sensitivity studies evaluated the effective
horizontal pressure coefficient of the embankment, and vertical settlements of the

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embankment. The results from the finite element analysis were compared to previous
studies using Slope/W and field investigation data, as shown Table 1.
Table 1. Horizontal Pressure Coefficients
Model Description

Effective Horizontal
Pressure Coefficient

Limit Equilibrium Geotechnical Study with Slope/W

0.61

ANSYS Model

0.62

Soil Deformation Studies

The settlement of the embankment at Hume Dam has been measured at various locations
since the rockfill berm was constructed. For example, the measured settlement of the
embankment near the deadman wall has reached 550 mm at select locations. The
measured settlement was compared to the computed displacements from the finite
element model. For example, the Youngs modulus for the embankment material
adjacent to the STW (backfill) was assumed equal to 4 MPa (580 lb/in2) based on results
from these sensitivity studies.
STW Deflection Studies
The horizontal displacements at the crest of the STW have been recorded since the
construction of the rockfill berm. The measurements indicate that the STW has deflected
into the embankment between 4 and 9 millimeters (0.16 to 0.36 inches). It has been
postulated that the catenary action due to the settlement of the embankment has caused
the horizontal anchors to increase in tension and pulled the STW into the embankment.
The settlement of the embankment would potentially result in an increase in the tensile
load on the horizontal anchors, which would cause the STW to deflect towards the
embankment. Studies were performed crest deflection of the STW with increased load
from the horizontal anchors. The results indicate that an increase in the horizontal anchor
load of 20 percent would result in the measured horizontal deformation in the STW.
RESULTS FROM STRUCTURAL ANALYSES
Usual Load Combination (USLC)
This usual loading condition, USLC, evaluated the dam for static loads due to gravity,
embankment soil pressures, hydrostatic pressure (due to the normal embankment phreatic
water level, uplift, and tailwater), post-tensioned anchors, rockfill berm, construction of
the buttress, and decommissioning of the horizontal anchors. Each individual load was
applied to the finite element model through a series of load steps. The change in the
horizontal crest displacement of the model due to the loads is shown in Figure 7. The
purpose for evaluating the individual loads steps was to provide engineers a better
understanding regarding the contribution each load has to the overall behavior of the

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structure. It also provides a basis for comparison of the behavior between the total usual,
extreme, and post-earthquake loading conditions.

Figure 7. STW crest deformation versus load steps.

Figure 8. Vertical stress contours for Load Step 2, original design load.

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Load Step 2 Original Design Load Condition

The vertical stress results due load step 2 are shown in Figure 8. The results show that
tensile stress develops on the embankment face of the STW. These tensile stresses are
greater than the allowable tensile strength (0.33 MPa, or 50 lb/in2), but less than the
estimated breaking tensile strength for intact concrete (1.0 MPa, or 145 lb/in2). An
important note; the historical performance of the STW for decades under this loading
condition suggests that the STW behaved as the designers intended. Therefore, the
following hypothesis regarding the known behavior of the STW and the results from the
finite element analysis were discussed as a part of the evaluation process:

The finite element model representation of the load on the STW is relatively accurate,
and the concrete strength is greater than assumed.

The structural capacity of the wall is greater than assumed in the finite element
model.

The material parameters used to simulate the behavior of the embankment is overly
conservative in the finite element analysis.

After review and discussion of the studies, it was concluded that both the twodimensional finite element model and soil parameters used to simulate the behavior of the
embankment are likely overly conservative. However, if the studies were to conclude
that the STW has adequate capacity for all assumed loading conditions, then the
conservative model would be acceptable and further refinement of the modeling
assumptions would not be necessary. At the end of the studies, the stability against
overturning and sliding for load step 2 was considered to be stable based on the historical
performance.
Load Step 5 Current Load Condition
The evaluation for load step 5 included the effects of gravity, embankment pressures,
hydrostatic pressures, post-tension anchors forces, and the added load due to the rockfill
berm. This is considered the current condition of the STW. The vertical stress results in
the STW are shown in Figure 9.

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Figure 9. Vertical stress contours for Load Step 5, current loading condition.
As expected, that additional load due to the rockfill berm results in an increase in tensile
stress on the embankment face of the STW. As previously discussed, the installed subvertical post-tension tendons add moment capacity to the STW. The actual (demand)
moment on the STW was compared to the moment capacity, as computed using the
moment-interaction diagram shown on Figure 4. The results for the critical section of the
STW are shown in Figure 10. The demand capacity ratio (DCR) for concrete is defined
as the ratio of moment on the structure (demand), divided by the flexural capacity of the
post-tensioned section, and is equal to 0.72. Based on the results, the potential for failure
due to overstressing is very unlikely due to load step 5.

Figure 10. Moment interaction diagram for STW at EL. 150.6

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The potential for instability due to overturning and sliding for load step 5 was considered
very unlikely, due to the historical performance for the STW.
Load Step 7 Final Design Load Combination (concrete buttress with decommission
horizontal anchors)
The evaluation for load step 7 includes the effect of gravity, embankment pressures,
hydrostatic pressures, post-tension anchors forces, rockfill berm, concrete buttress, and
proposed decommissioning of the horizontal post-tension anchor. The vertical stress
results are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Vertical stress contours for Load Step 7, final loading condition
The results show that there is an increase in crest displacement towards the spillway of
5.5 millimeters due to the release of the horizontal anchor (see Figure 7).
The decommissioning of the horizontal anchor increases the load on the concrete
buttress, as shown by the compressive stress contours in Figure 11. The results from the
study showed that the concrete buttress will resists the movement of the STW as it
rebounds towards the spillway after the decommissioning of the horizontal anchor. The
stresses in the buttress are compressive, and below the allowable compressive limit of the
concrete, and the demand moment is less than the capacity as shown in Figure 12.

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Figure 12. Moment interaction diagram for STW

at EL. 150.6

The results could indicate that the

embankment side of the STW
would undergo cracking, due to the
tensile stresses. However, if
cracking were to develop the load
would be transferred to the vertical
post-tension anchors. Therefore, to
evaluate the structural capacity of
the STW must include the effect of
the anchors.

The bending demand and capacity

for the STW are shown in Figure
12. The computed moment is within the moment-axial capacity curve, which means that
the DCR is less than 1.0 (computed to be 0.78). Therefore, the wall is considered to have
adequate structural capacity against overstressing.
Overturning is not a concern due to the post-tension anchors. In addition, since the DCR
is less than one the potential for overturning is eliminated.
The computed sliding factors of safety for the sliding planes are all greater than or equal
to the required sliding stability factor of 2.0, so the potential for sliding instability is
unlikely.
Upper Section (OS 31) Extreme Load Combination (EXLC)
The extreme load combination was evaluated using several different seismic events to
simulate possible ground motions at the dam site. The safety evaluation earthquake
(SEE) corresponds to a 1-in-10,000 year event. Two of the scaled time-history
accelerations from Coalinga and Mammoth Lake seismic events were used to simulate
the SEE. The operational basis earthquake (OBE) was assumed to correspond to the 1in- 2,500-year frequency event, and was simulated using a scaled record from the
Landers seismic event.
The results from the seismic analysis
showing the horizontal crest
deflection of OS 31 to the STW is
shown in Figure 13. From the results,
the following observations can be
made from the results:

The results from the 10,000-year

seismic events indicate that the
maximum amplitude of crest
deflection will be approximately
18 millimeters, and there will be
approximately 3 millimeters of
permanent deformation towards
the spillway.

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Figure 13. Crest deflection time-history for the

seismic analysis

Innovative Dam and Levee Design and Construction

The results from the 2,500-year seismic event indicate that the maximum amplitude
of crest deflection will be approximately 7 millimeters, and there will be
approximately 2.0 millimeters of permanent deformation towards the spillway.

The results from the finite element analysis show that the Coalinga earthquake event was
the most severe seismic load and that the most critical time was 11.58 seconds into the
earthquake. The vertical stress contours at time 11.58 seconds are shown on Figure 14.
The results show an isolated area of tensile stress develops on the embankment face of
the STW. The maximum stress is less than the assumed tensile strength of the concrete,
which suggests that the structure has adequate capacity for this assumed load. However,
if the concrete in the STW does not have any tensile strength (e.g. lift joints) then the
section would crack and the load would be transferred to sub-vertical post-tensioned
anchors.

Figure 14. Vertical stress results for the Coalinga seismic analysis.
The results from the analysis were also evaluated for the bending moment DCR. The
DCR results during the Coalinga earthquake event for selected elevations in the STW are
shown on Figure 15.
The critical section regarding moment demand versus capacity is at EL. 150, which
corresponds to the top of the spillway slab. The spillway slab effectively fixes the base
of the STW against significant rotation, which is why the maximum moment develops at
that elevation. The computed DCR is less than 1.0 for all of the sections of the STW
during the 10,000-year earthquake events. Based on these results, the STW will be
expected to behave as a linear system, and instability due to overstressing is very
unlikely.

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Figure 15. Bending Moment DCR for Coalinga seismic analysis.

Overturning is not a concern because of the post-tension anchor loads. The computed
sliding factors of safety are greater than or equal the recommended value of 1.1.
Therefore, the stability of the STW at OS 31 is considered adequate for the SEE.
Post-Earthquake Load Combination (PELC)
The post-earthquake load combination assumed that the saturated soil in the embankment
will liquefy after the 10,000-year seismic event. The embankment properties were
modified to simulate long-term static strengths in the dry soil, and liquefied strengths in
the saturated soils. In addition, the concrete core wall in the embankment dam was
assumed to be damaged during the seismic event, and breach through the core wall would
increase the hydrostatic load on the STW.
Additional studies were performed assuming that a crack forms in the concrete at the
most critical section to determine if there was a potential for instability of the STW. The
results from the analysis showed that a potential crack would stabilize and would not
propagate through the thickness of the STW. The results indicate that as cracking
develops the load is transferred to the buttress, and is well within the capacity of the
concrete buttress.
CONCLUSIONS
The major conclusions from the studies are summarized in the following list:

The finite element method was successfully used to simulate the horizontal
embankment loads on the STW structure using the extended Druker-Prager material
model.

The behavior of the STW during the seismic loading condition was evaluated using
demand-capacity ratio, as defined by the USACE methodology. The results indicate
that the structural behavior will remain linear and the potential for development of a

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Innovative Dam and Levee Design and Construction

seepage path between the STW and embankment material due to instability is very
unlikely.

There was confidence in the results from the finite element model due to the
sensitivity studies, which were able to verify the computed displacement from the
model with the measured field deformations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

URS wishes to acknowledge State Water for the opportunity to work on this project.
URS also wished to acknowledge the participation of the Hume Dam Expert Review
Panel (ERP) for their expertise and reviewing of the study.
REFERENCES
1.

American Concrete Institute, "Mass Concrete (ACI 207.1R-96), 1996.

2.
FERC Guidelines. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of
Hydropower Licensing, "Engineering Guidelines for the Evaluation of Hydropower
Projects", Washington, D.C., October 1999, Chapter 11-Arch Dams.
3.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-2100, Engineering and Design
Stability Analysis of Concrete Structures, December 2005.
4.
Lambe, T. William, Robert V. Whitman, Soil Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1969.
5.

ACI 207R, Mass Concrete, Farmington Hills, MI

6.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-6051, Engineering and Design
Time History Dynamic Analysis of Concrete Hydraulic Structures, December 2003.
7.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), Engineering Guidelines for the
Evaluation of Hydropower Projects, Chapter 3 Gravity Dam, 2002.
8.
Author: Sheldon Imaoka, ANSYS Revision 11.0, Memo Number STI:08/02,
March 15, 2008, Subject Sheldons ANSYS.NET Tips and Tricks: Drucker-Prager
Model.

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