Sia3e SSM 08

Chapter 8
Section 8.1
c.
Are You Ready for This Section?
(f
R1. We need to find all values of x that cause the

denominator x 2 + 3x 28 to equal 0.
f ( 3) = 4 ( 3) 3 = 12 3 = 15
f ( 15 ) = 4 ( 15 ) 3 = 60 3 = 63
3. False.
x + 3x 28 = 0
(f
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
( x + 7 )( x 4 ) = 0
4. g ( x ) = 4 x 3
x+7 = 0
or
x = 7 or
5.
x4= 0
x=4
Thus, the domain of R ( x ) =
{x
R2. a.
b.
x 7, x 4} .
x2 9
x 2 + 3x 28
is
f ( x ) = x 2 3x + 1 ; g ( x ) = 3x + 2
a.
(f
= 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 9 x 6 + 1
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + 1
= 8 + 2 +1
= 11
= 9 x 2 + 3x 1
b.
(g
(f
R3. The graph shown is not a function because it

fails the vertical line test.
Section 8.1 Quick Checks
f ( x ) = 4 x 3 ; g ( x ) = x2 + 1
a.
g ( 2) = ( 2) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
f ( 5) = 4 ( 5 ) 3 = 20 3 = 17
2
(f
b.
g )( 2 ) = f ( g ( 2 ) ) = f ( 5 ) = 17
= 3x2 9 x + 5
c.
1. Given two functions f and g, the composite

function, denoted by f ! g, is defined by
(f ! g)(x) = f(g(x)).
= 3x2 9 x + 3 + 2
= 2a 2 + 4a + 2 a 1 + 1
= 2a 2 + 3a + 2
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
= 3 x2 3x + 1 + 2
f ( a + 1) = 2 ( a + 1) ( a + 1) + 1
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= ( 3x + 2 ) 3 ( 3 x + 2 ) + 1
= 2 a 2 + 2a + 1 ( a + 1) + 1
2.
f )( 3) = f ( f ( 3) ) = f ( 15 ) = 63
g )( 2 ) = 9 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 ) 1
= 9 ( 4 ) + 3 ( 2 ) 1
= 36 6 1
= 29
2
6. A function is one-to-one if any two different

inputs in the domain correspond to two different
outputs in the range. That is, if x1 and x2 are
two different inputs to a function f, then
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ).
7. Since the two friends (inputs) Max and Yolanda
share the same birthday (output) of November 8,
this function is not one-to-one.
f ( 2) = 4 ( 2) 3 = 8 3 = 5
8. The function is one-to-one because there are no

two distinct inputs that correspond to the same
output.
g ( 5 ) = ( 5 ) + 1 = 25 + 1 = 26
9. a.
(g
f )( 2 ) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g ( 5 ) = 26
The graph fails the horizontal line test. For

example, the line y = 1 will intersect the
graph of f in four places. Therefore, the
function is not one-to-one.
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
681
Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

b.
The graph passes the horizontal line test

because every horizontal line will intersect
the graph of f exactly once. Thus, the
function is one-to-one.
SSM: Intermediate Algebra
15.
10. The inverse of the one-to-one function is:
Right Tibia
36.05
35.57
34.58
34.20
34.73
Right Humerus
24.80
24.59
24.29
23.81
24.87
The domain of the inverse function is

{36.05, 35.57, 34.58, 34.20, 34.73}.
The range of the inverse function is
{24.80, 24.59, 24.29, 23.81, 24.87}.
11. To obtain the inverse, we switch the x- and
y-coordinates:
{( 3, 3) , ( 2, 2 ) , (1, 1) , ( 0, 0 ) , ( 1, 1)}
g 1 ( g ( x)) =
y = x5 + 3
x = y5 + 3
x 3 = y5
5
( x) = 5 x 3
) (5 x 3)
f f 1 ( x ) =
+3 = x 3+ 3 = x
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) = x5 + 3 3 = x5 = x
5
8.1 Exercises
(2, 0)
5
17.
(4,2)
f ( x ) = 2x + 5 ; g ( x ) = x 4
a.
g ( 3) = 3 4 = 1
f ( 1) = 2 ( 1) + 5 = 3
( f g )( 3) = f ( g ( 3) ) = f ( 1) = 3
b.
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 5 = 1
g (1) = 1 4 = 3
( g f )( 2 ) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g (1) = 3
c.
f (1) = 2 (1) + 5 = 7
f ( 7 ) = 2 ( 7 ) + 5 = 19
( f f )(1) = f ( f (1) ) = f ( 7 ) = 19
13. True.
14. False. The notation f 1 ( x ) represents the
inverse function for the function f ( x ) .
682
x 3 = y
Check:
12. To plot the inverse, switch the x- and ycoordinates of each point and connect the
corresponding points. The graph of the function
(shaded) and the line y = x (dashed) are
included for reference.
(5 x 1) + 1 5 x
=
=x
5
5
f ( x ) = x5 + 3
16.
is {3, 2, 1, 0,1} .
(1, 3)
x +1
Check: g g 1 ( x ) = 5
1 = x + 11 = x
5
The domain of the inverse function is

{3, 2, 1, 0, 1} . The range of the inverse function
(0, 4)
g ( x ) = 5x 1
y = 5x 1
x = 5 y 1
x +1 = 5y
x +1
=y
5
x +1
g 1 ( x ) =
5
d.
19.
g ( 4 ) = 4 4 = 8
g ( 8 ) = 8 4 = 12
( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 8) = 12
d.
g ( 27 ) = 2 ( 27 ) + 5
= 2 ( 729 ) + 5
= 1453
( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 27 ) = 1453
f ( x ) = x2 + 4 ; g ( x ) = 2 x + 3
a.
g ( 3 ) = 2 ( 3) + 3 = 9
23.
f ( 9 ) = ( 9 ) + 4 = 85
(f
b.
c.
f ( x ) = x 10 ; g ( x ) =
g )( 3) = f ( g ( 3) ) = f ( 9 ) = 85
a.
f ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) + 4 = 8
g ( 8 ) = 2 ( 8 ) + 3 = 19
2
(g
f )( 2 ) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g ( 8 ) = 19
b.
f (1) = (1) + 4 = 5
2
f ( 5) = ( 5 ) + 4 = 29
( f f )(1) = f ( f (1) ) = f ( 5) = 29
d.
21.
g ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) + 3 = 5
g ( 5 ) = 2 ( 5 ) + 3 = 7
( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 5) = 7
c.
g ( 3) = 2 ( 3) + 5 = 2 ( 9 ) + 5 = 13
3
f ( 13) = 2 ( 13) = 4394

( f g )( 3) = f ( g ( 3) ) = f ( 13) = 4394
b.
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) = 2 ( 8 ) = 16
c.
f (1) = 2 (1) = 2
3
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) = 16
( f f )(1) = f ( f (1) ) = f ( 2 ) = 16
f ( 2 ) = 2 10 = 12 = 12
12
12 4
=
=
g (12 ) =
12 + 3 15 5
f )( 2 ) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g (12 ) =
25.
4
5
f (1) = 1 10 = 9 = 9
f ( 9 ) = 9 10 = 1 = 1
f )(1) = f ( f (1) ) = f ( 9 ) = 1
12
12
=
= 12
4 + 3 1
12
12
4
=
=
g ( 12 ) =
3
12 + 3 9
g ( 4 ) =
(g
g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 12 ) =
4
3
f ( x ) = x + 1 ; g ( x) = 2x
g ( 16 ) = 2 ( 16 ) + 5
= 2 ( 256 ) + 5
= 507
g
f
(
)( 2 ) = g ( f ( 2 ) ) = g ( 16 ) = 507
12
12
=
=2
3+3 6
f ( 2 ) = 2 10 = 8 = 8
( f g )( 3) = f ( g ( 3) ) = f ( 2 ) = 8
(f
d.
12
x+3
g ( 3) =
(g
f ( x ) = 2 x3 ; g ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5
a.
g ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) + 5 = 2 (16 ) + 5 = 27
a.
(f
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = ( 2 x ) + 1 = 2 x + 1
b.
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = 2 ( x + 1) = 2 x + 2
c.
(f
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) = ( x + 1) + 1 = x + 2
d.
(g
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) ) = 2 ( 2 x ) = 4 x
683
27.
f ( x ) = 2 x + 7 ; g ( x ) = 4 x + 5
a.
b.
c.
d.
29.
(f
(g
(f
(g
33.
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
(f
f ( x ) = x + 4 ; g ( x ) = x2 4
a.
= 2 ( 4 x + 5 ) + 7
= 8 x + 10 + 7
= 8 x + 17
b.
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
31.
684
= x 2 + 8 x + 16 4
= x 2 + 8 x + 12
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) )
= 2 (2x + 7) + 7
= 4 x + 14 + 7
= 4 x + 21
c.
(f
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) = x + 4 + 4
d.
(g
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) )
= x2 4
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) )
= x 8 x + 16 4
= 4 ( 4 x + 5 ) + 5
= 16 x 20 + 5
= 16 x 15
= x 4 8 x 2 + 12
35.
f ( x) =
( )
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
2
2
2x
=
=
=
1
1+ x x +1
+1
x
x
where x 1, 0 .
b.
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
1
x +1 x +1
=
= 1
=
2
2
2
x +1
where x 1 .
c.
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) )
2
2
=
=
2
2 + x +1
+1
x +1
x +1
x + 1 2 ( x + 1)
= 2
=
x+3
x+3
where x 1, 3 .
d.
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = x 2 3 = x 2 3
( )
2 2
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) = x
d.
(g
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) ) = ( x 3) 3 = x 6
= x4
f ( x) = x ; g ( x) = x + 4
a.
(f
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = x + 4
b.
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = x + 4
c.
(f
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) =
x =4x
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) ) = ( x + 4 ) + 4 = x + 8
2
1
; g ( x) =
x +1
x
a.
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
(f
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
(g
= 4 ( 2 x + 7 ) + 5
= 8 x 28 + 5
= 8 x 23
c.
d.
(g
= ( x + 4 ) 4 = ( x + 4) 4
= ( x 3) = x 2 6 x + 9
b.
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
(f
= x2 4 + 4 = x2 = x2
f ( x ) = x2 ; g ( x ) = x 3
a.
(f
(g
(f
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) ) =
where x 0 .
1
x
= 1
x
=x
1
37. The function is one-to-one. Each element in the

range corresponds to exactly one element in the
domain.
5
(4, 2)
39. The function is not one-to-one. There is an

element in the range (57.3) that corresponds to
more than one element in the domain (Spain and
China).
domain.
43. The function is not one-to-one. There are
elements in the range (2 and 4) that correspond
to more than one element in the domain.
5
(2, 3)
5
53. Inverse:
Weight (g)
2.500
5.000
2.268
5.670
11.340
8.100
(0, 2)
( 3, 3)
5
47. The graph passes the horizontal line test, so the

graph is that of a one-to-one function.

(0, 2)
61. To plot the inverse, switch the x- and ycoordinates in each point and connect the

domain.
49. The graph fails the horizontal line test.

Therefore, the function is not one-to-one.
(1, 0) 5
(2, 0)
(3, 1)
x
5
5
(4, 3)
y
U. S. Coin
Cent
Nickel
Dime
Quarter
Half Dollar
Dollar
55. To obtain the inverse, we switch the x- and ycoordinates.

Inverse: {( 3, 0 ) , ( 4,1) , ( 5, 2 ) , ( 6,3)}
(1, 0)
5
65.
1 , 1
2
1 , 2
4
f ( g ( x ) ) = ( x 5) + 5 = x
g ( f ( x ) ) = ( x + 5) 5 = x
Since f ( g ( x ) ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = x , the two

Inverse: {( 3, 2 ) , (1, 1) , ( 3, 0 ) , ( 9,1)}
(4, 2)
(2, 1)
functions are inverses of each other.

67.
x7
f ( g ( x )) = 5
+7 = x7+7 = x
5
( 5x + 7 ) 7 5x
g ( f ( x )) =
=
=x
5
5

685
69.
3
3
x
= = 3 = x
3
3
3
+ 1 1 x
x
3
x 1
g ( f ( x )) =
+1 = 3
+1 = x 1+1 = x
3
3
x 1
f ( g ( x )) =
77.

71.
Check:
f ( g ( x ) ) = 3 x3 4 + 4 = x 3 = x
g ( f ( x )) =
x+4

73.
f ( x ) = 6x
y = 6x
x = 6y
x
=y
6
x
f 1 ( x ) =
6
Check:
79. G ( x ) = 2 5 x
y = 2 5x
x = 2 5y
x 2 = 5 y
x2
=y
5
2 x
=y
5
2 x
G 1 ( x ) =
5
x
f f 1 ( x ) = 6 = x
6
Check:
f ( x) = x + 4
y = x+4
x = y+4
x4 = y
G 1 ( G ( x ) ) =
f f 1 ( x ) = ( x 4 ) + 4 = x
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) = ( x + 4 ) 4 = x
2 ( 2 5x )
5
5x
=x
5
g ( x ) = x3 + 3
81.
y = x3 + 3
f 1 ( x ) = x 4
Check:
2 x
G G 1 ( x ) = 2 5
= 2 (2 x) = x
5
6x
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) =
=x
6
75.
x+7
h h1 ( x ) = 2
7 = x+77 = x
2
(2x 7) + 7 2x
h 1 ( h ( x ) ) =
=
=x
2
2
4 = x+44 = x
h ( x) = 2x 7
y = 2x 7
x = 2y 7
x + 7 = 2y
x+7
=y
2
x+7
h 1 ( x ) =
2
x = y3 + 3
x 3 = y3
3
x3 = y
g 1 ( x ) = 3 x 3
Check:
) (
3
g g 1 ( x ) = 3 x 3 + 3 = x 3 + 3 = x
g 1 ( g ( x ) ) = x3 + 3 3 = x3 = x
3
686
1
x+3
1
y=
x+3
1
x=
y+3
87.
p ( x) =
83.
y = 3 x2
x = 3 y2
x3 = y 2
x3 + 2 = y
f 1 ( x ) = x3 + 2
1
x
1
y = 3
x
1
1
p ( x) = 3
x
y+3 =
Check:
p p 1 ( x ) =
p 1 ( p ( x ) ) =
85.
1
1
3 + 3
x
1
x
= 1 = x
1
1
x
1
3 = x +33 = x
1
x+3
R ( x) =
y=
x=
x ( y + 2) =
xy + 2 x =
2x =
x
x+2
x
x+2
y
y+2
y
y
y xy
Check: R R
5
5
x
= = 5 = x
5 5
5
22
x x
F 1 ( F ( x ) ) = 2
89.
5
y = 2 +
x
5
y = 2
x
5
1
F ( x) = 2
x
2 x = y (1 x )
2x
=y
1 x
2x
R 1 ( x ) =
1 x
5
x
F F 1 ( x ) =
3
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) = 3 x 2 + 2 = x 2 + 2 = x
5
2 x
5
y=
2 x
5
x=
2 y
Check:
Check: f f 1 ( x ) = x3 + 2 2 = x3 = x
F ( x) =
2 y =
f ( x) = 3 x 2
5
= 2 (2 x) = x
5
2 x
( x))
2x
2x
1 x
= 1 x =
2x
2x + 2 2x
+2
1 x
1 x
2x 1 x
=
=x
1 x 2
x
2x
2
x+2
1
+2
x
=
R ( R ( x)) =
x
x+2 x
1
x+2
x+2
2x x + 2
=
=x
x+2 2
687
101. To find the domain and range of the inverse, we

simply switch the values for the domain and
range of the function.
f ( x) = 3 x 1 + 4
91.
y = 3 x 1 + 4
x = 3 y 1 + 4
x4 =
y 1
Range of g
103.
f f 1 ( x ) = 3 ( x 4 ) + 1 1 + 4
3
= 3 ( x 4) + 4
= x4+4
=x
( 3 x 1 + 4) 4
3
= ( 3 x 1) + 1
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) =
+1
93. A ( r ) = r ; r ( t ) = 20t
A ( t ) = A ( r ( t ) ) = ( 20t ) = 400t
T ( x ) = 0.15 ( x 8700 ) + 870

T = 0.15 ( x 8700 ) + 870
T = 0.15 x 1305 + 870
T = 0.15 x 435
T + 435 = 0.15 x
T + 435
=x
0.15
T + 435
x (T ) =
0.15
To determine the restrictions, we find
T ( 8700 ) = 0.15 ( 8700 8700 ) + 870 = 870 and
(f
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= 2( x + a) ( x + a) + 5
= 2 x 2 + 2ax + a 2 x a + 5
= 2 x + 4ax + 2a x a + 5
x
95. A ( x ) = ; C ( A) = 18 A
9
a.
x
C ( x ) = C ( A ( x ) ) = 18 = 2 x
9
b.
The area of the room is 15 21 = 315 sq ft.
C ( 315 ) = 2 ( 315 ) = 630

It will cost $630 to install the carpet.
f 1 (12 ) = f 1 ( f ( 4 ) ) = 4
99. To find the domain and range of the inverse, we

simply switch the values for the domain and
range of the function.
The y-intercept is found by letting x = 0 and

solving for y. We know the y-intercept of
( f g )( x ) is (0, 20). Therefore, we get
(f
g )( 0 ) = 2 ( 0 ) + 4a ( 0 ) + 2a 2 0 a + 5
20 = 2a 2 a + 5
0 = 2a 2 a 15
0 = ( 2a + 5 )( a 3)
2a + 5 = 0
or a 3 = 0
2a = 5
a=3
5
a=
2
5
The solution set for a is ,3 .
2
Range of f 1 : [ 0, )
688
T + 435
for 870 T 4867.50 .
0.15
f ( x ) = 2 x2 x + 5 ; g ( x ) = x + a
A ( 3) = 400 ( 3) = 3600 11,309.73 sq ft
Domain of f 1 : [ 5, )
T ( 35,350 ) = 0.15 ( 35,350 8700 ) + 870 = 4867.50.
105.
Thus, x (T ) =
= x 1 +1
=x
97.
( 6,12 )
[ 4,10]
Domain of g 1 :
( x 4 )3 = y 1
( x 4 )3 + 1 = y
3
f 1 ( x ) = ( x 4 ) + 1
Check:

107. Answers may vary. One possibility follows:
A function is one-to-one if each element of the
range corresponds to no more than one element
in the domain. If a function is not one-to-one,
then there is at least one element in the range
that corresponds to more than one element in the
domain. For the inverse, we would switch the
domain and range. Therefore, if a function is not
one-to-one, the domain of its inverse will have at
least one element that corresponds to more than
one element in its range. Hence, the inverse
would not be a function.
By definition, the inverse of a function with
ordered pairs of the form (a, b) is the set of
ordered pairs of the form (b, a). This means that
the set of y-coordinates (i.e., the range) of the
original function will become the set of xcoordinates (i.e., the domain) of the inverse
function. Likewise, the set of x-coordinates (i.e.,
the domain) of the original function will become
the set of y-coordinates (i.e., the range) of the
inverse function.
111.
d.
113.
(g
g )( 4 ) = 12
f ( x ) = x2 + 4 ; g ( x ) = 2 x + 3
a.
(f
g )( 3) = 85
b.
(g
f )( 2 ) = 19
c.
(f
f )(1) = 29
d.
(g
g )( 4 ) = 7
f ( x ) = 2x + 5 ; g ( x ) = x 4
a.
(f
g )( 3) = 3
b.
(g
f )( 2 ) = 3
c.
(f
f )(1) = 19
689
115.
f ( x ) = 2 x3 ; g ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 5
a.
(f
g )( 3) = 4394
b.
(g
f )( 2 ) = 507
c.
d.
117.
(f
(g
4
5
b.
(g
f )( 2 ) =
c.
(f
f )(1) = 1
d.
(g
g )( 4 ) =
4
3
f )(1) = 16
119.
f ( x) = x + 5 ; g ( x) = x 5
121.
f ( x ) = 5x + 7 ; g ( x ) =
g )( 4 ) = 1453
f ( x ) = x 10 ; g ( x ) =
x7
5
12
x+3
Section 8.2
R1. a.
a.
690
(f
g )( 3) = 8
23 = 2 2 2 = 8
1
1
2
b.
21 =
c.
34 = 3 3 3 3 = 81
R2. Locate some points on the graph of f ( x) = x 2 .
f ( x) = x 2
f (3) = (3) = 9
2
f (2) = (2) = 4
f (1) = (1)2 = 1
2
f (0) = 0 = 0
f (1) = 12 = 1
f (2) = 22 = 4
f (3) = 32 = 9
( x, f ( x ) )
( 3, 9 )
( 2, 4 )
( 1, 1)
( 0, 0 )
(1, 1)
( 2, 4 )
( 3, 9 )
Plot the points and connect them with a smooth

curve.
y
(3, 9)
(2, 4)
(0, 0)
R3. A rational number is a number that can be

p
of two integers. The
expressed as a quotient
q
integer p is called the numerator, and the integer
q, which cannot be 0, is called the denominator.
The set of rational numbers is the numbers
p
= x | x = , where p, q are integers and q 0 .
q
R4. An irrational number has a decimal

representation that neither repeats nor
terminates.
R5. a.
b.
R6. a.
b.
Rounding to 4 decimal places, we obtain

3.20349193 3.2035 .
x 7 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 7 or
x = 2
The solution set is {2, 7} .
1. An exponential function is a function of the form
f ( x) = a x where a > 0 and a 1.

21.7 3.249009585
b.
21.73 3.317278183
c.
21.732 3.321880096
d.
21.7321 3.32211036
e.
2 3 3.321997085
3. Locate some points on the graph of f ( x) = 4 x .
x
2
1
0
m m = m
a7
a2
3+ 5
f ( x) = 4 x
( x, f ( x) )
1
1
1
f (2) = 42 =
=
2, 16
2
16
4
1
1
1
f (1) = 41 =
=
1,
4
41 4
f (0) = 40 = 1
( 0, 1)
f (1) = 41 = 4
(1, 4 )

curve.
y
Truncating to 4 decimal places, we obtain

3.20349193 3.2034 .
3
= z 34 = z12
x 2 5 x 14 = 0
( x 7 )( x + 2 ) = 0
(1, 1)
(1, 1)
x 2 5 x = 14
R7.
2. a.
(3, 9)
(2, 4)
( z3 )
c.
1_
1,
4
f ( x) = 4x
(1, 4)
(0, 1)
5
=m
=a
72
=a
The domain of f is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of f is
{ y | y > 0}
or , using interval notation, (0, ) .

691
4. The graph of every exponential function

1
f ( x) = a x passes through three points: 1, ,

a
(0, 1), and (1, a).
8. Locate some points on the graph of f ( x) = 2 x 1 .
5. True.
6. False. The range of the exponential function
f ( x ) = a , a > 0, a 1 is ( 0, ) .
x
7. Locate some points on the graph of

x
1
f ( x) = .
4
1
f (1) =
4
= 41 = 4
0
1
f (0) = = 1
4
1
1
f (1) = =
4
4
( 1, 4 )
( 0, 1)
1
1,
4
1
_
f ( x) =
4 5
(0, 1)
5
f (0) = 2
=2
1
2
1
1
2
f (1) = 211 = 20 = 1
f (2) = 221 = 21 = 2
31
=2 =4
4 1
= 23 = 8
f (4) = 2
1
4
1
2
f (3) = 2
1,
4
1
0, 2
(1, 1)
( 2, 2 )
( 3, 4 )
( 4, 8)
f ( x ) = 2 x 1
9
1
_
0,
2
1
_
1,
4
(4, 8)
(3, 4)
(2, 2)
(1, 1)

{ y | y > 0}
f ( x) = 3 x + 1 .
1
_
1,
4
x
5

{ y | y > 0}
01
( x, f ( x) )
1
1
1
f (2) = =
2, 16
4
16


curve.
(1, 4)
f (1) = 211 = 22 =

curve.
1
f ( x) =
4
( x, f ( x) )
f ( x) = 2 x 1
f ( x) = 3 x + 1
( x, f ( x) )
1
10
10
f (2) = 32 + 1 = + 1 =
2,
9
9
9
1
4
4
f (1) = 31 + 1 = + 1 =
1,
3
3
3
0
f (0) = 3 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
( 0, 2 )
f (1) = 31 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4
1
2
f (2) = 3 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10
(1, 4 )
( 2, 10 )

curve.
692

y
_4
1,
3
10
__
2,
9
f ( x) = 3x +1
10
(2, 10)
2x
(1, 4)
x2 3 = 2 x

10. e 2.71828
e4 54.598
b.
e4 0.018
12. 5 x 4 = 51
x 4 = 1
x=3
The solution set is {3} .
13. 3x + 2 = 81
3x + 2 = 34
x+2= 4
x=2
14.
e x = e x e4 x
x2 2 x 3 = 0
( x + 1)( x 3) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 1 or
x=3

16. a.
F (10) = 1 e 0.25(10) 0.918 .

The likelihood that a person will arrive
within 10 minutes of 3:00 P.M. is 0.918, or
91.8%.
b.
F (25) = 1 e0.25( 25) 0.998 .

The likelihood that a person will arrive
within 25 minutes of 3:00 P.M. is 0.998, or
99.8%.
10
17. a.
x2 = 5x
1 18.72
A (10 ) = 10
6.91 .
2
After 10 days, approximately 6.91 grams of
thorium-227 will be left in the sample.
18.72
b.
e x = e5 x
x2 5x = 0
x( x 5) = 0
x = 0 or x 5 = 0
x=5
= 22 x
2
2 x 3 = 2 2 x
11. a.
23
(0, 2)
{ y | y > 1}
2x
= 22 x
8
15.
18.72
1
A (18.72 ) = 10
= 5.
2
After 18.72 days, 5 grams of thorium-227
will be left in the sample.
74.88
c.
18.72
1
A ( 74.88 ) = 10
= 0.625 .
2
After 74.88 days, 0.625 gram of thorium227 will be left in the sample.
100
1 18.72
d. A (100 ) = 10
0.247 .
2
After 100 days, approximately 0.247 gram
of thorium-227 will be left in the sample.
693

18. We use the compound interest formula with
P = $2000 , r = 0.05, and n = 12 , so that
12t
0.05
A = 2000 1 +
12
a.
23. g. f ( x) = 2 x 1 because the following points

are on the graph:
The value of the account after t = 1 years is

12(1)
0.05
A = 2000 1 +
12
1
0
f ( x) = 2 x 1
( x, f ( x ) )
1
1
1
f (1) = 21 1 = 1 =
1,
2
2
2
0
f (0) = 2 1 = 1 1 = 0
( 0, 0 )
(1, 1)
f (1) = 21 1 = 2 1 = 1
12
0.05
= 2000 1 +
12
b.
$2102.32
The value of the account after t = 15 years

12(15)
0.05
is A = 2000 1 +
12
180
0.05
= 2000 1 +
12
c.
$4227.41
The value of the account after t = 30 years

12(30)
0.05
is A = 2000 1 +
12
0.05
= 2000 1 +
12
8.2 Exercises
19. a.
2.2
11.212
b.
32.23 11.587
c.
32.236 11.664
d.
32.2361 11.665
e.
21. a.
11.665
43.1 73.517
b.
43.14 77.708
c.
43.142 77.924
d.
43.1416 77.881
e.
4 77.880
25. e. f ( x) = 2 x because the following points are

on the graph:
x
1
0
1
$8935.49
f (1) = 21 = 2
(1, 2 )
27. f. f ( x) = 2 x + 1 because the following points are

on the graph:
360
( x, f ( x ) )
1
1
f (1) = 21 =
1,
2
2
0
f (0) = 2 = 1
( 0, 1)
f ( x) = 2 x
f ( x) = 2 x + 1
1
3
f (1) = 21 + 1 = + 1 =
2
2
f (0) = 20 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
f (1) = 21 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
( x, f ( x ) )
3
1,
2
( 0, 2 )
(1, 3)
29. h. f ( x) = 2 x because the following points are

on the graph:
x
1
0
1
f ( x) = 2 x
1
f (1) = 2 ( ) = 21 = 2
f (0) = 20 = 20 = 1
1
f (1) = 21 =
2
( x, f ( x ) )
( 1, 2 )
( 0, 1)
1
1,
2
x
2
1
0
f ( x) = 5 x
( x, f ( x ) )
1
1
1
=
f (2) = 52 =
2,
2
25
25
5
1 1
1
f (1) = 51 = =
1,
1
5
5
5
f (0) = 50 = 1
( 0, 1)
f (1) = 51 = 5
(1, 5 )

694

curve.
35. Locate some points on the graph of h( x) = 2 x + 2 .
y
f ( x ) = 5x
5
5

{ y | y > 0} or, using interval notation,
(0, ) .
( x,
1
8
2
1
1
4 h(4) = 24 + 2 = 22 =
=
2
4
2
1
1
3 h(3) = 23+ 2 = 21 =
=
21 2
5
h( x ) = 2 x + 2
h(5) = 25+ 2 = 23 =
h(2) = 22+ 2 = 20 = 1
h(1) = 21+ 2 = 21 = 2
0+2
=2 =4
1+ 2
= 23 = 8
h(0) = 2
h(1) = 2
1
F ( x) = .
5
x
1
F ( x) =
5
1
1
1 F (1) = = 51 = 5
5
x
1
F (0) = = 1
5
1
1 1
F (1) = =
5 5
0
1
1
F ( x) = _
5
( x, F ( x ) )
y
9
h( x ) = 2 x +2
( 1, 5)
( 0, 1)
1
1,
5
1
2,
25
The domain of h is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of h is
{ y | y > 0} or , using interval notation,
(0, ) .
f ( x) = 2 x + 3 .
x
5
( 1, 2 )
( 0, 4 )
(1, 8)

curve.
1
1
F (2) = =
25
5
curve.
2
h( x ) )
1
5,
8
4,
4
3,
2
2,
1
(
)
2
1
The domain of F is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of F is
(0, ) .
f ( x) = 2 x + 3
( x, f ( x ) )
1
13
13
f (2) = 22 + 3 = + 3 =
2,
4
4
4
1
7
7
f (1) = 21 + 3 = + 3 =
1,
2
2
2
0
f (0) = 2 + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4
( 0, 4 )
f (1) = 21 + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
1
2
f (2) = 2 + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7
(1, 5 )
( 2, 7 )

curve.
695

y
f ( x) = 2x + 3
1
P( x) =
3
x2
.
x 2

1
P( x) =
3
02
2
1
1
= = 32 = 9
0 P(0) =
3
3
{ y | y > 3}
1
F ( x) = 1 .
2
x
3
1
F ( x) = 1
2
3
1
F (3) = 1 = 8 1 = 7
2
2
( x,
F ( x) )
( 2, 3)
1
F (0) = 1 = 1 1 = 0
2
1
1
1
1
F (1) = 1 = 1 =
2
2
2
( 0, 0 )
0
1
2
3
1
3
1
F (2) = 1 = 1 =
4
4
2
3
1
7
1
F (3) = 1 = 1 =
8
8
2
1,
2
2,
4
3,
8
The domain of F is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of F is
{ y | y > 1}
696
2 2
= 31 = 3
0
( 0, 9 )
(1, 3)
( 2, 1)
1
3,
3
1
4,
9

curve.
( 1, 1)
1
F (x) = _ 1
2
P( x) )

curve.
y
( 3, 7 )
1
F (2) = 1 = 4 1 = 3
2
1
1
1 F (1) = 1 = 2 1 = 1
2
1
=
3
1
1
P(2) =
= =1
3
3
3 2
1
1

1 1
P(3) =
= =
3
3 3
42
2
1
1
1
P (4) =
= =
9
3
3
1 2
1
P(1) =
3
( x,
1
P( x) = _
3
x 2
The domain of P is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of P is

43. a.
3.12.7 21.217
b.
3.142.72 22.472
c.
3.1422.718 22.460
d.
3.14162.7183 22.460
e.
e 22.459
45. e2 7.389
47. e2 0.135
(0, ) .
49. e2.3 9.974
51. Locate some points on the graph of g ( x) = e x 1 .
g ( x) = e x 1
( x, g ( x ) )
0.135 1,
e
01
1 1
g (0) = e
= e = 0.368
0,
e
g (1) = e11 = e0 = 1
(1,
1 g (1) = e 11 = e2 =
0
1
g (2) = e 21 = e1 = e 2.718
31
g (3) = e
= e 7.389
e2
1
e
1)
( 2, e )
3, e 2

curve.
y
g ( x) = e
(0, ) .
53. Locate some points on the graph

of f ( x ) = 2e x .
or, using interval notation, ( , 0 ) .
55. 2 x = 25
x=5
57. 3 x = 81
{ y | y < 0}
3 x = 34
x = 4
x = 4
The domain of g is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of g is
The domain of f is all real numbers, or using

interval notation, ( , ) . The range of f is
x 1
x
1
f(x) = 2ex
( x, f ( x ) )
f ( x ) = 2e x
1
1
59. =
2
32

x
5
1
1
=

2
2
x=5
61. 5 x 2 = 125
5 x 2 = 53
x2=3
x=5
2
2
f ( 1) = 2e1 = 0.736 1,
e
e
0
f ( 0 ) = 2e = 2
( 0, 2 )
f (1) = 2e1 = 2e 5.437
f ( 2 ) = 2e 14.778
f ( 3) = 2e3 40.171
(1, 2e )
( 2, 2e2 )
(3, 2e3 )

curve.
63.
4x = 8
( 22 )
= 23
22 x = 23
2x = 3
3
x=
2
3
The solution set is .
2
697

65. 2 x +5 = 16 x
( )
2 x +5 = 24
2 x +5 = 24 x
x + 5 = 4x
5 = 5x
1= x
67.
3x
= 27 x
3x
= 33
x 2 4
3x
( )
1
73. 25 = 0
5
x
1
= 25
5
(51 )
75.
69.
2 x
4 2
(2 )
( )
2 x = 24
22 x 2 x = 28
2x
+2 x
= 28
x2 + 2x = 8
x2 + 2 x 8 = 0
( x + 4)( x 2) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 4 or
x=2
71.
2 x 8 = 4 x 3
( )
2 x 23 = 22
79.
e x = e3 x + 4
x = 3x + 4
2 x = 4
x = 2
(ex )
= e3 x 2
e 2 x = e3 x 2
2 x = 3x 2
x = 2
x=2
81. a.
x 3
2 x + 3 = 22 x 6
x + 3 = 2x 6
x = 9
x=9
698
= 16
x2 = 4
x= 4
x = 2
77.
= 16
2 x = 24
x 2 3x 4 = 0
( x 4)( x + 1) = 0
x 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 4 or
x = 1
x2
(2x )
x 2 4 = 3x
= 52
5 x = 52
x = 2
x = 2
=3
b.
f (3) = 23 = 8 .
The point (3, 8) is on the graph of f.
1
8
1
2x =
8
1
x
2 =
= 23
23
x = 3
1
The point 3, is on the graph of f.

8
f ( x) =
83. a.
b.
1
3
1 = .
4
4
3
The point 1, is on the graph of g.

4
g (1) = 41 1 =
g ( x) = 15
89. We use the compound interest formula with

P = $5000 , r = 0.06 , and n = 12 , so that
12t
0.06
A = 5000 1 +
12
a.
12(1)
4 = 16
4 x = 42
x=2
The point (2, 15) is on the graph of g.
1
H (3) = 3 = 3 23 = 3 8 = 24 .
2
The point (3, 24) is on the graph of H.
3
4
x
3
1
3 =
2
4

x
1
1
=
4
2
x

12(5)
A = 5000 (1.005)
$6744.25 .
We use the compound interest formula with

P = $2000 , r = 0.03 , t = 5 , and n = 1 , so
1(5)
b.
P ( 2015 ) = 313 (1.011)
2015 2012
323.443
P ( 2050 ) = 313 (1.011)
2050 2012
c.
4(5)
12(5)
d.
$2323.23 .

P = $2000 , r = 0.03 , t = 5 , and n = 365 ,
so that
0.03
A = 2000 1 +
365
e.
$2322.37 .

P = $2000 , r = 0.03 , t = 5 , and n = 12 , so
0.03
that A = 2000 1 +
12
474.338
474.3 439 = 35.3. The U.S. Census

Bureaus prediction for the population in
2050 is 35.3 million people fewer than that
of the model. Reasons given for the
differences may vary. One possibility is that
perhaps the U.S. Census Bureau expects the
rate of population growth to decline below
1.1% per year over time.
$2318.55 .

P = $2000 , r = 0.03 , t = 5 , and n = 4 , so
0.03
that A = 2000 1 +
According to the model, the population of

the U.S. in 2042 will be approximately
474.3 million people.
c.
$5983.40 .
0.03
that A = 2000 1 +

the U.S. in 2015 will be approximately
b.
12(3)
91. a.
$5308.39 .
A = 5000 (1.005)
H ( x) =
1
1
=
2

2
x=2
3
The point 2, is on the graph of H.
4
87. a.
b.
c.
b.
The value of the account after t = 1 year is
A = 5000 (1.005 )
4 1 = 15
85. a.
12t
= 5000 (1.005 )
365(5)
$2323.65 .
Answers may vary. One possibility follows:

All other things equal, the number of
compounding periods does not have a very
significant impact on the future value. In
this case, for example, the difference
between compounding annually (n = 1) and
daily (n = 365) is only $5.10 over 5 years.
93. a.
V ( 0 ) = 19,841(0.88)0 = 19,841 .
According to the model, the value of a
brand-new Focus is $19,841.
699
b.
V ( 2 ) = 19,841(0.88) 2 15,364.87 .
99. a.

2-year-old Focus is $15,365.
c.
95. a.
b.
b.
We use the equation with E = 120 , R = 10 ,

L = 25 , and t = 0.05 , so that
120
1 e (10/25)0.05 0.238 ampere.
I=
10
b.
We use the equation with E = 240 , R = 10 ,

L = 25 , and t = 0.05 , so that
240
1 e (10/25)0.05 0.475 ampere.
I=
10
27.62
c.
13.81
1
A(27.62) = 100
= 25 .
2
After 27.62 seconds, 25 grams of beryllium11 will be left in the sample.
100
d.
1 13.81
A(100) = 100
0.661 .
2
After 100 seconds, approximately 0.661
gram of beryllium-11 will be left in the
sample.
97. a.
u (5) = 70 + 330e0.072(5) 300.233 .

According to the model, the temperature of
the pizza after 5 minutes will be
approximately 300.233F .
b.
u (10) = 70 + 330e 0.072(10) 230.628 .

c.
700
u (13) = 70 + 330e0.072(13) 199.424 .

approximately 199.424F . Since this is
below 200F , the pizza will be ready to eat
after cooling for 13 minutes.
101. a.
13.81
13.81
1
A(13.81) = 100
= 50 .
2
After 13.81 seconds, 50 grams of beryllium11 will be left in the sample.
L(60) = 200 1 e0.0035(60) 37.88 .

According to the model, the student will
learn approximately 38 words after
60 minutes.
1
1 13.81
A(1) = 100
95.105 .
2
After 1 second, approximately 95.105 grams
of beryllium-11 will be left in the sample.
According to the model, the student will

learn approximately 29 words after
45 minutes.
V ( 5 ) = 19,841(0.88)5 10, 470.73 .

5-year-old Focus is $10,471.
L(45) = 200 1 e 0.0035(45) 29.14 .
103. The exponential function will be of the form
y = a x . Now the function contains the points

1
1, , (0,1) , and (1,3) , so a = 3 . Thus, the

3
equation of the function is y = 3x .

105. As the base a increases, the steeper the graph of
f ( x ) = a x (a > 1) is for x > 0 and the closer the

graph is to the x-axis for x < 0 .
For exponential functions, the base is a constant
and the exponent is the independent variable.
For polynomial functions, the base is the
independent variable and the exponents are
constants (more specifically, whole numbers).
109. a.
b.
x = 2 : x 2 5 x + 1 = ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) + 1
= 4 + 10 + 1
= 15
x = 3 : x 2 5 x + 1 = 32 5 ( 3) + 1
= 9 15 + 1
= 5
111. a.
4
4
4
=
= = undefined
x + 2 2 + 2 0
x = 2 :
b.
x =3:
113. a.
x = 2:
121. Let Y1 = 1.6 x 3 .
4
4
4
=
=
x + 2 3+ 2 5
The domain of F ( x ) = 1.6 x 3 is all real
2 x + 5 = 2(2) + 5
= 4+5 = 9 = 3
b.
numbers, or using interval notation ( , ) .
The range is { y | y > 0} , or using interval
2 x + 5 = 2 (11) + 5
x = 11 :
= 22 + 5
= 27 = 9 3 = 3 3
115. Let Y1 = 1.5 x .
notation ( 0, ) .
Section 8.3
R1.
The domain of f ( x ) = 1.5 x is all real numbers,
or using interval notation ( , ) . The range is
{ y | y > 0} , or using interval notation ( 0, ) .
3x + 2 > 0
3x + 2 2 > 0 2
3 x > 2
3x 2
>
3
3
2
x>
3
2
The solution set is x x > or, using interval
3
notation, , .
3
117. Let Y1 = 0.9 x .
R2.
The domain of H ( x ) = 0.9 x is all real numbers,
or using interval notation ( , ) . The range is
{ y | y > 0} , or using interval notation ( 0, ) .

x
119. Let Y1 = 2.5 + 3 .
The domain of g ( x ) = 2.5 x + 3 is all real
x+2 = x
x+2
x + 2 = x2
0 = x2 x 2
0 = ( x 2 )( x + 1)
x 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2 or
x = 1
Check:
x = 2: 2+2 " 2
4"2
2=2
x = 1 :
numbers, or using interval notation ( , ) .
1 + 2 " 1
1 " 1
1 1
The range is { y | y > 3} , or using interval

notation ( 3, ) .
= ( x)
The potential solution x = 1 does not check;

the solution set is {2} .
701
9. g ( 25) means to evaluate log5 x at x = 25 . So,
x2 = 6 x + 7
R3.
2
x 6x 7 = 0
x
( 7 )( x + 1) = 0
we want to know the value of log5 25 . Let
x 7 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 7 or
x = 1
5 y = 25
y = log5 25 . Then,
5 y = 52
y=2
Thus, g ( 25 ) = 2 .

1. The logarithm to the base a of x, denoted
y = log a x, can be expressed in exponential
form as x = a y , where a > 1 and a 1.
2. If 43 = 64 , then 3 = log 4 64.
3. If p 2 = 8 , then 2 = log p 8 .
4. If 4 = log2 16 , then 24 = 16 .
5. If 5 = loga 20 , then a5 = 20 .
6. If 3 = log5 z , then 53 = z .
7. Let y = log5 25 . Then,
5 y = 25
5 y = 52
y=2
Thus, log5 25 = 2 .
1
8. Let y = log2 . Then,
8
1
2y =
8
1
y
2 =
= 2 3
3
2
y = 3
1
Thus, log2 = 3 .
8
702
1
1
10. g means to evaluate log5 x at x = . So,
5
5

1
we want to know the value of log5 . Let
5
1
y = log5 . Then,
5
1
5y =
5
5 y = 51
y = 1
1
Thus, g = 1 .
5
11. The domain of g ( x) = log8 ( x + 3) is the set of
all real numbers x such that
x+3 > 0
x > 3
Thus, the domain of g ( x) = log8 ( x + 3) is
{x x > 3}
or, using interval notation, ( 3, ) .
12. The domain of F ( x) = log 2 (5 2 x) is the set of

5 2x > 0
2 x > 5
5
x<
2
5
x<
2
Thus, the domain of F ( x) = log 2 (5 2 x) is
5
x x < or, using interval notation,
2
, .
2
13. Rewrite y = f ( x) = log 4 x as x = 4 y . Locate

some points on the graph of x = 4 .
x = 4y
( x, y )
1
1 1
2 x = 4 2 =
=
16 , 2
2
16
4
1 1
1
1
1 x = 4 =
=
, 1
4
41 4
0
0
x = 4 =1
(1, 0 )
y
x=4 =4
(1, 0)
The domain of f is { x | x > 0} or , using interval

notation, (0, ) . The range of f is all real
numbers or, using interval notation, (, ) .

curve.
y
15. log 1400 3.146

16. ln 4.8 1.569
5
(4, 1)
17. log 0.3 0.523
f ( x) = log 4 x
(1, 0) 5
x
(4,1) f ( x ) = log 1 x
4
( 4, 1)
4 , 1
1
_
, 1 5
4
The domain of f is { x | x > 0} or , using interval

notation, (0, ) . The range of f is all real
y
1
14. Rewrite y = f ( x) = log 1 x as x = .
4
4
18. log3 (5 x + 1) = 4
5 x + 1 = 34
5 x + 1 = 81
5 x = 80
x = 16
Check: log3 (5 16 + 1) " 4
log3 (80 + 1) " 4
log3 (81) " 4
4=4
1
Locate some points on the graph of x = .
4
y
1
x=
4
1
1 x =
4
= 41 = 4
0
1
x = =1
4
1
1
x= =
4
4
( x, y )
( 4, 1)
(1, 0 )
1
, 1
4
1
1
1
x= =
16 , 2
4
16


curve.
2

19. log x 16 = 2
x 2 = 16
x = 16
x = 4
Since the base of a logarithm must always be
positive, we know that a = 4 is extraneous.
We check the potential solution x = 4 .
Check: log4 16 " 2
2=2
703

20. ln x = 2
x=e
1
39. If log 1 12 = y , then = 12 .
2
2
Check: ln e2 " 2
2 = 2
3y = 1
{ }.
The solution set is e
3 y = 30
y=0
21. log( x 20) = 4
Thus, log3 1 = 0 .
x 20 = 10
x 20 = 10, 000
x = 10, 020
Check: log (10, 020 20 ) " 4
log (10, 000 ) " 4
4=4
43. Let y = log 2 8 . Then,
2y = 8
2 y = 23
y=3
Thus, log 2 8 = 3 .

22. We evaluate L ( x ) = 10 log
L 102 = 10 log
1012
at x = 102 .
102
1012
= 10 log102( 12)
= 10 log1010
= 10(10)
= 100
The loudness of an MP3 player on full blast is
100 decibels.
1
45. Let y = log 4 . Then,
16
1
4y =
16
1
y
4 =
= 4 2
42
y = 2
Thus, log 4
1
= 2 .
16
47. Let y = log 2 4 . Then,
( 2)
8.3 Exercises
=4
12
2
2 = 2

23. If 64 = 43 , then 3 = log 4 64 .
27. If a3 = 19 , then log a 19 = 3 .

29. If 56 = c , then log5 c = 6 .
31. If log 2 16 = 4 , then 24 = 16 .
33. If log3
1
1
= 2 , then 32 = .
9
9
35. If log5 a = 3 , then 53 = a .
2 2 = 22
1
y=2
2
y=4
1
1
25. If = 23 , then 3 = log 2 .
8
8
Thus, log 2 4 = 4 .
49.
f ( 81) = log3 81 . To determine the value, let

y = log3 81 . Then,
3 y = 81
3 y = 34
y=4
Therefore, f ( 81) = 4 .
37. If log a 4 = 2 , then a 2 = 4 .

704
( 5 ) = log5
61. The domain of H ( x) = log 2 (1 4 x) is the set of

1 4x > 0
4 x > 1
1
x<
4
1
x<
4
Thus, the domain of H ( x) = log 2 (1 4 x) is
51. g
5 . To determine the value, let
y = log5 5 . Then,
5y = 5
1
5y = 52
1
y=
2
Therefore, g
( 5 ) = 12 .
53. The domain of f ( x) = log 2 ( x 4) is the set of

x4 > 0
x>4
Thus, the domain of f ( x) = log 2 ( x 4) is
{x | x > 4} , or using interval notation, (4, ) .

55. The domain of F ( x) = log3 (2 x) is the set of all
real numbers x such that
2x > 0
x>0
Thus, the domain of F ( x) = log3 (2 x) is

57. The domain of f ( x) = log8 (3x 2) is the set of
3x 2 > 0
3x > 2
2
x>
3
Thus, the domain of f ( x) = log8 (3x 2) is
2
2
x x > , or using interval notation, , .

3
3
59. The domain of H ( x) = log 7 (2 x + 1) is the set of

2x +1 > 0
2 x > 1
1
x>
2
Thus, the domain of H ( x) = log 7 (2 x + 1) is
1
x x > , or using interval notation,
2
1
, .
2
x x <
1
1
, or using interval notation, , .

4
4
63. Rewrite y = f ( x) = log5 x as x = 5 y . Locate

some points on the graph of x = 5 y .
x = 5y
( x, y )
1
1 1
2 x = 5 2 =
=
, 2
2
25
25
5
1 1
1
1
1 x = 5 = =
, 1
5
51 5
0
0
x = 5 =1
(1, 0 )
y
( 5, 1)
x = 51 = 5

curve.
y
f ( x ) = log 5 x
The domain of f is { x | x > 0} or, using interval

notation, ( 0, ) . The range of f is all real
numbers or, using interval notation, ( , ) .
65. Rewrite y = g ( x) = log 6 x as x = 6 y . Locate

some points on the graph of x = 6 y .
x = 6y
( x, y )
1
1
1
2 x = 62 =
=
, 2
2
36 36
6
1
1
1
1 x = 61 =
=
, 1
6
61 6
0
1,
0
x = 60 = 1
( )
y
x = 61 = 6
( 6, 1)

705
73. H ( 0.1) = log 0.1 . To determine the value, let
curve.
y
y = log 0.1 . Then,
g ( x ) = log 6 x
10 y = 0.1
1
10 y =
10
10 y = 101
y = 1
9
5
The domain of g is { x | x > 0} or, using interval

notation, ( 0, ) . The range of g is all real

y
1
5
y
1
x=
5
1
1
1 x = = 51 = 5
5
y
1
x = =1
5
1
1 1
x= =
5 5
( x, y )
( 5, 1)
(1, 0 )
1
1
x= =
25
5
1
, 1
5
1
, 2
25

curve.
y
F ( x ) = log x
1
( )
75. P e3 = ln e3 . To determine the value, let
y = ln e3 . Then,
The domain of F is { x | x > 0} or, using interval

notation, ( 0, ) . The range of F is all real
77. log 67 1.826

79. ln 5.4 1.686
81. log 0.35 0.456
83. ln 0.2 1.609
85. log
87. ln
5
0.097
4
3
0.981
8
89. log3 (2 x + 1) = 2
2 x + 1 = 32
2x + 1 = 9
2x = 8
x=4
20 x 5 = 53
20 x 5 = 125
20 x = 130
130 13
=
x=
20
2
13
2
71. If ln x = 4 , then e4 = x .
706
( )
Therefore, P e3 = 3 .
91. log5 (20 x 5) = 3
69. If e x = 12 , then ln12 = x .
Therefore, H ( 0.1) = 1 .
e y = e3
y=3
1
67. Rewrite y = F ( x) = log 1 x as x = .
5
5

93. log a 36 = 2
a 2 = 36
a = 36
a = 6
95. log a 18 = 2
a 2 = 18
a = 18
a = 3 2
positive, we know that a = 3 2 is extraneous.
{ }
The solution set is 3 2 .
105. log3 ( 81) = x
3x = 81
3x = 34
x=4
The solution set is {4}.
107. log 2 x 2 1 = 3
2
x 1 = 23
x2 1 = 8
x2 = 9
x= 9
x = 3
109. a.
f (16 ) = log 2 16 . To determine the value,

let y = log 2 16 . Then,
97. log a 1000 = 3

a3 = 1000
2 y = 16
2 y = 24
y=4
a = 3 1000
a = 10
Therefore, f (16 ) = 4 , and the point (16, 4 )

is on the graph of f.
99. ln x = 5
x = e5 148.413
b.
{ }
The solution set is e5 .
x = 2 3
1 1
x=
=
23 8
1
The point , 3 is on the graph of f.

8
101. log(2 x 1) = 1
2 x 1 = 101
1
2x 1 =
10
11
2x =
10
1 11 11
x= =
2 10 20
11
20
x
103. ln e = 3
e x = e 3
x = 3
The solution set is { 3 }.
f ( x ) = 3
log 2 x = 3
111. a.
G ( 7 ) = log 4 ( 7 + 1) = log 4 8 . To determine

the value, let y = log 4 8 . Then,
4y = 8
( 22 )
= 23
2 2 y = 23
2y = 3
3
y=
2
3
, and the point
2
is on the graph of G.
Therefore, G ( 7 ) =
3
7,
2
707
b.
G ( x) = 2
log 4 ( x + 1) = 2
denominator are positive and negative and where

the quotient is positive and negative:
x + 1 = 42
x + 1 = 16
x = 15
The point (15, 2 ) is on the graph of G.
Interval
113. If the graph of f ( x) = log a x contains the point
(16, 2) , then
log a 16 = 2
a 2 = 16
a = 16 = 4
Thus, a = 4 .
115. The domain of f ( x) = log3 x 2 4 x 5 is the

set of all real numbers x such that
x2 4 x 5 > 0 .
Solve:
x2 4 x 5 = 0
( x + 1)( x 5) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 5 = 0
x = 1 or
x=5
Determine where each factor is positive and
negative and where the product of these factors
is positive and negative.
Interval
x+1
(,1)
(1, 5)
++++
5
+
++++
++++
++++
x5
(x + 1)(x 5)
++++
(5, )
The inequality is strict, so 1 and 5 are not part

of the solution. Now, (x + 1)(x 5) is greater
than zero where the product is positive. Thus, the
solution of the inequality and the domain of f is
{ x | x < 1 or x > 5} , or using interval notation,
(, 1) (5, ).
x4
117. The domain of f ( x) = log
is the set of
x +1
x4
>0.
x +1
The rational expression will equal 0 when x = 3 .
It is undefined when x = 1 .
Determine where the numerator and the
708
(,1)
(1, 4)
++++
x4
x+1
x4
x+1
(4, )
++++
++++
++++
++++
The rational function is undefined at x = 1 , so

1 is not part of the solution. The inequality is
strict, so 4 is not part of the solution. Now,
x4
is greater than zero where the quotient is
x +1
positive. Thus, the solution of the inequality and
the domain of f is { x | x < 1 or x > 4} , or using
interval notation, (, 1) (4, ).
119. The domain of f(x) = ln|x 3| is the set of all real
numbers x such that |x 3| > 0.
Solve: |x 3| > 0
x 3 < 0 or x 3 > 0
x < 3 or
x>3
The domain of f is {x|x 3} or (, 3) (3, ).
L 1010 = 10 log
10
12
at x = 1010 .
1010
1012
= 10 log1010( 12)
= 10 log102 = 10(2) = 20
The loudness of a whisper is 20 decibels.
( )
L 101 = 10 log
x
10
12
at x = 101 .
101
1012
= 10 log101( 12)
= 10 log1013 = 10(13) = 130

The threshold of pain is 130 decibels.
x
125. We evaluate M ( x ) = log
at x = 63, 096 .
103
63, 096
M ( 63, 096 ) = log
103
= log ( 63, 096, 000 ) 7.8
The magnitude of the 1906 San Francisco
earthquake was approximately 7.8 on the Richter
scale.
x
127. We solve M ( x ) = log
for M ( x ) = 8.9.
103
M ( x ) = 8.9
131. The base of f ( x ) = log a x cannot equal 1
x
log
= 8.9
103
x
= 108.9
3
10
x = 108.9 103
all real numbers because x 2 + 1 > 0 for all x.

135.
5.9
= 10
794,328
The seismographic reading of the 1911 Japan
earthquake 100 kilometers from the epicenter
was approximately 794,328 millimeters.
= 3x 2 7 x + 10
137. x 2 1 = ( x + 1)( x 1)
x 2 + 3x + 2 = ( x + 1)( x + 2 )
LCD = ( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2 )
We evaluate pH = log H + for

3x
2
x 1

H + = 105 .

pH = log105 = (5) = 5
The pH of black coffee is 5, so black coffee
is acidic.

H + = 102 .

2
pH = log10 = (2) = 2
The pH of lemon juice is 2, so lemon juice
is acidic.
d.
We solve pH = log H + for pH = 7.4 .

+
7.4 = log H

7.4 = log H +

H + = 107.4

The concentration of hydrogen ions in
human blood is 107.4 moles per liter.
x 3
2
x + 3x + 2
x+2
x 3
x 1
3x
=
( x + 1)( x 1) x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) x 1
pH = log1012 = (12) = 12
The pH of household ammonia is 12, so
household ammonia is basic.
c.
( 2 x2 6 x + 1) (5x2 + x 9)
= 2 x 2 6 x + 1 5 x2 x + 9
H + = 1012 .

b.
133. The domain of f ( x ) = log a x 2 + 1 is the set of
= 108.9 +( 3)
129. a.
because y = log a x is equivalent to x = a y and a

does not equal 1 in the exponential function
because its graph is a vertical line x = 1 .
139.
x2 x 3x + 3
3x2 + 6 x
+
( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2 )
3x 2 + 6 x + x 2 x 3x + 3
( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2 )
4 x2 + 2 x + 3
( x + 1)( x 1)( x + 2 )
8 x3 + x 18 x = 4 x 2 2 x + x 9 2 x
= 2 x 2 x + 3x 2 x = 5 x 2 x
141. Let Y1 = log ( x + 1) .
The domain of f ( x ) = log ( x + 1) is { x | x > 1}
or, using interval notation, ( 1, ) . The range

is all real numbers or, using interval notation,
( , ) .
Note: The graph shown above is a bit
misleading. The curve does not terminate at
x = 1 . Instead, the curve has an asymptote at
x = 1 . More specifically, as x approaches 1
(but stays larger than 1 ), f goes to .
709

143. Let Y1 = ln ( x ) + 1 .

c.
or, using interval notation, ( 0, ) . The range is
d.

x = 0 . More specifically, as x approaches 0 (but
stays larger than 0), G goes to .
145. Let Y1 = 2 log ( x 3) + 1 .
e.
2. a.
The domain of f ( x ) = 2 log ( x 3) + 1 is
or, using interval notation, ( 3, ) .
The range is all real numbers or, using interval

notation, ( , ) .
(f
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
f ( x ) = 3x + 4
y = 3x + 4
x = 3y + 4
x 4 = 3y
x4
=y
3
x4
f 1 ( x ) =
3
g ( x ) = x3 4
b.
x = y3 4
x + 4 = y3
3
= 2 2x 4x + 3
2
= 4 x 8x + 3
b.
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
x+4 = y
( x) = 3 x + 4
Check:
2
= 2 ( 2 x + 3) 4 ( 2 x + 3)
x4
f f 1 ( x ) = 3
+4 = x4+4 = x
3
( 3x + 4 ) 4 3 x
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) =
=
=x
3
3
y = x3 4
f )( 2 ) = 8 ( 2 ) + 16 ( 2 ) + 6
= 8 ( 4 ) + 16 ( 2 ) + 6
= 32 32 + 6
=6
f (1) = 2 (1) + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
f ( 5) = 2 ( 5 ) + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13
( f f )(1) = f ( f (1) ) = f ( 5) = 13
f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 ; g ( x ) = 2 x2 4 x
a.
= 2 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 4 ( 2 x + 3)
2
= 8 x + 24 x + 18 8 x 12
= 8 x 2 + 16 x + 6
710
Using the result from part (b):
Check:

stays larger than 3), f goes to .
Putting the Concepts Together (Sections 8.18.3)
g )( 3) = 4 ( 3) 8 ( 3) + 3
= 4 ( 9 ) 8 ( 3) + 3
= 36 24 + 3
= 15
(g
all real numbers or, using interval notation,

( , ) .
1.
(f
The domain of G ( x ) = ln ( x ) + 1 is { x | x > 0}
{ x | x > 3}
Using the result from part (a):
) (3 x + 4) 4 = x + 4 4 = x
3
g 1 ( g ( x ) ) = 3 ( x 3 4 ) + 4 = x 3 = x
g g 1 ( x ) =
3. To plot the inverse, switch the x- and

y-coordinates in each point and connect the
corresponding points. The graphs of the function

y
10
(8, 6)
(5, 3)
10
(2,2)
10
10 x
(4, 1)
8. The domain of f ( x) = log13 (2 x + 12) is the set

of all real numbers x such that
2 x + 12 > 0
2 x > 12
x > 6
Thus, the domain of f ( x) = log13 (2 x + 12) is
{ x x > 6} , or using interval notation, ( 6, ) .
(4,5)
4. a.
2.7
2.7
14.611
b.
2.722.72 15.206
c.
2.7182.718 15.146
d.
2.7183
e.
5. a.
b.
6. a.
b.
7. a.
1
f ( x) = .
6
2.7183
x
1
15.155
( x, f ( x ) )
1
f (0) = = 1
6
1
1 1
f (1) = =
6
6
( 0, 1)
e 15.154
4
If a = 6.4 , then log a 6.4 = 4 .

If 10 x = 278 , then log 278 = x .
If log 2 x = 7 , then 27 = x .
1
1
f (2) = =
6
36

1
_
f ( x) =
6
Let y = log5 625 . Then,
9
Let y = log 2 . Then,
3 4
1
1,
6
1
2,
36
If ln16 = M , then e M = 16 .
5 y = 54
y=4
Thus, log5 625 = 4 .
( 1, 6 )

curve.
x
5 y = 625
b.
1
f ( x) =
6
1
1
1
6
f (1) = = = 6
6
1

(0, ) .
9
2
=
4
3
y
2
2
3
=
3
2
y
2
2
2
=

3
3
y = 2
9
Thus, log 2 = 2 .
3 4
711
3
10. Rewrite y = g ( x) = log 3 x as x = . Locate
2
2

13. log 2 ( 2 x + 5 ) = 4
2 x + 5 = 24
2 x + 5 = 16
2 x = 11
11
x=
2
3
some points on the graph of x = .
2
y
3
x=
( x, y )
2
2
2
4 4
3
2
2 x = = =
, 2
9 9
2
3
1
1
2 2
3
2
1 x = = =
, 1
3 3
2
3
3
x = =1
2
1
3
3
x= =
2
2
(1, 0 )
3
1
, 1
2
2
9
3
9
x= =
2
, 2
2
4

4
curve.
y
11
2
14. ln x = 7
x = e7 1096.633
The solution set is {e7 } .
According to the model, the student will learn

approximately 56 terms after 90 minutes.
Section 8.4
R1. 3.03468 3.035
g ( x) = log _3 x
R2. If a 0 , then a 0 = 1 .
1. log5 1 = 0
2. ln 1 = 0
notation, (0, ) . The range of g is all real
3. log4 4 = 1
numbers or , using interval notation, (, ) .

x+2
11. 3
4. log 10 = 1
= 27
x+2
3
= 33
x + 2 = 3
x = 1
x = 1
12. e x = e2 x +5
x = 2x + 5
x = 5
x = 5
5. 12log12 2 = 2
6. 10log 0.2 = 0.2
7. log8 81.2 = 1.2
8. log 104 = 4
9. False. log ( x 4 ) = log x + log 4 , but there is no
such rule for log ( x + 4 ) .
10. log4 ( 9 5) = log 4 9 + log 4 5
712
15. L(90) = 150 1 e0.0052(90) 56.06 .

11. log ( 5w ) = log 5 + log w
23.
log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 ( x + 2 ) 2 log 2 x
= log 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) log2 x 2
9
12. log7 = log7 9 log7 5
5
= log 2 x 2 + 3x + 2 log 2 x 2
x 2 + 3x + 2
= log 2
x2
p
13. ln = ln p ln 3
3
log10 ln 10
=
log 3
ln 3
24. log3 10 =
3m
14. log 2
= log 2 ( 3m ) log2 n
n
= log 2 3 + log 2 m log2 n
25. Using common logarithms:

log 32
log3 32 =
3.155
log 3
q
15. ln
= ln q ln ( 3 p )
3p
= ln q ( ln 3 + ln p )
= ln q ln 3 ln p
26. Using natural logarithms:

ln 7
log 2 7 =
2.807
ln 2
16. log 2 51.6 = 1.6 log2 5
8.4 Exercises
17. log b = 5 log b
27. log 2 23 = 3
( )
18. log 4 a 2 b = log 4 a 2 + log 4 b

= 2 log 4 a + log 4 b
9m 4
19. log3
3n
29. ln e7 = 7
31. 3log3 5 = 5
= log3 9m 4 log3 3 n
( )
= log3 ( 32 m4 ) log3 n
2
33. eln 2 = 2
3
= log3 3 + log3 m log3 n

1
= 2 + 4 log3 m log3 n
3
20. log8 4 + log8 16 = log8 ( 4 16 )
= log8 64
=2
35. log7 7 = 1
3
37. log 1 = 0
39. ln 6 = ln ( 2 3) = ln 2 + ln 3 = a + b
41. ln 9 = ln 32 = 2 ln 3 = 2b
43. ln12 = ln 22 3
x+4
21. log3 ( x + 4 ) log3 ( x 1) = log3
x 1
22. log5 x 3 log5 2 = log5 x log5 23
= log5 x log5 8
x
= log5
8
= ln 22 + ln 3
= 2 ln 2 + ln 3
= 2a + b
45. ln 2 = ln 2
1
1
ln 2 = a
2
2
47. log ( ab ) = log a + log b

49. log5 x 4 = 4 log5 x
713
( )
51. log 2 xy 2 = log 2 x + log 2 y 2 = log 2 x + 2 log 2 y
67.
53. log5 ( 25 x ) = log5 25 + log5 x

= log5 52 + log5 x
= 2 + log5 x
x ( x 1)2
log 2
x +1
= log 2 x ( x 1) log 2 x + 1
= log 2 x + log 2 ( x 1) log 2 x + 1

1
= log 2 x + log 2 ( x 1) log 2 ( x + 1) 2

1
= log 2 x + 2 log 2 ( x 1) log 2 ( x + 1)
2
49
55. log 7 = log 7 49 log7 y
y
= log 7 7 2 log 7 y
= 2 log7 y
69. log 25 + log 4 = log ( 25 4 )

= log100
( )
= log102
=2
57. ln e2 x = ln e2 + ln x = 2 + ln x
71. log x + log 3 = log ( 3x )
59. log3 27 x = log3 27 + log3 x

3
= log3 3 + log3 x
1
= 3 + log3 x
2
36
73. log3 36 log3 4 = log 3
4
= log3 9
= log3 32
=2
61. log5 x 2 x 2 + 1 = log5 x 2 + log5 x 2 + 1
= log5 x 2 + log5 x 2 + 1
1
= 2 log5 x + log5 x 2 + 1
2
x4
63. log
= log x 4 log 3 x 1
3 x 1
= log x 4 log ( x 1) 3
1
= 4 log x log ( x 1)
3
1
65. log 7
x +1
x +1 2
= log 7
x
x
1
x +1
= log 7
2
x
1
= log 7 ( x + 1) log 7 x
2
1
1
= log 7 ( x + 1) log 7 x
2
2
75. 10log 8log 2 = 10
log( 8 2 )
= 10log 4 = 4
77. 3log3 x = log3 x3
x +1
79. log 4 ( x + 1) log 4 x = log 4
81. 2 ln x + 3ln y = ln x 2 + ln y 3 = ln x 2 y 3
83.
1
1
3
log3 x + 3log3 ( x 1) = log3 x 2 + log3 ( x 1)
2
3
= log3 x + log3 ( x 1)
3
= log3 x ( x 1)
85. log x5 3log x = log x5 log x3

x5
= log
x3

= log x 2
( )
714
87.
1
1
[3log x + log y ] = log x3 + log y
2
2
1
= log x3 y
2
( )
= log ( x3 y )
1
= log x3 y
= log x xy
x 1
89. log8 x 2 1 log8 ( x + 1) = log8
x +1
( x 1)( x + 1)
= log8
x +1
= log8 ( x 1)
91. 18log x + 9log x log10

1
( )
= log x
+ 9 log x
18
log10
( )
+ log x
log10
= log x9 + log x3 log10

x9 x3
= log
10
x12
= log
10

log10
log 2 10 =
3.322
log 2
log 3
log8 3 =
0.528
log 8
ln19
log 1 19 =
2.680
3
1
ln
3
ln 5
log 2 5 =
4.644
ln 2
= log 2 23
=3
103. log 2 3 log3 4 ... log n ( n + 1) log n +1 2

log ( n + 1)
log 3 log 4
log 2
=
...
log 2 log 3
log n
log ( n + 1)
= 18log x
101. log 2 3 log3 4 log 4 5 log5 6 log 6 7 log7 8

log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8
=

=
log 8
=
log 2
= log 2 8
log ( n + 1)
log 3 log 4
log 2
...
log n
log 2 log 3
log ( n + 1)
=1
Note: The expression log 4 in the numerator of
the second fraction will cancel with the
expression log 4 in the denominator of the
third fraction (if the third fraction were written
out). Similarly, the expression log n in the
denominator of the next-to-the-last fraction will
cancel with the expression log n in the
numerator of the third-from-the-last fraction (if it
were written out). Likewise, everything in
between will cancel leaving an overall value of
1.
105. log a x + x 2 1 + log a x x 2 1
= log a x + x 2 1
x x 1
2
2
2
= log a x x x 1 + x x 1 x 2 1
= log a x 2 x 2 + 1
= log a 1
=0
107. If f ( x ) = log a x , then
f ( AB ) = log a ( AB )
= log a A + log a B
= f ( A) + f ( B )

The log of a product is equal to the sum of the
logs.
715

The domain of f ( x ) = log3 x is { x | x > 0} , or
111. Answers may vary. One example follows:

Let x = 2 and y = 1 . Then
using interval notation, ( 0, ) ; the range is all
log 2 ( x + y ) = log 2 ( 2 + 1) = log 2 3 , and
real numbers or, using interval notation,

(, ) .
stays larger than 0), f goes to .
log 2 x + log 2 y = log 2 2 + log 2 1 = 1 + 0 = 1 .

However, log 2 3 1 because 21 3 . Thus,
log 2 ( x + y ) log 2 x + log 2 y .
113. 4 x + 3 = 13
4 x = 10
10 5
x=
=
4 2
121. Since log 1 x =

2
5
2
115. x 2 + 4 x + 2 = 0
Because this equation does not easily factor,
solve by using the quadratic formula. For this
equation, a = 1, b = 4, and c = 2 .
x=
x+2
Section 8.5
2 x + 5 = 13
2 x + 5 5 = 13 5
2x = 8
2x 8
=
2 2
x=4
R2.
x 2 4 x = 3
47 + 2 3 = 4
?
49 3 = 4
x + 2 = 49
x = 47
7 3= 4
4=4
The solution set is {47}.
716
R1.
Check:
= 72
119. Since log3 x =
log
( 12 )
2 (1)
x+ 2 3 = 4
x+2 =7
log x
real numbers or, using interval notation,

(, ) .
stays larger than 0), F goes to .
The solution set is 2 2, 2 + 2 .
( )
, let Y1 =
using interval notation, ( 0, ) ; the range is all
117.
log
1
2
The domain of F ( x ) = log 1 x is { x | x > 0} , or
4 42 4 (1)( 2 )
4 16 8
2
4 8
=
2
4 2 2
=
2
= 2 2
log x
log x
log x
, let Y1 =
.
log 3
log 3
x2 4 x + 3 = 0
( x 1)( x 3) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 1 or
x=3
3a 2 = a + 5
R3.
2
3a a 5 = 0
For this equation, a = 3 , b = 1 , and c = 5 .
a=
( 1)
3. log4 ( x 6 ) + log 4 x = 2
log4 [ x( x 6) ] = 2
( 1) 4 ( 3)( 5 )
2 ( 3)
x 2 6 x = 16
1 1 + 60
6
1 61
=
6
x 6 x 16 = 0
( x + 2)( x 8) = 0
x + 2 = 0 or x 8 = 0
x = 2 or
x=8
The apparent solution x = 2 is extraneous
because it causes the argument of a logarithm to
be negative. The solution set is {8} .
1 61 1 + 61
The solution set is
,
.
6
6
( x + 3) 2 + 2 ( x + 3 ) 8 = 0
4. log3 ( x + 3) + log3 ( x + 5) = 1
Let u = x + 3 .
log3 ( x + 3)( x + 5 ) = 1
u 2 + 2u 8 = 0
( u + 4 )( u 2 ) = 0
or u 2 = 0
u+4=0
u = 4 or
u=2
x + 3 = 4 or x + 3 = 2
x = 7 or
x = 1
x + 8 x + 15 = 31
x + 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 6 or
x = 2
because it causes the arguments of both
logarithms to be negative. The solution set is
{2} .
( 7 + 3 ) 2 + 2 ( 7 + 3 ) 8 " 0
( 4 )2 + 2 ( 4 ) 8 " 0
( 1 + 3)2 + 2 ( 1 + 3) " 0
( 2 )2 + 2 ( 2 ) 8 " 0
5.
Both check; the solution set is {7, 1} .
log 11
The solution set is
{3.459} . If we
log 2
had taken the natural logarithm of both sides, the
ln 11
solution set would be
{3.459} .
ln 2

1. If loga M = log a N , then M = N.
2. 2 log4 x = log 4 9
log 4 x 2 = log 4 9
x =9
x= 9
x = 3
because the argument of a logarithm must be
positive. The solution set is {3} .
2 x = 11
log 2 x = log 11
x log 2 = log 11
log11
x=
3.459
log 2
4+ 48 " 0
0=0
x 2 + 8 x + 12 = 0
( x + 6 )( x + 2 ) = 0
16 8 8 " 0
0=0
x = 1 :
log3 x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 1
Check:
x = 7 :
x 2 6 x = 42
R4.
log4 x 2 6 x = 2
6.
52 x = 3
log 52 x = log 3
2 x log 5 = log 3
log 3
0.341
x=
2 log 5
717
log 3
The solution set is
{0.341} . If we
2 log 5
ln 3
{0.341} .
2 ln 5

b.
1
3 = 10
2
1
0 .3 =
2
e2 x = 5
7.
3e4 x = 20
20
e4 x =
3
20
4 x
= ln
ln e
3
20
4 x = ln
3
20
ln
3
x = 0.474
4
ln 20
3
The solution set is
10. We first write the model with the parameters

P = 2000 , r = 0.06 , and n = 12 to obtain
12t
0.06
A = 2000 1 +
12
( ) {0.474} .
a.
1
0 .9 =
2
or A = 2000 (1.005 )
12t
We need to determine the time until

A = $3000 , so we solve the equation
3000 = 2000 (1.005 )
12t
1.5 = (1.005 )
12t
We need to determine the time until A = 9

grams. So we solve the equation
1
9 = 10
2
log 1.5 = log (1.005)

log 1.5 = 12t log1.005
log1.5
=t
12 log1.005
12t
t /18.72
t /18.72
log1.5
6.77 . Thus, after
12 log 1.005
approximately 6.77 years (6 years, 9
months), the account will be worth $3000.
So, t =
t /18.72
1
log 0.9 = log
2
t
1
log 0.9 =
log
18.72
2
18.72 log 0.9
=t
1
log
2
18.72 log 0.9
So, t =
2.85 days.
1
log
2
Thus, 9 grams of thorium-227 will be left
after approximately 2.85 days.
718
t /18.72
t /18.72
ln e = ln 5
2 x = ln 5
ln 5
x=
0.805
2
ln 5
The solution set is
{0.805} .
2
9. a.
t /18.72
1
log 0.3 = log
2
t
1
log 0.3 =
log
18.72
2
18.72 log 0.3
=t
1
log
2
18.72 log 0.3
So, t =
32.52 days.
1
log
2
Thus, 3 grams of thorium-227 will be left
2x
8.

b.

4000 = 2000 (1.005 )
12t
2 = (1.005 )
12t
log 2 = log (1.005)

log 2 = 12t log1.005
log 2
=t
12 log1.005
12t
log 2
11.58 . Thus, after
12 log1.005
approximately 11.58 years (11 years,
7 months), the account will be worth $4000.
So, t =
21. log 2 ( x + 2 ) + log 2 ( x + 5) = log 2 4
log 2 ( x + 2 )( x + 5 ) = log 2 4
x 2 + 7 x + 10 = 4
x2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
( x + 6 )( x + 1) = 0
8.5 Exercises
x + 6 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 6 or
x = 1
{1} .
11. log 2 x = log 2 7

x=7
13. 2 log3 x = log3 81
log3 x 2 = log3 81
x 2 = 81
x = 81 = 9
because the argument of a logarithm must be
positive. The solution set is {9} .
15. log 6 ( 3x + 1) = log 6 10
3 x + 1 = 10
3x = 9
x=3
17.
1
ln x = 2 ln 3
2
ln x = 4 ln 3
ln x = ln 34
ln x = ln 81
x = 81
19. log 2 ( x + 3) + log 2 x = 2

log 2 [ x( x + 3)] = 2
log 2 x 2 + 3x = 2
2
x + 3 x = 22
x2 + 3x = 4
x 2 + 3x 4 = 0
( x + 4)( x 1) = 0
x+4=0
or x 1 = 0
x = 4 or
x =1
23. log ( x + 3) log x = 1
x +3
log
=1
x
x+3
= 101
x
x +3
x
= x (10 )
x
x + 3 = 10 x
3 = 9x
3 1
x= =
9 3
1
3
25. log 4 ( x + 5 ) log 4 ( x 1) = 2
x+5
log 4
=2
x 1
x+5
= 42
x 1
x+5
( x 1)
= ( x 1)16
x 1
x + 5 = 16 x 16
15 x = 21
21 7
x=
=
15 5
7
5
719
27. log 4 ( x + 8) + log 4 ( x + 6 ) = log 4 3
log 7
The solution set is
{2.807} . If we
1
log 2
ln 7
{2.807} .
ln 1
2
log 4 ( x + 8 )( x + 6 ) = log 4 3
( )
x 2 + 14 x + 48 = 3
x 2 + 14 x + 45 = 0
( x + 9 )( x + 5 ) = 0
x + 9 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 9 or
x = 5
{5} .
29.
2 x = 10
35.
log 2 = log10
x log 2 = 1
1
x=
3.322
log 2
The solution set is {log 5} {0.699} .

39.
log13
The solution set is
{1.167} . If we
2 log 3
ln13
{1.167} .
2 ln 3
log 5 x = log 20
x log 5 = log 20
log 20
x=
1.861
log 5
log 20
The solution set is
{1.861} . If we
log 5
ln 20
{1.861} .
ln 5
x
32 x = 13
log 32 x = log13
2 x log 3 = log13
log13
1.167
x=
2 log 3
5 x = 20
1
=7
2
x
1
log = log 7
2
1
x log = log 7
2
log 7
2.807
x=
1
log
2
10 x = 5
log10 x = log 5
x = log 5 0.699
1
The solution set is
{3.322} . If we
log 2
ln10
{3.322} .
ln 2
33.
ex = 5
ln e x = ln 5
x = ln 5 1.609
The solution set is {ln 5} {1.609} .
37.
31.
( )
4x
41.
1
=3
2
4x
1
log = log 3
2
1
4 x log = log 3
2
log 3
0.396
x=
1
4 log
2
log 3
The solution set is
{0.396} . If
1
4 log 2
we had taken the natural logarithm of both sides,
the solution set would be
ln 3
{0.396} .
1
4 ln 2
( )
( )
720
49. log 4 x + log 4 ( x 6 ) = 2

log 4 [ x( x 6) ] = 2
43. 4 2 x + 3 = 8
x
42 = 5
5
2x =
4
5
log 2 = log
4
5
x log 2 = log
4
log 54
x=
0.322
log 2
x
x 6 x = 42
x 2 6 x = 16
x 2 6 x 16 = 0
( x 8)( x + 2) = 0
x 8 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
x =8
or
x = 2
( )
( )
log 5
4
The solution set is
{0.322} . If we
log 2
ln 5
4
{0.322} .
ln 2
( )
51.
log 7
The solution set is
{0.403} . If we
3log 5
ln 7
{0.403} .
3ln 5
ex = 6
ln e x = ln 6
x = ln 6 1.792
The solution set is {ln 6} {1.792} .
0.2 x +1 = 3x
log 0.2 x +1 = log 3x
( x + 1) log 0.2 = x log 3
x log 0.2 + log 0.2 = x log 3
log 0.2 = x log 3 x log 0.2
log 0.2 = x(log 3 log 0.2)
log 0.2
=x
log 3 log 0.2
0.594 x
log 0.2
The solution set is
{0.594} .
log 3 log 0.2
If we had taken the natural logarithm of both
sides, the solution set would be
ln 0.2
{0.594} .
ln 3 ln 0.2
53 x = 7
log 53 x = log 7
3x log 5 = log 7
log 7
x=
0.403
3log 5
45. 3e x = 18
47.
log 4 x 2 6 x = 2
53. 3log 2 x = log 2 8

log 2 x3 = log 2 8
x3 = 8
x = 38
x=2
55.
1 x
e =5
3
e x = 15
ln e x = ln15
x = ln15 2.708
The solution set is {ln15} {2.708} .
721
57.
1

4
x +1
x +1

65. a.
= 8x
t 2012
321 = 313 (1.011)

321
t 2012
= (1.011)
313
321
t 2012
log
= log (1.011)
313
321
log
= ( t 2012 ) log (1.011)
313
321
log
313 = t 2012
log1.011
321
log
313 + 2012 = t
log1.011
2014.307 t
Thus, according to the model, the
population of the United States will reach
321 million people in about the year 2014.
( )
x +1
x
( 22 ) = ( 23 )
1
2
2
We need to determine the year when

P = 321 million. So we solve the equation
3 x
= 2
2 x +1
2 ( ) = 23 x
2 ( x + 1) = 3x
2 x 2 = 3x
2 = 5 x
2
=x
5
2
5
59. log3 x 2 = log3 16
x 2 = 16
x = 4
b.
61. log 2 ( x + 4 ) + log 2 ( x + 6 ) = log 2 8
log 2 ( x + 4 )( x + 6 ) = log 2 8
x 2 + 10 x + 24 = 8
x 2 + 10 x + 16 = 0
( x + 8 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x + 8 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = 8 or
x = 2
{2} .
63. log 4 x + log 4 ( x 4 ) = log 4 3
log 4 x ( x 4 ) = log 4 3
log 4 x 2 4 x = log 4 3
2

P = 471 million. So we solve the equation
x 4x = 3
2
x 4x 3 = 0
a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
4 16 + 12 4 28 4 2 7
x=
=
=
= 2 7
2
2
2
The apparent solution x = 2 7 is extraneous
{2 + 7} = {4.646}.
722
t 2012
471 = 313 (1.011)

471
t 2012
= (1.011)
313
471
t 2012
log
= log (1.011)
313
471
log
= ( t 2012 ) log (1.011)
313
471
log
313 = t 2012
log1.011
471
log
313 + 2012 = t
log1.011
2049.354 t
population of the United States will reach
471 million people in about the year 2048.

67. We first write the model with the parameters
P = 5000 , r = 0.06 , and n = 12 to obtain
12t
0.06
A = 5000 1 +
12
a.
12t
or A = 5000 (1.005 )
b.
5000 = 19,841( 0.88 )

5000
t
= ( 0.88)
19,841
5000
t
log
= log ( 0.88 )
19,841
5000
log
= t log 0.88
19,841
5000
log
19,841
=t
log 0.88
10.782 t
According to the model, the car will be
worth $5000 in about 10.782 years.
t

12t
7000 = 5000 (1.005 )

12t
1.4 = (1.005 )
12t
log1.4 = log (1.005 )

log1.4 = 12t log1.005
log1.4
=t
12 log1.005
5.622 t
Thus, after approximately 5.6 years (5 years,
7 months), the account will be worth $7000.
b.
c.

A = $10, 000 , so we solve the equation
12t
12t
2 = (1.005 )
12t
log 2 = log (1.005 )

log 2 = 12t log1.005
log 2
=t
12 log1.005
log 2
11.581 . After about
12 log1.005
11.6 years (11 years, 7 months), the account
will be worth $7000.
So, t =

V = $15, 000 . So we solve the equation
15, 000 = 19,841( 0.88 )

15, 000
t
= ( 0.88 )
19,841
15, 000
t
log
= log ( 0.88 )
19,841
15, 000
log
= t log 0.88
19,841
15, 000
log
19,841
=t
log 0.88
2.188 t
worth $15,000 after about 2.188 years.

V = $1000 . So we solve the equation
1000 = 19,841( 0.88 )

1000
t
= ( 0.88)
19,841
1000
t
= log ( 0.88 )
log
19,841
1000
log
= t log 0.88
19,841
1000
log
19,841
=t
log 0.88
23.372 t
worth $1000 in about 23.372 years.
10, 000 = 5000 (1.005 )
69. a.

V = $5000 . So we solve the equation
71. a.

t /13.81
1
90 = 100
2
t /13.81
1
0.9 =
2
t /13.81
1
log 0.9 = log
2
t
1
log 0.9 =
log
13.81
2
13.81 log 0.9
=t
log (1 / 2 )
2.099 t
Thus, 90 grams of beryllium-11 will be left
after approximately 2.099 seconds.
723

b.


b.

u = 220F. So we solve the equation
220 = 70 + 330e 0.072t
t /13.81
1
25 = 100
2
t /13.81
1
0.25 =
2
150 = 330e0.072t
150
= e 0.072t
330
150
0.072t
ln
= ln e
330
150
ln
= 0.072t
330
150
ln
330 = t
0.072
10.951 t
the pizza will be 220F after about
11 minutes.
t /13.81
1
log 0.25 = log
2
t
1
log 0.25 =
log
13.81 2
13.81 log 0.25
=t
log (1 / 2 )
27.62 = t
after 27.62 seconds.
c.

t /13.81
1
10 = 100
2
t /13.81
1
0.1 =
2
75. a.
50 = 200 1 e0.0035t
0.25 = 1 e
73. a.
u = 300 F . So we solve the equation
300 = 70 + 330e0.072t
724
ln e0.0035t = ln 0.75
0.0035t = ln 0.75
ln 0.75
t=
0.0035
t 82.195
According to the model, the student must
study about 82 minutes in order to learn 50
words.
b.
We need to determine the time at which

L = 150 words. So we solve the equation
150 = 200 1 e0.0035t
0.072t
230 = 330e
230
= e0.072t
330
230
0.072t
ln
= ln e
330
230
ln
= 0.072t
330
230
ln
330 = t
0.072
5.014 t
the pizza will be 300F after about
5 minutes.
0.0035t
e0.0035t = 0.75
t /13.81
1
log 0.1 = log
2
t
1
log 0.1 =
log
13.81 2
13.81 log 0.1
=t
log (1 / 2 )
45.876 t
after approximately 45.876 seconds.
We need to determine the time at which

L = 50 words. So we solve the equation
0.75 = 1 e
0.0035t
e0.0035t = 0.25
ln e0.0035t = ln 0.25
0.0035t = ln 0.25
ln 0.25
t=
0.0035
t 396.084
According to the model, the student must
study about 396 minutes (or 6.6 hours) in
order to learn 150 words.
77. a.
72
=9
8
According to the Rule of 72, an investment
earning 8% annual interest will take about
9 years to double.
t=
nt
b.
r
Let A = 2 P in the formula A = P 1 + :
n
r
2 P = P 1 +
n
nt
r
2 = 1 +
n
nt
85.
b.
f ( 2 ) =
c.
f (0) =
c.
Letting r = 0.08 and n = 12 , we obtain

log 2
t=
8.693 .
0.08
12 log 1 +
12
According to our formula from part (b), an

investment earning 8% annual interest will
take about 8.693 years to double, which is
about the same as the result from the Rule of
72.
79. Since the bacteria doubled every minute, the

container would have been half full one minute
before it was completely full. Now since it was
full after 30 minutes, it would have been half full
after 30 1 = 29 minutes.
81.
83.
0
0
=
=0
0 5 5
f ( x ) = 2x
a.
f ( 3) = 23 = 8
b.
f ( 2 ) = 2 2 =
c.
f ( 0 ) = 20 = 1
nt
r
log 2 = log 1 +
n
r
log 2 = nt log 1 +
n
log 2
=t
r
n log 1 +
n
2
2 2
=
=
2 5 7 7
1
2
1
4
87. Let Y1 = e x and Y2 = 2 x + 5 .
The solution set is approximately {1.06} .

89. Let Y1 = e x and Y2 = x 2 .
The solution set is approximately {0.70} .

91. Let Y1 = e x ln x and Y2 = 4 .
f ( x ) = 2 x + 7
a.
f (3) = 2(3) + 7 = 6 + 7 = 1
b.
f (2) = 2(2) + 7 = 4 + 7 = 11
c.
f (0) = 2(0) + 7 = 0 + 7 = 7
f ( x) =
a.
x
x5
f ( 3) =
The solution set is approximately {0.05, 1.48} .
3
3
3
=
=
3 5 2
2
725
93. Let Y1 = ln x and Y2 = x 2 1 .
3.
c.
f ( 2 ) = 2 3 = 5
f ( 5 ) = 5 3 = 8
( f f )( 2 ) = f ( f ( 2 ) ) = f ( 5) = 8
d.
g ( 4 ) = 5 ( 4 ) + 2 = 22
g ( 22 ) = 5 ( 22 ) + 2 = 112
( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 22 ) = 112
f ( x ) = 2 x2 + 1 ; g ( x ) = x + 5
a.
The solution set is approximately {0.45, 1} .
f (10 ) = 2 (10 ) + 1 = 201

( f g )( 5 ) = f ( g ( 5 ) ) = f (10 ) = 201
Chapter 8 Review
1.
f ( x ) = 3x + 5 ; g ( x ) = 2 x 1
a.
2.
726
g ( 5) = 2 ( 5) 1 = 9
f ( 9 ) = 3 ( 9 ) + 5 = 32
( f g )( 5 ) = f ( g ( 5) ) = f ( 9 ) = 32
b.
f ( 3) = 3 ( 3) + 5 = 4
g ( 4 ) = 2 ( 4 ) 1 = 9
( g f )( 3) = g ( f ( 3) ) = g ( 4 ) = 9
c.
f ( 2 ) = 3 ( 2 ) + 5 = 1
f ( 1) = 3 ( 1) + 5 = 2
( f f )( 2 ) = f ( f ( 2 ) ) = f ( 1) = 2
d.
g ( 4) = 2 ( 4) 1 = 7
g ( 7 ) = 2 ( 7 ) 1 = 13
( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 7 ) = 13
g ( 5 ) = 5 + 5 = 10
b.
f ( 3) = 2 ( 3) + 1 = 19
g (19 ) = 19 + 5 = 24
( g f )( 3) = g ( f ( 3) ) = g (19 ) = 24
c.
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) + 1 = 9
f ( 9 ) = 2 ( 9 ) + 1 = 163
( f f )( 2 ) = f ( f ( 2 ) ) = f ( 9 ) = 163
d.
4.
g ( 4) = 4 + 5 = 9
g ( 9 ) = 9 + 5 = 14
( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g ( 9 ) = 14
f ( x ) = x 3 ; g ( x ) = x2 + 1
a.
g ( 5 ) = ( 5 ) + 1 = 26
f ( 26 ) = 26 3 = 23
( f g )( 5 ) = f ( g ( 5) ) = f ( 26 ) = 23
f ( 3) = 3 3 = 6
f ( x ) = x 3 ; g ( x ) = 5x + 2
a.
g ( 5 ) = 5 ( 5 ) + 2 = 27
f ( 27 ) = 27 3 = 24
( f g )( 5 ) = f ( g ( 5 ) ) = f ( 27 ) = 24
b.
b.
f ( 3) = 3 3 = 6
g ( 6 ) = 5 ( 6 ) + 2 = 28
( g f )( 3) = g ( f ( 3) ) = g ( 6 ) = 28
c.
g ( 6 ) = ( 6 ) + 1 = 37
( g f )( 3) = g ( f ( 3) ) = g ( 6 ) = 37
f ( 2 ) = 2 3 = 5
f ( 5 ) = 5 3 = 8
( f f )( 2 ) = f ( f ( 2 ) ) = f ( 5) = 8
d.
g ( 4 ) = ( 4 ) + 1 = 17
d.
(g
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) )
= g ( x + 6)
= ( x + 6) + 6
= x + 12
g (17 ) = (17 ) + 1 = 290

( g g )( 4 ) = g ( g ( 4 ) ) = g (17 ) = 290
5.
f ( x ) = x + 1 ; g ( x ) = 5x
a.
(f
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( 5 x ) = 5 x + 1
b.
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
c.
d.
6.
7.
(f
(g
f ( x ) = x2 + 1 ; g ( x ) = 2 x + 1
a.
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
(f
= f ( 2 x + 1)
2
= ( 2 x + 1) + 1
= g ( x + 1)
= 5 ( x + 1)
= 5x + 5
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) )
= 4 x2 + 4 x + 1 + 1
= 4 x2 + 4 x + 2
b.
= f ( x + 1)
= ( x + 1) + 1
= x+2
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
(g
( )
= 2 ( x 2 + 1) + 1
= g x2 + 1
= 2 x2 + 2 + 1
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) )
= g ( 5x )
= 5 ( 5x )
= 25 x
= 2 x2 + 3
c.
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) )
(f
f ( x ) = 2x 3 ; g ( x ) = x + 6
a.
b.
c.
(f
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
(f
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) )
= x2 + 1
)
+1
= x4 + 2 x 2 + 1 + 1
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= f ( x + 6)
= 2 ( x + 6) 3
= 2 x + 12 3
= 2x + 9
= f x2 + 1
= x4 + 2 x 2 + 2
d.
(g
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) )
= g ( 2 x 3)
= ( 2 x 3) + 6
= 2x + 3
= g ( 2 x + 1)
= 2 ( 2 x + 1) + 1
= 4x + 2 + 1
= 4x + 3
= f ( 2 x 3)
= 2 ( 2 x 3) 3
= 4x 6 3
= 4x 9
727
8.
f ( x) =
a.
(f
2
1
; g ( x) =
x +1
x
d.
(g
f )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
2
= g
x +1
1
=
2
x +1
x +1
= 1
2
x +1
=
where x 1 .
2
c.
(f
(g
g )( x ) = g ( g ( x ) )
1
= g
x
1
=
1
x
x
= 1
1
= x where x 0 .
g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
1
= f
x
2
=
1
+1
x
2
=
1+ x
x
2x
=
where x 1, 0 .
x +1
b.
f )( x ) = f ( f ( x ) )
2
= f
x +1
2
=
2
+1
x +1
2
=
2 + x +1
x +1
x +1
= 2
x+3
2 ( x + 1)
where x 1, 3 .
=
x+3

element in the range (8) that corresponds to more
than one element in the domain ( 5 and 1 ).
domain.
12. The graph fails the horizontal line test.
Therefore, the function is not one-to-one.
13. Inverse:
Height (inches)
69
71
72
73
74
14. Inverse:
Quantity Demanded
112
129
144
161
176
Age
24
59
29
81
37
Price ($)
300
200
170
150
130

Inverse: {( 3, 5 ) , (1, 3) , ( 3,1) , ( 9, 2 )}
Inverse: {(1, 20 ) , ( 4, 15 ) , ( 3,5 ) , ( 2, 25 )}
728

y
21.
(4, 5)
5
(2,2)
(1,4)
(4,5)
4
x
4
y = 2
x
4
1
P ( x) = 2
x
y+2=

y
Check:
(1, 0)
4
4
x
= = 4 = x
4
4
4
2 + 2 x
x
4
2
P 1 ( P ( x ) ) =
4
x+2
x+2
= 4
2 = ( x + 2) 2 = x
4
(_15 , 1)
f ( x ) = 5x
y = 5x
x = 5y
x
=y
5
x
f 1 ( x ) =
5
y = 2 x3 1
x = 2 y3 1
H ( x ) = 2x + 7
y = 2x + 7
x = 2y + 7
x 7 = 2y
x7
=y
2
x7
H 1 ( x ) =
2
Check:
x + 1 = 2 y3
x +1
= y3
2
x +1
3
=y
2
x +1
g 1 ( x ) = 3
2
Check:
g
23. a.
( x ))
x +1
= 2 3
1
2
x +1
= 2
1 = ( x + 1) 1 = x
2
( g ( x )) =
g g
x7
H H ( x) = 2
+7 = x7+7 = x
2
(2x + 7) 7 2x
H 1 ( H ( x ) ) =
=
=x
2
2
1
g ( x ) = 2 x3 1
22.
x
Check: f f 1 ( x ) = 5 = x
5
5x
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) =
=x
5
20.
P P 1 ( x ) =
(5, 1)
19.
4
x+2
4
y=
x+2
4
x=
y+2
x ( y + 2) = 4
P ( x) =
( 2 x3 1) + 1 = 3 2 x3 = 3 x3 = x
2
71.7 27.332
729
b.
71.73 28.975

c.
71.732 29.088
d.
71.7321 29.093
e.
1
g ( x) = .
9
29.091
1
g ( x) =
9
1
1
1 g (1) = = 91 = 9
9
103.14 1380.384
c.
103.142 1386.756
d.
10
1385.479
1
10 1385.456
25. a.
e0.5 1.649
b.
e1 0.368
c.
e1.5 4.482
d.
e0.8 0.449
e.
2
1
0
1
g ( x) = _
9
f ( x) = 9 x
( x, f ( x ) )
1
1
1
=
f (2) = 92 =
2,
2
81
81
9
1 1
1
f (1) = 91 =
=
1,
1
9
9
9
f (0) = 90 = 1
0,
1
( )
1
f (1) = 9 = 9
(1, 9 )

curve.
y
f ( x) = 9 x
The domain of g is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of g is
(0, ) .
H ( x) = 4 x2 .
H ( x) = 4 x 2
0 H (0) = 40 2 = 42 =
1
H (1) = 412 = 41 =
22
( x,
1
42
1
1
=
16
1
=
4
41
= 4 =1
0
H (2) = 4
H (3) = 43 2 = 41 = 4
H ( x) )
1
0,
16
1
1,
4
( 2, 1)
( 3, 4 )

curve.
1
1,
9
1
2,
81
1
1
g (1) = =
81
9
curve.
5.885
( 0, 1)
( 1, 9 )
1
g (0) = = 1
9
1
1 1
g (1) = =
9 9
e.
( x, g( x) )
b.
3.1416
(0, ) .
103.1 1258.925
24. a.
730

y
32.
H ( x) = 4 x 2
(52 )
x 2
= 53
52( x 2) = 53
52 x 4 = 53
2x 4 = 3
2x = 7
7
x=
2
The domain of H is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of H is
(0, ) .
7
2
h( x ) = 4 x 2 .
33.
h( x ) = 4 x 2
( x , h( x ) )
1
31
31
2 h(2) = 42 2 = 2 =
2,
16
16
16
1
7
7
1 h(1) = 41 2 = 2 =
1,
4
4
4
0
0,
1
h(0) = 40 2 = 1 2 = 1
( )
x
h(1) = 4 2 = 4 2 = 2
25 x 2 = 125
27 x 3x = 92
(33 )
3x
= 34
34.
1
= 16
4
( 4 1 )
or , using interval notation,
(2, ) .
35.
30. The number e is defined as the number that the
1
expression 1 + approaches as n becomes
n
unbounded in the positive direction.
= 42
4 x = 42
x = 2
x = 2
The domain of h is all real numbers or, using

interval notation, (, ) . The range of h is
31. 2 x = 64
+3x
x 2 + 3x 4 = 0
( x + 4)( x 1) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 4 or
x =1
(1, 2 )
x2 + 3x = 4
h ( x) = 4 x 2
{ y | y > 2}
( )
3x = 32
33 x 3x = 34

curve.
( e2 )
x 1
= e x e7
e2( x 1) = e x + 7
e2 x 2 = e x + 7
2x 2 = x + 7
x2 = 7
x=9
2 x = 26
x=6
731
36.
(2x )
30
= 512
1 3.5
d. A(30) = 100
0.263 .
2
After 30 days, approximately 0.263 gram of
radon gas will be left in the sample.
2 x = 29
x2 = 9
x= 9
x = 3
37. a.

P = $2500 , r = 0.045 , t = 25 , and n = 1 ,
so that
1(25)
0.045
A = 2500 1 +
b.
4(25)
12(25)
0.045
A = 2500 1 +
12
d.
$7684.36 .

P = $2500 , r = 0.045 , t = 25 , and
n = 365 , so that
0.045
A = 2500 1 +
365
365(25)
$7700.01 .
38. a.
1 3.5
A(1) = 100
82.034 .
2
After 1 day, approximately 82.034 grams of
radon gas will be left in the sample.
3.5
b.
P ( 2018) = 2.723 (1.052 )

3.883
Nevada in 2018 will be approximately
b.
P ( 2025) = 2.723 (1.052 )

5.537
Nevada in 2025 will be approximately
1 3.5
A(3.5) = 100
= 50 .
2
After 3.5 days, 50 grams of radon gas will
be left in the sample.
2025 2011
40. a.
u (15) = 72 + 278e 0.0835(15) 151.449 .

the cake after 15 minutes will be
b.
u (30) = 72 + 278e0.0835(30) 94.706 .

the cake after 30 minutes will be
$7652.33 .

P = $2500 , r = 0.045 , t = 25 , and n = 12 ,
so that
2018 2011
39. a.
$7513.59 .

P = $2500 , r = 0.045 , t = 25 , and n = 4 ,
so that
0.045
A = 2500 1 +
c.
41. If 34 = 81 , then log3 81 = 4 .
1
1
, then log 4 = 3 .
42. If 43 =
64
64
43. If b3 = 5 , then logb 5 = 3 .
44. If 103.74 = x , then log x = 3.74 .
45. If log8 2 =
46. If log5 18 = r , then 5r = 18 .

47. If ln( x + 3) = 2 , then e2 = x + 3 .
48. If log x = 4 , then 104 = x .
c.
732
1
, then 81/3 = 2 .
3
1 3.5
A(7) = 100
= 25 .
2
After 7 days, 25 grams of radon gas will be
left in the sample.

49. Let y = log8 128 . Then,
54. The domain of g ( x) = log8 (7 3x) is the set of

7 3x > 0
3x > 7
7
x<
3
7
x<
3
Thus, the domain of g ( x) = log8 (7 3x) is
8 y = 128
( 23 )
= 27
23 y = 27
3y = 7
7
y=
3
Thus, log8 128 =
7
.
3
x x <
6 y = 60
y=0
Thus, log 6 1 = 0 .
or using interval notation, (0, ) .
1
51. Let y = log
. Then,
100
1
10 y =
100
1
10 y =
102
y
10 = 102
y = 2
56. The domain of F ( x) = log 1 (4 x + 10) is the set

3
of all real numbers x such that

4 x + 10 > 0
4 x > 10
10
x>
4
5
x>
2
Thus, the domain of F ( x) = log 1 (4 x + 10) is
1
= 2 .
100
x x > , or using interval notation,

2
5
, .
2
52. Let y = log9 27 . Then
9 y = 27
(32 )
= 33
32 y = 33
2y = 3
3
y=
2
Thus, log9 27 =
, .
3
55. The domain of h( x) = ln(3 x) is the set of all real

numbers x such that
3x > 0
x>0
Thus, the domain of h( x) = ln(3 x) is {x | x > 0} ,
6y = 1
Thus, log
7
, or using interval notation,
3
5
57. Rewrite y = f ( x ) = log 5 x as x = .
2
2
y
5
2
3
.
2
53. The domain of f ( x) = log 2 ( x + 5) is the set of

x+5 > 0
x > 5
Thus, the domain of f ( x) = log 2 ( x + 5) is
733

y
5
y
x=
( x, y )
2
2
2
4 4
5
2
2 x = = =
, 2
25 25
2
5
1
1
2
5
2
2
1 x = = =
, 1
5
2
5
5
5
x = =1
2
1
5
5
x= =
2
2
0
1
25
5
x= =
2
4

g ( x) = log _2 x
5
(1, 0 )
59. ln 24 3.178
5
, 1
2
25
, 2
4
60. ln
62. log 0.124 0.907
5
f ( x) = log_5 x
2
5
0.182
6
61. log 257 2.410

curve.
63. log 7 (4 x 19) = 2

4 x 19 = 7 2
4 x 19 = 49
4 x = 68
x = 17
64. log 1
2
58. Rewrite y = g ( x) = log 2 x as x = .
5
5
y
2
5
y
2
x=
( x, y )
5
2
2
25 25
2
5
2 x = = =
, 2
4 4
5
2
1
1
5
2
5
5
1 x = = =
, 1
2
5
2
2
2
x = =1
5
1
2
2
x= =
5
5

(1, 0 )
2
, 1
5
2
4
2
4
x= =
2
, 2
25
5
25
curve.
1
734
( x2 + 8x ) = 2
1
x2 + 8x =
3
2
x + 8 x = 32
x2 + 8x = 9
x2 + 8x 9 = 0
( x + 9)( x 1) = 0
x + 9 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 9 or
x =1
4
= 2
9
4
a 2 =
9
9
2
a =
4
65. log a
9
3
=
4
2
3
positive, we know that a = is extraneous.
2
3
2
a=
71. log 4 421 = 21
66. ln e5 x = 30
5 x = 30
x=6
72. 7log7 9.34 = 9.34

73. log5 5 = 1
67. log(6 7 x) = 3
74. log9 1 = 0
6 7 x = 103
6 7 x = 1000
7 x = 994
x = 142
75. log 4 12 log 4 3 = log 4
76. 12log12 2+ log12 8 = 12log12 (28) = 12log12 16 = 16
68. logb 75 = 2
b 2 = 75
b = 75
b = 5 3
positive, we know that b = 5 3 is extraneous.
{ }
The solution set is 5 3 .

L 104 = 10 log
x
10
12
= log 4 4 = 1
3
12
at x = 104 .
xy
77. log 7 = log 7 ( xy ) log 7 z
z
= log 7 x + log7 y log 7 z
81
78. log3 = log3 81 log3 x 2
x2
= log3 34 log3 x 2
= 4 2 log3 x
79. log1000r 4 = log1000 + log r 4
= log103 + log r 4
= 3 + 4 log r
104
1012
= 10 log104 ( 12)
= 10 log108
= 10(8)
= 80
The loudness of the vacuum cleaner is 80
decibels.
x
70. We solve M ( x ) = log
for M ( x ) = 8 .
103
M ( x) = 8
x
log
=8
103
x
= 108
103
x = 108 103
x 1
x 1 2
= ln
80. ln
x
x
1 x 1
= ln
2 x
1
= ln ( x 1) ln x
2
1
1
= ln ( x 1) ln x
2
2
81. 4 log3 x + 2 log3 y = log3 x 4 + log3 y 2
= log3 x 4 y 2
82.
= 108+( 3)
1
1
ln x + ln 7 2 ln 3 = ln x 4 + ln 7 ln 32
4
= ln 4 x + ln 7 ln 9
= 105
= 100, 000
The seismographic reading of the Great New
Madrid Earthquake 100 kilometers from the
epicenter would have been 100,000 millimeters.
= ln 7 4 x ln 9
74 x
= ln
9
735
83. log 2 3 log 2 6 = log 2
3
1
= log 2 = log 2 21 = 1
6
2
84. log 6 x 2 7 x + 12 log 6 ( x 3)
= log6 ( x 4 )( x 3) log6 ( x 3)
= log6 ( x 4) + log 6 ( x 3) log 6 ( x 3)
= log6 ( x 4)

91. ln ( x + 2 ) ln x = ln ( x + 1)
x+2
ln
= ln ( x + 1)
x
x+2
= x +1
x
x( x + 1) = x + 2
x2 + x = x + 2
x2 = 2
x = 2 1.414

log 50
log 6 50 =
2.183
log 6
The apparent solution x = 2 1.414 is

extraneous because it causes the argument of a
logarithm to be negative. The solution set is
{ 2} {1.414} .

log 2
log 2 =
0.606
log
92.

ln 6
log 2 6 =
4.419
3
2
ln
3
log12 x 3 = log12 22
log12 3 x = log12 4
3
x =4
x = 43 = 64

ln 20
log 5 20 =
3.723
ln 5
93.
2 x = 15
log 2 x = log15
x log 2 = log15
log15
3.907
x=
log 2
89. 3log 4 x = log 4 1000

log 4 x3 = log 4 1000
x3 = 1000
x = 3 1000
x = 10
log15
The solution set is
{3.907} . If we
log 2
ln15
{3.907} .
ln 2
90. log3 ( x + 7 ) + log3 ( x + 6 ) = log3 2

log3 ( x + 7 )( x + 6 ) = log3 2
x 2 + 13 x + 42 = 2
94.
x + 13 x + 40 = 0
( x + 8 )( x + 5 ) = 0
x + 8 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
x = 8 or
x = 5
{5} .
736
1
log12 x = 2 log12 2
3
103 x = 27
log103 x = log 27
3x = log 27
log 27
0.477
x=
3
log 27
The solution set is
{0.477} .
3
95.
b.
1 7x
e = 13
3
e7 x = 39
t /3.5
1
1 = 100
2
t /3.5
1
0.01 =
2
ln e7 x = ln 39
7 x = ln 39
ln 39
0.523
x=
7
ln 39
The solution set is
{0.523} .
7
t /3.5
1
log 0.01 = log
2
t
1
log 0.01 =
log
3.5
2
3.5log 0.01
=t
1
log
2
3.5log 0.01
So, t =
23.253 days.
1
log
2
Thus, 1 gram of radon gas will be left after
approximately 23.253 days.
3x = 2 x +1
96.
log 3x = log 2 x +1
x log 3 = ( x + 1) log 2
x log 3 = x log 2 + log 2
x log 3 x log 2 = log 2
x(log 3 log 2) = log 2
x=
log 2
1.710
log 3 log 2
log 2
The solution set is
{1.710} . If
log 3 log 2
ln 2
{1.710} .
ln 3 ln 2
97. a.

gram. So we solve the equation

A = 75 grams. So we solve the equation
t /3.5
1
75 = 100
2
t /3.5
1
0.75 =
2
t /3.5
1
log 0.75 = log
2
t
1
log 0.75 =
log
3.5
2
3.5log 0.75
=t
1
log
2
3.5log 0.75
So, t =
1.453 days.
1
log
2
Thus, 75 grams of radon gas will be left
98. a.

P = 3.939 million. So we solve the equation
t 2011
3.939 = 2.723 (1.052 )

3.939
t 2011
= (1.052 )
2.723
3.939
t 2011
log
= log (1.052 )
2.723
3.939
log
= ( t 2011) log (1.052 )
2.723
3.939
log
2.723 = t 2011
log1.052
3.939
log
2.496 + 2011 = t
log1.052
2018.283 t
population of Nevada will reach
3.939 million people in about the year 2018.
737

b.

P = 8.426 million. So we solve the equation
t 2011
8.426 = 2.723 (1.052 )

8.426
t 2011
= (1.052 )
2.723
8.426
t 2011
log
= log (1.052 )
2.723
8.426
log
= ( t 2011) log (1.052 )
2.723
8.426
log
2.723 = t 2011
log1.052
8.426
log
2.723 + 2011 = t
log1.052
2033.283 t
population of Nevada will reach
8.426 million people in about the year 2033.
4. If 4 x = 19 , then log 4 19 = x .
5. If logb x = y , then b y = x .
1
Let y = log3 . Then,
27
1
3y =
27
1
3y =
33
y
3 = 33
y = 3
6. a.
1
Thus, log3 = 3 .
27
Let y = log10, 000 . Then,
b.
10 y = 10, 000
10 y = 104
y=4
Thus, log10, 000 = 4 .
Chapter 8 Test
element in the range (4) that corresponds to more
than one element in the domain (1 and 1 ).
2.
f ( x ) = 4x 3
y = 4x 3
x = 4y 3
x + 3 = 4y
x+3
=y
4
x+3
f 1 ( x ) =
4
Check:
x x <
x+3
f f 1 ( x ) = 4
3 = x +33 = x
4
( 4 x 3) + 3 4 x
f 1 ( f ( x ) ) =
=
=x
4
4
3. a.
738
3.1
3.1
33.360
3.14
36.338
b.
3.14
c.
3.1423.142 36.494
d.
3.14163.1416 36.463
e.
36.462
7. The domain of f ( x) = log5 (7 4 x ) is the set of

7 4x > 0
4 x > 7
7
x<
4
7
x<
4
Thus, the domain of f ( x) = log5 (7 4 x ) is
7
or, using interval notation,
4
, .
4
x
2
1
0
f ( x) = 6 x
( x, f ( x) )
1
1
1
=
f (2) = 62 =
2,
2
36
36
6
1 1
1
=
f (1) = 61 =
1,
1
6
6
6
0,
1
f (0) = 60 = 1
( )
f (1) = 61 = 6
(1, 6 )

curve.

y
f ( x) = 6 x
11. log 4
x
y
= log 4 x log 4 y 3
= log 4 x 2 log 4 y 3
1
= log 4 x 3log 4 y
2
12. 4 log M + 3log N = log M 4 + log N 3

(0, ) .
y
1
9. Rewrite y = g ( x) = log 1 x as x = .
9
9
y
1
9
y
1
x=
9
1
1
1
9
1 x = = = 9
9
1
0
1
1
x = =1
9
1
1 1
x= =
9 9
2
= log M 4 N 3
log10
log 3 10 =
8.004
4
3
log
4
14.
( x, y )
(1, 0 )
1
1
2
x= =
81
9
curve.
4 x +1 = 23 x +1
( 22 )
( )
5 x 53 = 52
2x
2
5 x + 3 = 54 x
x2 + 3 = 4x
2
x 4x + 3 = 0
( x 1)( x 3) = 0
x 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0
x = 1 or
x=3
x
g ( x) = log _1 x
9

notation, (0, ) . The range of g is all real
b.
= 23 x +1
5 x 125 = 252 x
15.
10. a.
x +1
22 x + 2 = 23 x +1
2 x + 2 = 3x + 1
x + 2 = 1
x = 1
x =1
( 9, 1)
1
, 1
9
1
, 2
81
16. log a 64 = 3
a3 = 64
a = 3 64 = 4
log 7 710 = 10
3log 3 15 = 15
739
17. log 2 x 2 33 = 8
8

t 2010
Evaluate P(t ) = 34.1(1.008 )
21. a.
2 = x 33
2015 2010
P(2015) = 34.1(1.008)
35.486 .
Canada in 2010 will be about 35.5 million
people.
256 = x 2 33
289 = x 2
x = 289 = 17
b.

P = 50 million people. So we solve the
equation
18. 2 log 7 ( x 3) = log 7 3 + log 7 12
log 7 ( x 3)2 = log 7 (3 12)
t 2010
50 = 34.1(1.008)
50
t 2010
= (1.008 )
34.1
50
t 2010
log
= log (1.008)
34.1
50
log
= ( t 2010 ) log1.008
34.1
50
log
34.1 = t 2010
log1.008
50
log
34.1 + 2010 = t
log1.008
2058.032 t
Canada will be 50 million people in about
2058.
log 7 ( x 3)2 = log 7 36
( x 3)2 = 36
x 3 = 6
x = 36
x = 9 or x = 3
19.
3x 1 = 17
log 3x 1 = log17
( x 1) log 3 = log17
x log 3 log 3 = log17
x log 3 = log17 + log 3
log17 + log 3
x=
3.579
log 3
log17 + log 3
The solution set is
{3.579} . If
log 3

ln17 + ln 3
{3.579} .
ln 3
20. log ( x 2 ) + log ( x + 2 ) = 2
log ( x 2 )( x + 2 ) = 2
log x 2 4 = 2
L 1011 = 10 log
10
x
10
12
at x = 1011 .
11
1012
= 10 log1011( 12)
= 10 log101
= 10(1)
= 10
The loudness of rustling leaves is 10 decibels.
10 = x 2 4
x 2 4 = 100
x 2 = 104
x = 104
x = 2 26 10.198
The apparent solution x = 2 26 10.198 is
extraneous because it causes the argument of a
logarithm to be negative. The solution set is
{2 26} {10.198} .
740
at
t = 2015.

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Chapter 8

Are You Ready for This Section?

R1. We need to find all values of x that cause the

Thus, the domain of R ( x ) =

R3. The graph shown is not a function because it

1. Given two functions f and g, the composite

6. A function is one-to-one if any two different

8. The function is one-to-one because there are no

The graph fails the horizontal line test. For

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

The graph passes the horizontal line test

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

10. The inverse of the one-to-one function is:

The domain of the inverse function is

The domain of the inverse function is

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

f ( 13) = 2 ( 13) = 4394

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

37. The function is one-to-one. Each element in the

39. The function is not one-to-one. There is an

47. The graph passes the horizontal line test, so the

51. The graph passes the horizontal line test, so the

45. The function is one-to-one. Each element in the

49. The graph fails the horizontal line test.

55. To obtain the inverse, we switch the x- and ycoordinates.

Since f ( g ( x ) ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = x , the two

57. To obtain the inverse, we switch the x- and ycoordinates.

functions are inverses of each other.

Since f ( g ( x ) ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = x , the two

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

functions are inverses of each other.

Since f ( g ( x ) ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = x , the two

functions are inverses of each other.

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

101. To find the domain and range of the inverse, we

T ( x ) = 0.15 ( x 8700 ) + 870

The area of the room is 15 21 = 315 sq ft.

C ( 315 ) = 2 ( 315 ) = 630

99. To find the domain and range of the inverse, we

The y-intercept is found by letting x = 0 and

A ( 3) = 400 ( 3) = 3600 11,309.73 sq ft

T ( 35,350 ) = 0.15 ( 35,350 8700 ) + 870 = 4867.50.

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra

Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

SSM: Intermediate Algebra