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Experiment No. 3
Name: Thin and Thick Cylinders
Aim: To study the performance of thin and thick cylinders subjected to internal pressure
through the stresses and strain analysis along the length and circumference of
cylinders.
Theory:
1- Thin Cylinder: When a thin cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure, three mutually
perpendicular principal stresses [ hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and radial stress ] are
developed in the cylinder material. If the ratio of thickness and the inside diameter of the
cylinder is less than (1: 20), membrane theory may be applied and we may assume that
the hoop and longitudinal stresses are approximately
constant across the wall thickness.
The hoop stress acting on the cylinder wall H = pi d / 2 t
The longitudinal stress acting on the cylinder wall
L = pi d / 4t
Where pi is the internal pressure, d is the internal diameter
and t is the wall thickness
HC = ( H - L ) / E
LC = ( L - H ) / E
Strain in direction of
Strain in direction of 2
1 = 1/ E - 2 / E
2 = 2/ E - 1 / E
Where 1 & 2 are the principal stresses of the biaxial stresses ( x = L & y = H )
M = [ ( 2 + 1 ) / 2] + [( 1 - 2 ) / 2] cos 2
(2 is measured in CCW )
N = [ ( 2 + 1 ) / 2] + [( 1 - 2 ) / 2] cos 2
(2 is measured in CW )
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)]
H = [ H - R ] / E & R = [ R - H ] / E
Where r is variable between ( r I & r O )
Maximum R is at the inner radius = - p , R = 0.0 at the outer radius
Maximum H is the inner radius & minimum R is at the outer radius
Maximum shear stress occur at the inner radius = = 1.065 p
Also radial & hoop stresses can be calculated from the experimental reading of the strain as:
H = [ E / ( 1- 2 )] * ( H + R )
&
R = [ E / ( 1- 2 )] * ( R + H )
L = p r i 2 / ( r O2 r i 2)
L = [ L - * ( H + R )] / E
Procedure:
A- For Thin Cylinder:
1- Screw the hand wheel to make the thin cylinder as open ends, therefore hoop stress will
be generated only.
2- Switch on the power to thin cylinder and leave it for at least five minutes.
3- Set all the strain gauge readings to zero.
4- Pump the hand pump until the pressure is approximately 0.4 MN / m 2. Wait for the six
strain gauge reading to stabilize and records these readings.
5- Carefully increase the pressure step by step up to maximum pressure. At each
increment, wait for readings to stabilize and record the six strain gauge readings.
6- Unscrew the hand wheel to make the thin cylinder as closed ends, so hoop &
longitudinal stresses will be generated due to applied internal pressure.
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Discussions:
1- Compare between the theoretical and experimental of the thin cylinder results
regarding:
1-1 Modulus of elasticity ( E ) and Poissons ratio ( ).
1-2 Hoop and longitudinal stresses.
1-3 Principal stresses and strain from the Mohrs Circle and the equations.
2- Give three applications for the open and closed ends thin cylinders.
3- Compare between the theoretical and experimental results of the thick cylinder results
regarding:
3-1 The hoop, radial and longitudinal stresses.
3-2 The relation of the hoop & radial strain with the variable radius ( r ).
3-3 The relation of the longitudinal strain with the variable radius ( r ).
4- Give three applications for the thick cylinders.
5- Give brief idea about the strain and pressure measurement for the thin and thick
cylinders.
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