List of Figures

Figure

Title

Page
No.
5
Figure (1.1) Relative volume of various oxides formed due to
corrosion of iron.
7
Figure (1.2) The breakdown of the passive layer and recycling
chlorides
Figure (1.3) a) Flocculating cement particles trapping the mix 10
water, b) The effect of a water reducing admixture on
the dispersion of cement particles.
40
Figure (3.1) Details of the experimental program.
41
Figure (3.2) Specrtrometric analytical instrument.
41
Figure (3.3) Electronic precision balance.
42
Figure (3.4) Compressive strength test machine.
42
Figure (3.5) Saturated Calomel reference electrode.
43
Figure (3.6) Scheme of electrical resistance measuring circuit.
43
Figure (3.7) D.C. electrical resistance measuring setup.
Figure (3.8) Concrete specimens utilized to evaluate the corrosion 44
of reinforcement.
Figure (3.9) Half-cell potential measurements circuit for the 45
present corrosion study.
45
Figure (3.10) Half- cell potential measurements system.
Figure (3.11) Schematic representation of the accelerated corrosion 46
test system.
Figure (3.12) The accelerated corrosion system set up of the present 46
study.
Figure (4.1) Effect of HRWRA dosage on the water reduction of 48
concrete.
Figure (4.2) Mode of action of high range water reducing 49
admixture.
Figure (4.3) The effect of HRWRA addition on compressive 52
strength of concrete exposed to chloride solution.
Figure (4.4) The effect of HRWRA addition on compressive 53
strength of concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate
solution.
Figure (4.5) Compressive strength of reference and various 54
concentration of HRWRA concrete exposed to
chloride solution at different ages.

IX

Figure (4.6)

Figure (4.7)

Figure (4.8)

Figure (4.9)

Figure (4.10)

Figure (4.11)

Figure (4.12)

Figure (4.13)

Figure (4.14)

Figure (4.15)

Figure (4.16)

Figure (4.17)

Figure (4.18)
Figure (4.19)

Compressive strength of reference and various

concentration of HRWRA concrete exposed to
chloride- sulfate solution at different ages.
The effect of aggressive solutions on compressive
strength of reference and HRWRA concretes after 28
days of exposure.
The effect of aggressive solutions on compressive
strength of reference and HRWRA concretes after 60
days of exposure.
The effect of aggressive solutions on compressive
strength of reference and HRWRA concretes after 90
days of exposure.
Absorption percentages of reference and concretes
containing different concentrations of HRWRA in
chloride solution.
Absorption percentages of reference and concretes
containing different concentrations of HRWRA in
chloride-sulfate solution.
Reduction in absorption percentage with increasing
HRWRA percentage at age of 28 days in both
aggressive solutions.
Reduction in absorption percentage with increasing of
HRWRA percentage at age 90 days in both aggressive
solutions.
Voltage-current relationship for various types of
concrete after 28 days of exposure to chloride
solution.
Voltage-current relationship for various types of
concrete after 90 days of exposure to chloride
solution.
Voltage-current relationship for various types of
concrete after 28 days of exposure to chloride-sulfate
solution.
Voltage-current relationship for various types of
concrete after 90 days of exposure to chloride-sulfate
solution.
Electrical resistance of various types of concrete after
exposure to chloride solution.
Electrical resistance of various types of concrete after

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60

61

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63
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Figure (4.20)

Figure (4.21)

Figure (4.22)
Figure (4.23)
Figure (4.24)
Figure (4.25)
Figure (4.26)
Figure (4.27)

Figure (4.28)
Figure (4.29)

Figure (4.30)
Figure (4.31)

Figure (4.32)

Figure (4.33)

Figure (4.34)

exposure to chloridesulfate solution.

Electrical resistance of reference and HRWRA
concrete after 28 days of exposure to chloride and
chloride-sulfate solutions.
Electrical resistance of reference and HRWRA
concrete after 90 days of exposure to chloride and
chloride-sulfate solutions.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in reference
concrete exposed to chloride solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in reference
concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.125%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.125%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate solution
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.250%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.25%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate
solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.375%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.375%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate
solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.500%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride solution.
Half-cell potentials of reinforcing bars in 0.500%
HRWRA concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate
solution.
Effect of HRWRA on the time to initiation of
reinforcement corrosion in concrete specimens
exposed to chloride solution.
Effect of HRWRA on the time to initiation of
reinforcement corrosion in concrete specimens
exposed to chloride-sulfate solution.
Comparison of effect of HRWRA on the time to
initiation of reinforcement corrosion in concrete
specimens in both aggressive solutions.

XI

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Figure (4.35) Variation of current with time in the reference and

0.125% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloride
solution.
Figure (4.36) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.125% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloridesulfate solution.
Figure (4.37) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.250% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloride
solution.
Figure (4.38) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.250% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloridesulfate solution.
Figure (4.39) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.375% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloride
solution.
Figure (4.40) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.375% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloridesulfate solution.
Figure (4.41) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.500% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloride
solutions.
Figure (4.42) Variation of current with time in the reference and
0.500% HRWRA concrete specimens in chloridesulfate solution.
Figure (4.43) Variation of current with time in the reference
concrete specimens in chloride and chloride-sulfate
solutions
Figure (4.44) Variation of current with time in the concrete
specimens prepared with 0.1255%HRWRA in
chloride and chloride-sulfate solutions.
Figure (4.45) Variation of current with time in the concrete
specimens prepared with 0.250%HRWRA in chloride
and chloride-sulfate solutions.
Figure (4.46) Variation of current with time in the concrete
specimens prepared with 0.375%HRWRA in chloride
and chloride-sulfate solutions.
Figure (4.47) Variation of current with time in the concrete
specimens prepared with 0.500% HRWRA in chloride
and chloride-sulfate solutions.

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Figure (4.48) Effect of HRWRA concentration on time to initiation

of crack due to accelerated corrosion in chloride
solution.
Figure (4.49) Effect of HRWRA concentration on time to initiation
of crack due to accelerated corrosion in chloridesulfate solution.
Figure (4.50) Mass loss percentages of reference and concretes
containing different concentrations of HRWRA in
chloride solution.
Figure (4.51) Mass loss percentages of reference and concretes
containing different concentrations of HRWRA in
chloride-sulfate solution.
Figure (4.52) Reduction in mass loss percentage with increasing of
HRWRA percentage in both aggressive solutions.
Figure (4.53) Steel bars extracted from concrete specimens after
completion of half-cell measurements.
Figure (4.54) Steel bars extracted from concrete specimens after
accelerated corrosion test was completed.

XIII

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