TICKING BOMB USING INFRARED

SENSOR
COMPONENTS USED:1. INFRARED SENSOR
2. INFRARED RECIEVER
3. IC555
4. NPN TRANSISTOR
5. RESISTANCES
6. POLARIZED CAPACITOR
7. BUZZER

INFRARED SENSOR

IR Transmitter will always transmit IR light

(Infrared), it is not visible to human eyes. Since the
transmitter and receiver is being arrange side by
side, theoretically, the receiver should not receive
any or in most cases, it will receive small amount of
infrared emitted by the IR transmitter. The working
concept of IR receiver is similar to transistor or LDR
(Light Dependent Resistor). Just imagine this.
Referring to above diagram, the IR Receiver is like a
transistor with the base controlled by the IR light

received. When there is no IR light receive, the

collector of transistor does not allow current to
sink to emitter further to ground of circuit. It is like
very high resistance from collector to emitter,
blocking current going to ground. In this case, the
voltage at SENSOR1 node will be high, near to 5V.
When the IR receiver receives more IR light, it
changes the resistance at collector and allow more
current to sink to ground, and this is similar to low
resistance at the lower part of the circuit
We utilize this voltage changes to IR light to know
whether there is obstacle or not.

IC555
Basically, 555 timer is a highly stable circuit capable of functioning as an accurate timedelay generator and as a free running multivibrator. When used as an oscillator the
frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled by only two external components, a
resistor (R) and a capacitor (C). The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling wave
forms. A 555 timer has two comparators, which are basically 2 op-amps), an R-S flip-flop,
two transistors and a resistive network.

Resistive network consists of three equal resistors and acts as a voltage divider.
Comparator 1 compares threshold voltage with a reference voltage + 2/3 VCC volts.
Comparator 2 compares the trigger voltage with a reference voltage + 1/3 V CC volts.

Output of both the comparators is supplied to the flip-flop. Flip-flop assumes its state
according to the output of the two comparators. One of the two transistors is a discharge
transistor of which collector is connected to pin 7. This transistor saturates or cuts-off
according to the output state of the flip-flop. The saturated transistor provides a discharge
path to a capacitor connected externally. Base of another transistor is connected to a reset
terminal. A pulse applied to this terminal resets the whole timer irrespective of any input.

The 555 timer IC (integrated circuit) is very stable, relatively cheap

and reliable. It may be used as monostable or astable.
MONOSTABLE

A Monostable Circuit produces one pulse of a set length in

response to a trigger input such as a push button. The output of
the circuit stays in the low state until there is a trigger input,
hence the name "monostable" meaning "one stable state". his
type of circuit is ideal for use in a "push to operate" system for a
model displayed at exhibitions. A visitor can push a button to
start a model's mechanism moving, and the mechanism will
automatically switch off after a set time.

Astable mode
An Astable Circuit has no stable state - hence the name
"astable". The output continually switches state between high
and low without without any intervention from the user, called a
'square' wave. This type of circuit could be used to give a
mechanism intermittent motion by switching a motor on and off
at regular intervals. It can also be used to flash lamps and LEDs,
and is useful as a 'clock' pulse for other digital ICs and circuits.