BORDER LIMIT DETECTOR

SYNOPSIS PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION
The technology proliferation of Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to
provide location basedpositioning, Navigation and time details in all climatic
conditions and even anywhere any time. Though it comprisesthree units namely
control unit, space and user unit and has become popularly used technology for
time and locationsensitive navigation, tracking and surveillance applications. The
requirements of safety civilian in the sea as themaritime boundary (navigation) of a
country cannot be achieved. The marine GPS navigation device and
packagesbecame a revolutionizing tool for fisherman boats maritime border
crossing issues. The proposed system coins a lowcost maritime border crossing
alert system that amalgamating the potency of marine GPS device. It
continuouslymonitoring, tracking, alerting and controlling the fishermans activity
from the remote station located on the shore.

At first the wireless networks are utilized by many applications where the locations
of the nodes in the networks need to be tracked based on the calculation
ofcommunication factors among nodes. Hence many timeand secure sensitive
applications require the deploymentof mobile ad-hoc networks. Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks (MANETS) can also used for addressing these issues byalgorithms
called cooperative localization. The challengesare extended to cooperative
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localization is that multiplehops nodes cannot be localized using single

hoplocalization algorithms. In sensor network technology, thelocalization of sensor
needs to be tagged with sensor data.Cost and energy depletions are the notable
drawbacks ofthe sensor networks. Presently there are few existingsystems using
GPS technology to track and identify thecurrent position of the boats/ships. These
systems usedelectronic map that provides an effective method fornavigation and
localization detection by the nave users.This also acquires increased levels of
safety and efficiency

INTRODUCTION:

The BORDER LIMIT DETECTOR is used for sensing

border limit of country. This project gains its importance from the fact that we can
prevent dispute with countries on the issues of crossing the border.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

RF OSCILLATOR

A Hartley oscillator is essentially any configuration that uses two seriesconnected coils and a single capacitor (see Colpitts oscillator for the
equivalent oscillator using two capacitors and one coil). Although there is no
requirement for there to be mutual coupling between the two coil segments,
the circuit is usually implemented this way.
It is made up of the following:
Two inductors in series, which need not be mutual
One tuning capacitor
Advantages of the Hartley oscillator include:
The frequency may be varied using a variable capacitor
The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range

 Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed

Disadvantages include:
Harmonic-rich content if taken from the amplifier and not directly from the
LC circuit.
Note that, if the inductance of the two partial coils L1 and L2 is given (e.g. in
a simulator), the total effective inductance that determines the frequency of
the oscillation is (coupling factor k):

RF AMPLIFIER
An RF power amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a
low-power radio-frequency signal into a larger signal of significant power,
typically for driving the antenna of a transmitter. It is usually optimized to
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have high efficiency, high output Power(P1dB) compression, good return

loss on the input and output, good gain, and optimum heat dissipation.

FREQUENCY MODULATOR
In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information

over a carrier wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude

modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied while its

frequency remains constant). In analog applications, the difference between

the instantaneous and the base frequency of the carrier is directly

proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. Digital data can

be sent by shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a

technique known as frequency-shift keying.

RF TRANSMITTER

A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with the aid of an

antenna, propagates an electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or

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other telecommunications.

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RF ANTENNA

The RF antenna is a small loop antenna which detects the RF signals from
the mobile phone ranging from 0.9 to 3 GHz.

AMPLIFIERS

Generally, an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes,

usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. The relationship of the input to the
output of an amplifierusually expressed as a function of the input frequencyis
called the transfer function of the amplifier, and the magnitude of the transfer
function is termed the gain.In popular use, the term usually describes an electronic
amplifier, in which the input "signal" is usually a voltage or a current. In audio
applications, amplifiers drive the loudspeakers used in PA systems to make the
human voice louder or play recorded music. Amplifiers may be classified
according to the input (source) they are designed to amplify (such as a guitar
amplifier, to perform with an electric guitar), the device they are intended to drive
(such as a headphone amplifier), the frequency range of the signals (Audio, IF, RF,
and VHF amplifiers, for example), whether they invert the signal (inverting
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amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers), or the type of device used in the

amplification (valve or tube amplifiers, FET amplifiers, etc.).

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CONCLUSION:
The primary goal of this report is to present the project BORDER
LIMIT DETECTOR, which is successfully completed and tested. This enhanced
device is very useful for day to day applications in over s especially for Navy
Ships, War Ships, fisherman.. And thus we submit this valuable project with
perfect analysis and report.

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REFERENCES:
Project Designing-John Derek
www.pd.com

www.datasheets.com

Basic Informations-www.google.com

www.electronicsforu.com

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