Math 38 Mathematical Analysis III: I. F. Evidente

MATH 38
Mathematical Analysis III

I. F. Evidente
IMSP (UPLB)
Previously
Sequences
Graph of Sequences
Convergence of a Sequence
Theorems for finding limits of sequences
Outline
Convergence of Alternating Sequences
Monotone and Bounded Sequences
Proving the convergence of sequences by definition
Outline
Alternating Sequences
If the signs of a sequence alternate from positive to negative, or vice-verse,
we say that the sequence is an alternating sequence.
Alternating Sequences
If the signs of a sequence alternate from positive to negative, or vice-verse,
we say that the sequence is an alternating sequence.
Example

(1)n
1 1 1 1
= , , , , ...
2n
2 4 8 16
n+1
{(1)
} = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...}
Theorem
If lim |an | = 0, then lim an = 0.
n
Theorem
If lim |an | = 0, then lim an = 0.
n
Note
Totoo lang ito kapag zero ang limit.
Example
Use the theorem to show that the sequence
(1)n
2n
is convergent.
Example
Use the theorem to show that the sequence
(1)n
2n
is convergent.
Remark
Let {an } be an alternating sequence. If lim |an | 6= lim |an |, then lim an
n
n
n
does not exist. (That is, {an } is divergent.)
Example
Use the remark to show that the sequence (1)n+1 is divergent.
Example
Use the remark to show that the sequence (1)n+1 is divergent.
Outline
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
increasing if
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
increasing if an an+1 for all n
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
decreasing if
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
2
N
decreasing if an an+1 for all n N
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
2
3
N
monotonic if
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
2
3
N
monotonic if {an }
n=1 is either increasing or decreasing.
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
2
3
N
monotonic if {an }
Example
1
1
1 1 1
= 1, , , , ... is a decreasing sequence
n
2 3 4
Definition
A sequence {an }
n=1 is said to be
1
2
3
N
monotonic if {an }
Example
1
1
1 1 1
= 1, , , , ... is a decreasing sequence
n
2 3 4
{3n 8} = {5, 2, 1, 4, ..} is an increasing sequence.
Remark
Two methods to show that a sequence {an } is monotonic:
1 Let f (n) = a . Consider f (n) as a function of
. Find f 0 (n).
n
increasing: f 0 (n) 0 for all n [k, )
decreasing: f 0 (n) 0 for all n [k, )
Remark
Two methods to show that a sequence {an } is monotonic:
1 Let f (n) = a . Consider f (n) as a function of
. Find f 0 (n).
n
increasing: f 0 (n) 0 for all n [k, )
decreasing: f 0 (n) 0 for all n [k, )
2
If the terms of {an } are all positive:

a n+1
1 for all n I
an
a n+1
decreasing:
1 for all n I
an
increasing:
Example
Determine whether or not the following sequences are monotonic:
5n + 1
2n
Example
5n + 1
2n
decreasing
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
decreasing
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
1
(2n)!
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
1
decreasing
(2n)!
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
1
decreasing
(2n)!
(1)n
2n
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
1
decreasing
(2n)!
(1)n
not monotonic
2n
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
1
decreasing
(2n)!
(1)n
not monotonic
2n
n
o

cos
n n=2
Example
5n + 1
decreasing
2n

n!
increasing
10
1
decreasing
(2n)!
(1)n
not monotonic
2n
n
o

increasing
cos
n n=2
Definition
If {an }
n=1 is a sequence, then
Definition
If {an }
1
l is a lower bound of the sequence if
Definition
If {an }
1
l is a lower bound of the sequence if l a n for all n
N.
Definition
If {an }
1
u is an upper bound of the sequence if
N.
Definition
If {an }
N.
u is an upper bound of the sequence if u a n for all n
N.
Definition
If {an }
N.
The sequence is bounded if
N.
Definition
If {an }
N.
The sequence is bounded if it has both an upper bound and lower

bound.
N.
Example
Which among the sequences in the previous example are bounded?
5n + 1
2n
(decreasing)
Example
5n + 1
2n
(decreasing) bounded
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
(increasing)
10
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
(increasing) not bounded
10
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(decreasing)
(2n)!
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
n
o
cos
(increasing)
n n=2
Example
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
n
o
cos
(increasing) bounded
n n=2
Is the sequence
(1)n
2n
bounded? (not monotonic)
Is the sequence
(1)n
2n
Is the sequence
BOUNDED!
(1)n
2n
Theorem (Monotone Convergence Theorem)

A bounded monotonic sequence is convergent.
Example
Which among the sequences in the previous examples are convergent by
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n
(decreasing, bounded)
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n
(decreasing, bounded) convergent
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
(increasing, not bounded)
10
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
(increasing, not bounded) no conclusion
10
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(decreasing, bounded)
(2n)!
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
(1)n
(not monotonic, bounded)
2n
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
(1)n
(not monotonic, bounded) no conclusion
2n
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
(1)n
2n
n
o
cos
(increasing, bounded)
n n=2
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
(1)n
2n
n
o
cos
(increasing, bounded) convergent
n n=2
Example
the theorem?
5n + 1
2n

n!
10
1
(2n)!
(1)n
2n
n
o
cos
(increasing, bounded) convergent
n n=2
Completeness Axiom
Let S be a nonempty set S of real numbers. If S has an upperbound, then
S has a smallest upper bound (called the least upper bound). If S has a
lower bound, then S has largest lower bound (called the greatest lower
bound).
Remark
Let {an } be a bounded monotonic sequence.
Remark
1
increasing: glb =
Remark
1
increasing: glb = first term,
Remark
1
increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence
Remark
1
decreasing: lub =
Remark
1
decreasing: lub = first term,
Remark
1
decreasing: lub = first term, glb = limit of the sequence
Remark
1
Example
Determine the glb and lub of the convergent sequences in the previous
example.
5n + 1
2n
(decreasing)
Remark
1
Example
example.
5n + 1
(decreasing)
2n
1
(decreasing)
(2n)!
Remark
1
Example
example.
5n + 1
(decreasing)
2n
1
(decreasing)
(2n)!
n
o
cos
(increasing)
n n=2
Remark
1
Example
example.
5n + 1
(decreasing)
2n
1
(decreasing)
(2n)!
n
o
cos
(increasing)
n n=2
Outline
Please note some changes...
Definition (Convergence of a Sequence)

A sequence {an } is said to converge to the limit L if

A sequence {an } is said to converge to the limit L if given any > 0,

A sequence {an } is said to converge to the limit L if given any > 0, there
exists a number N such that:

A sequence {an } is said to converge to the limit L if given any > 0, there
exists a number N such that:
If n is an integer and n > N , then |an L| < .
L +
L
L
L +
L
L
N
0
L +
L +
N
0
L +
L +
N
0
L +
L
L
L +
L
L
N
0
Remark
To show that {an } converges to L by definition:
Remark
1
Find a suitable N in terms of
Remark
1
2
Find a suitable N in terms of

Show that the given N satisfies the condition: If n > N , then
|a n L| < .
Tip:
1
Simplify |an L|
Tip:
1
2
Simplify |an L|
In the inequality |an L| < , solve for n in terms of . The the
expression in terms of is your candidate for N .
Example
Prove the following using the definition of convergence of a sequence:
1
2
converges to 0.
n2n1
5n
converges to 25 .
Announcements
Do not forget to bring your SW blue book to the next class!

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MATH 38

Mathematical Analysis III

Convergence of Alternating Sequences

Monotone and Bounded Sequences

Proving the convergence of sequences by definition

Convergence of Alternating Sequences

Monotone and Bounded Sequences

Proving the convergence of sequences by definition

Use the theorem to show that the sequence

Use the theorem to show that the sequence

Convergence of Alternating Sequences

Monotone and Bounded Sequences

Proving the convergence of sequences by definition

increasing if an an+1 for all n

increasing if an an+1 for all n

If the terms of {an } are all positive:

l is a lower bound of the sequence if

l is a lower bound of the sequence if l a n for all n

l is a lower bound of the sequence if l a n for all n

u is an upper bound of the sequence if

l is a lower bound of the sequence if l a n for all n

u is an upper bound of the sequence if u a n for all n

l is a lower bound of the sequence if l a n for all n

u is an upper bound of the sequence if u a n for all n

The sequence is bounded if

l is a lower bound of the sequence if l a n for all n

u is an upper bound of the sequence if u a n for all n

The sequence is bounded if it has both an upper bound and lower

bounded? (not monotonic)

bounded? (not monotonic)

bounded? (not monotonic)

Theorem (Monotone Convergence Theorem)

(decreasing, bounded) convergent

increasing: glb = first term,

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

decreasing: lub = first term,

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

decreasing: lub = first term, glb = limit of the sequence

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

decreasing: lub = first term, glb = limit of the sequence

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

decreasing: lub = first term, glb = limit of the sequence

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

decreasing: lub = first term, glb = limit of the sequence

increasing: glb = first term, lub = limit of the sequence

decreasing: lub = first term, glb = limit of the sequence

Convergence of Alternating Sequences

Monotone and Bounded Sequences

Proving the convergence of sequences by definition

Please note some changes...

Definition (Convergence of a Sequence)

Please note some changes...

Definition (Convergence of a Sequence)

Please note some changes...

Definition (Convergence of a Sequence)

Please note some changes...

Definition (Convergence of a Sequence)

Find a suitable N in terms of

Find a suitable N in terms of

Do not forget to bring your SW blue book to the next class!