MATH 38

Mathematical Analysis III

I. F. Evidente
IMSP (UPLB)

Outline

Power Series

Power Series Representation of a Function

Outline

Power Series

Power Series Representation of a Function

Definition
Let {c n }
n=0 be a sequence and a
the form

R. A power series in x a is a sum of

Definition
Let {c n }
n=0 be a sequence and a
the form

X
n=0

R. A power series in x a is a sum of

c n (x a)n = c 0 + c 1 (x a) + c 2 (x a)2 + ... + c n (x a)n + ...

Theorem
Let

X
n=0

c n (x a)n be a power series. Exactly one of the following is true:

Theorem
Let

c n (x a)n be a power series. Exactly one of the following is true:

n=0
1

The power series converges only when x = a . (Case 1)

The power series is absolutely convergent for all x

There exists R > 0 such that the power series is absolutely convergent
for all x such that |x a| < R and divergent for all |x a| > R . (Case 3)

R. (Case 2)

Remark
1

This set of values is called the interval of convergence (IOC) of the

power series.

Remark
1

This set of values is called the interval of convergence (IOC) of the

power series.

The radius of the interval of convergence is called the radius of

convergence (ROC) of the power series.

Outline

Power Series

Power Series Representation of a Function

Consider the power series

X
n=0

xn

Consider the power series

X
n=0

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

Consider the power series

X
n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r =

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x and

X
n=0

xn =

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x and

X
n=0

xn =

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x and

X
n=0

xn =

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x and

X
n=0

xn =

1
1x

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x and

X
n=0

If |x| < 1, the power series

X
n=0

xn =

1
1x

x n is just the same function as f (x) =

1
!
1x

Consider the power series

x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...

n=0

Plug in x such that |x| < 1:

We obtain convergent geometric series with r = x and

X
n=0

If |x| < 1, the power series

We say

X
n=0

xn =

1
1x

x n is just the same function as f (x) =

n=0
n

x is a power series representation of f (x) =

1
!
1x

1
for |x| < 1.
1x

Definition
If a function f can be expressed as a power series

X
n=0

interval I , then

c n (x a)n in some

Definition
If a function f can be expressed as a power series

c n (x a)n in some

n=0

interval I , then we say that f is represented by the power series on I .

Definition
If a function f can be expressed as a power series

c n (x a)n in some

n=0

interval I , then we say that f is represented by the power series on I .

That is,
f (x) =

n=0

c n (x a)n for all x I

Note
The following are synonymous:
1

X
n=0

c n (x a)n is a power series representation (PSR) of f (x) on I .

Note
The following are synonymous:
1

The power series converges to f (x).

c n (x a)n is a power series representation (PSR) of f (x) on I .

n=0

Note
The following are synonymous:
1

The power series converges to f (x).

The sum of the power series is f (x).

c n (x a)n is a power series representation (PSR) of f (x) on I .

n=0

Note
The following are synonymous:
1

The power series converges to f (x).

The sum of the power series is f (x).

c n (x a)n is a power series representation (PSR) of f (x) on I .

n=0

Remark
Not all functions have a power series representation!

Remember this!

X
n=0

ar n =

a
when |r | < 1
1r

Remember this!

ar n =

n=0

a
when |r | < 1
1r

Example
Using the above, obtain a PSR for the following. Indicate for which values
the representation is true:
1

1
1+x
3
g (x) =
4x
2x
h(x) =
3 + 2x 2
f (x) =

Theorem (Differentiation of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

X
n=0

c n (x a)n

Theorem (Differentiation of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then the function is differentiable for all |x a| < R and

Theorem (Differentiation of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then the function is differentiable for all |x a| < R and

f 0 (x) =

Theorem (Differentiation of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then the function is differentiable for all |x a| < R and

0

f (x) = D x

n=0

c n (x a)

Theorem (Differentiation of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then the function is differentiable for all |x a| < R and

0

f (x) = D x

n=0

c n (x a)

X
n=0

D x c n (x a)n

Theorem (Differentiation of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then the function is differentiable for all |x a| < R and

0

f (x) = D x

n=0

c n (x a)

D x c n (x a)n

n=0

Remark
The derivative of a function that has a PSR also has a PSR!

Example
Given f (x) =

1
, find a PSR for f 0 (x) for |x| < 1.
1x

Example
Given f (x) =

1
, find a PSR for f 0 (x) for |x| < 1.
1x

Example
Find a PSR for the following. Indicate the values of x for which the PSR is
true.
1

1
(x + 3)2
x
f (x) =
(2 x)2
f (x) =

Theorem (Integration of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

X
n=0

c n (x a)n

Theorem (Integration of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

X
n=0

Then for all |x a| < R

c n (x a)n

Theorem (Integration of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then for all |x a| < R

Z

f (x)d x =

Z X

n=0

c n (x a)

dx =

Z
X

n=0

c n (x a) d x +C

Theorem (Integration of a Power Series)

Suppose that a function f is represented by a power series in x a that has
a nonzero radius of convergence R :
f (x) =

c n (x a)n

n=0

Then for all |x a| < R

Z

f (x)d x =

Z X

n=0

c n (x a)

dx =

Z
X

c n (x a) d x +C

n=0

Remark
An antiderivative of a function that has a PSR also has a PSR!

Example
Use the fact that f (x) =

X
1
=
x n to find a PSR for ln(1 x) for |x| < 1.
1 x n=0

Example
Use the fact that f (x) =

X
1
=
x n to find a PSR for ln(1 x) for |x| < 1.
1 x n=0

Example
Find a PSR for the following. Indicate the values of x for which the PSR is
true.
1

f (x) = ln(x + 1)

f (x) = ln(2 3x)

Example
To what function does

xn
X
converge to?
n=0 n!

Example
To what function does

Remember this!
ex =

xn
X
n=0 n!

xn
X
converge to?
n=0 n!

Example
To what function does

xn
X
converge to?
n=0 n!

Remember this!
ex =

xn
X
n=0 n!

Example
Find a PSR for cosh x . Use the fact that cosh x =

Example
To what function does

xn
X
converge to?
n=0 n!

Remember this!
ex =

xn
X
n=0 n!

Example
Find a PSR for cosh x . Use the fact that cosh x =

e x + e x
2