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Mechanics Of Solids
2. Define strain
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of dimension in the
body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to the original length
of the body.= P/A unit is N/mm^2
Strain = Change in length/Original length
e = L/L
Where,
E - Youngs modulus Stress
e - Strain
4. Define shear stress and shear strain.
The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of the
body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced is called
shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
5. Define Poissons ration.
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is constant for a given material.
Poisson ratio ( or 1/m) = Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain
6. State the relationship between Youngs Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity.
E = 2G (1+1/m)
Where,
E - Youngs Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poissons ratio
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11. Give the relationship between Bulk Modulus and Youngs Modulus.
E = 3K (1-2/m)
Where,
E - Youngs Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poissons ratio
12. What is compound bar?
A composite bar composed of two or more different materials joined together such
that system is elongated or compressed in a single unit.
13. What you mean by thermal stresses?
If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or fall of temperature
no stress is developed but if free expansion is prevented the stress developed is called
temperature stress or strain.
14. Define- elastic limit
Some external force is acting on the body, the body tends to deformation. If the force is
released from the body its regain to the original position. This is called elastic limit
15. Define Youngs modulus
The ratio of stress and strain is constant with in the elastic limit.
E = Stress
Strain
16. Define Bulk-modulus
The ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain.
K = Direct stress
Volumetric strain
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= p x /4 xd
p x /4 xd = f2 x d x t f2 = pd/4t
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UNIT III
35. In case of equal like principle stresses, what is the diameter of the Mohrs
circle?
Answer: Zero
36. Write the assumption in the theory of simple bending?
M/ I = F/Y = E/R
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
F - Maximum stress induced
Y - Distance from the neutral axis
E - Youngs modulus
R - Constant.
38. What types of stresses are caused in a beam subjected to a constant shear force ?
Vertical and horizontal shear stress
39. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear stresses
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same. The shear stress is
constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending stress.
40. Define: Shear stress distribution
The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution
41. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress for the
rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qave.
42. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case
of solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qave.
43. What is the maximum value of shear stress for triangular section?
Qmax=Fh2/12I
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h- Height F-load
44. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?
q= f/2I * (D2/4 - y)
D-depth
y- Distance from neutral axis
52. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
= polar moment of inertia = J
Radius
R
4
J=D
32
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53. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular
shafts?
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft will be
less compared to solid shaft.
54. Write torsional equation
T/J=C/L=q/R
T-Torque
57. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft
It is ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of shaft
58. Write down the equation for maximum shear stress of a solid circular section in
diameter D when subjected to torque T in a solid shaft shaft.
T=/16 * Fs*D3
T-torque
q Shear stress
D diameter
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72. What are the stresses induced in the helical compression spring due to axial
load?
1. Direct shear stress
2. Torsional shear stress
3. Effect of curvature
73. What is whals stress factor?
C = 4C-1 + 0.615
4C-4
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UNIT IV
79. Define column
Column or strut is defined as a member of a structure, which is subjected to axial
compressive load. If the member the structure is vertical and both of its ends are rigidly
fixed while subjected to axial compressive load.
80. What are the causes to fail the column?
1. Direct compressive stress
2. Buckling stresses
3. Combined of direct and compressive stresses
81. What is buckling or cripping load?
The load at which the column just buckle is known is buckling load
82. What are the causes to fail the long column?
The column fails due to maximum stresses is more than the crushing stresses
83. What are the assumptions made in the Euler theory?
1. The column is initially straight and the load applied axially
2. The cross section of the column is uniformly throughout the length
3. The column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and obeys hookes
law.
84. List the end conditions of the column?
1. Both the ends of the column is hinged
2. One end is fixed and other end is free
3. Both the end of the column is fixed
4. One end is fixed and other is pinned
85. What is effective length?
The effective length of the given column with given and conditions is the length of an
equivalent column of the same material and cross section with hinged ends, and having
the value of the cripping load equal to the given column.
86. Define - slenderness ratio
The ratio of the actual length of a column to the least radiation of gyration of the column.
UNIT-V
87. When will you call a cylinder as thin cylinder?
A cylinder is called as a thin cylinder when the ratio of wall thickness to the
diameter of cylinder is less 1/20.
88. In a thin cylinder will the radial stress vary over the thickness of wall?
No, in thin cylinders radial stress developed in its wall is assumed to be
constant since the wall thickness is very small as compared to the diameter of cylinder.
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p- Pressure (gauge)
d- Diameter
t- Thickness
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Principle plane: The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal
planes.
99. What is the radius of Mohrs circle?
Radius of Mohrs circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
= 50*102/600
= 83.33 N/mm2
Normal stress, n = cos2
83.33*cos230
62.5 N/mm2
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i)
ii)
Derive the relation for minimum defection of a simply
supported beam with uniformity distributed load over entire span.
Use strain energy method.
2.
Determine the deflection of the beam given in Fig. Use principal of
virtual work.
W
L/2
A
B
3.
Find the deflection at one third point from left end of the simply
supported beam of span 6 m subjected to uniformly distributed load of
20 kN/m by strain energy principle.
4.
A
5.
i)
(6)
(A)
3m
(6)
(6)
(A)
3m
20 KN
Derive a relation for strain energy due to torsion.
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ii)
A hollow shaft having the external diameter, twice the internal
diameter, subjected to a pure torque, attains a maximum shear stress
. Show that The strain energy stored per unit volume of the shaft is
52 / 16G. Such a shaft Is required to transmit 4500 kW at 110 r.p.m.
with uniform torque, the maximum stress not exceeding 70
MN/m2. Calculate the shaft
diameter and the energy stored per m
3
when transmitting this power G =83 GN/ m2.
6.
7.
(i)
(ii)
8.
9.
10.
11.
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UNIT - II
1. A simply supported beam of span 10 m carries a uniformly distributed
load 1153 N per unit length. The beam is propped at the middle of the
span. Find the amount by which the prop should yield, in order to make
beam
all the three reactions equal. Take E =2 x 105 N/mm2 and I for
5
4
= 10 mm .
2. A fixed beam AB of length 6 m carries point loads of 160 KN and 120
KN at a distance of 2 m and 4 m from the left end A. Find the fixed end
moments and the reactions at the supports. Draw BM and SF diagrams.
3.
4.
5.
Draw shear force and bending moment diagram for a simply supported
beam with a uniformly
distributed load over entire span and
propped at the centre. Also derive relations for slope at the ends and
maximum and support reactions.
6.
7.
8.
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on the span AB and 100 kN/m on the span BC. Determine the support
moments at A, B and C. Draw the BM and SF diagrams. Use theorems
of three moments.
9.
60 kN
10 kN/m
A
C
B
3m
3m
6m
300 kN
B
2m
2m
2m
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4 kN/m
A
B
4m
14.
6 kN
8 kN
C
2m
1m
1m
3m
Using unit load method, find the vertical deflection of joint F and
horizontal deflection of joint D of the following truss. Axial rigidity
AE is constant for all members.
10 kN
20 kN
4m
UNIT III
1.
Derive an expression for crippling load when one end of the column
is fixed and the other end is free.
2.
Calculated the Eulers critical load for a strut of T-section. the flange
width being 10 cm, overall depth 8 cm and both flange and stem 1 cm
thick. the strut is 3 m long and is built in at both ends. Take E = 2 x
10 N/mm3.
3.
Find the Eulers critical load for a cast iron hollow column of external
diameter 200 mm diameter, 25 mm thick and of length 6 m hinged at
both ends. E = 0.8 x 104 N/mm2 . Compare Eulers load with
Rankines critical load. Assume fc =550 N/mm2 and =1/1600. Find
the length of column at which both critical loads are equal.
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4.
Derive the Eulers buckling load for a column with both ends hinged.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Derive the expression for buckling load of a long column fixed at
once end and Hinged at the other end.
11. Find the greatest length of mild steel bar 25 mm x 25 mm in crosssection which can be used as compression member with one end
fixed and the other end free to carry a working load of 35 kN. Allow
a factor of safety of 4. Take = 1__ and f c = 320 N/mm2.
7500
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12. Find the thickness of metal necessary for a steel cylinder of internal
diameter 200 mm to withstand an internal pressure of 50 N/mm2. The
maximum hoop stress in the section is not to exceed 150 N/mm2.
Assume thick cylinder.
13. Derive the expression for buckling load of a column fixed at one end
and free at the other end.
14. A hollow cylinder cast iron column is 4 m long and fixed at the ends.
Design the column to carry an axial load of 250 KN. Use Rankinegs
formula and adopt a factor of safety of 5. The
internal diameter
may be taken as 0.8 times the external diameter. Taken Fc = 550
N/mm2 and Rankines constant 1__
1600
15. A compound tube is composed of 250 mm internal diameter and 25
mm thick Shrunk on tube of 250 mm external diameter and 25 mm
thick. The radial pressure at the function is 8 N/mm2. Find the
variation of hoop stress over the wall of the compound tube.
16. Using Eulers theory, find the buckling load for the column with
following Boundary conditions: i) Fixed-free ii) Fixed-hinged
17. A column with one end hinged and the other end fixed has a length of
5 m and a hollow cylinder cross section of outer diameter 100 mm
and wall thickness 10 mm. If E = 1.60 x 105 N/mm2 and crushing
strength c = 350 N/mm2, find the load that the column may carry
with a factor of Safety of 2.5 according to Euler theory and RankineGordon theory. If the Column is hinged on both ends, find the safe
load according to the two Theories.
UNIT IV
1.
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2.
3.
4.
7.
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8.
UNIT - V
1.
2.
X
80 mm
10 mm
C
K = 80 mm
3.
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4.
5.
6.
10 mm
B
C
150 mm
7.
8.
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9.
O
X
R
10. Find the centroidal principal moments of inertia of an equal angle
section 30 mm x 30 mm x 10 mm.
11. Determine the principal stresses and principal directions for the
following 3D-stress field.
( 30 15 20 )
[] =
( 15 20 25 )
Mpa.
( 20 25 40 )
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