UNIVERSIT]

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEPTEMBER 2012 SEMESTER

couRSE :

PAB1033 / PcB1033 RESERVO|R RocK AND FLU|D

PROPERTIES

DATE
TIME

:
:

2"d JANUARY 2013 (WEDNESDAY)

9.00 AM

12.00 NOON (3 HOURS)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer ALL questions from the Questions Booklet.

Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer booklet given.
lndicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.
Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate

ALL assumptions.

5.
6.

Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.

Engineering Data and Formulae Booklet is provided.

Note :

There are FIFTEEN (15) pages in this Question Booklet including the cover
page and Appendices.

Universiti

Teknologi

PETRONAS

PCB 1033
Porosity is a measure of the space available for the accumulation and storage

1.

of fluid in the rock.

a.

Differentiate between the absolute porosity and effective porosity.

Decide which porosity to be used when characterizing a core sample

[4 marks]

b.

lf

reservoir rocks have significant variation in porosity in different

section in the reservoir as shown in FIGURE e1b, state TWo (2)
suitable methods that can be used to calculate the average porosity.

[4 marks]

FIGURE Q1b

A core sample coated with paraffin was immersed in a tube. A clean,

dry core sample weighed 25 g. The dry core sampre coated with
paraffin weighed 27 g.The paraffin coated sample displaced 14 cm3 of
liquid. Assume the density of paraffin is 0.g g/ cm3. The grain vorume
of the core sample was found to be 8.5 cm3.

i.

Calculate the bulk volume of the sample.

[5 marks]

PCB 1033

ii.

Calculate the porosity of the sample.

[3 marks]

iii.

State the type of porosity calculated in part e1c (ii)

[2 marks]

d.

Discuss the main differences between primary porosity and secondary

porosity.
[2 marks]

2.

a.

Define effective and relative permeabilities.

[4 marks]

b,

What is the Klinkenberg effect? Draw a sketch of the relationship

between measured permeability and absolute permeability to show
Klinkenberg ef[ect.
[6 marks]

c.

TABLE Q2c shows permeability data of a reservoir. A hydrocarbon

reservoir is characterized by five distinct formation segments that are
connected in series. Each segment has the same formation thickness.

TABLE Q2c : Permeability Data

Permeability (mD)
150

200

50

30
20
200

10

State the averaging method that will use to calculate the

average permeability of the reservoir.
[2 marks]
il

State TWO (2) the assumptions that you use for your
calculations.

ilt

Calculate average permeability of the reservoir.

PCB 1033

3.

a'

Using appropriate sketches, illustrate how contact angle is related to

the wettability characterstic of a rock. Assume that you have oil and
water in the system.
[4 marks]

b'

With the aid of a sketch of oil-water relative permeability curves,

describe the difference between oil wet reservoir and water wet
reservoir indicating the two phase flowing regions, s*", and so.. Label
your sketch clearly.
[6 marks]

c.

Describe step by step how drainage process is performed on the core

sample in the laboratory.
[6 marks]

d.

Sketch

capillary pressure curve and indicate in your sketch, free

water level (FWL), water-oil contact (woc), transition zone and
threshold capillary pressure.
[4 marks]

PCB 1033
4

You are a surveillance engineer working in Ariana field. You have collected a
gas mixture in a 1.5 ft3 container from the stock tank. Composition of the gas
mixture is shown in TABLE Q4. The reservoir condition for the Ariana field is at
180"F and 3000 psia. (Note : ,R =1 0.72 psia ft3 / oR-lb-mole)

TABLE Q4 : Composition of gas mixture

Component
COz

Mole
Fraction
0.02

Nz

0.01

Cr

0.85
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02

CC

C:
-Cq

n-C

a.

Molecular
Weiqht
44.01
28.01
16.04
30.1
44.1
58.1
58.1

?"c

('R)

Pc (psia)

547.91
227.49
343 33
549.92
666.06
734.46
765.62

107

493.1

666.4
706.5
616.4
527.9
550.6

Define the Law of Corresponding States. What is it used for?

[4 marks]

b.

Calculate gas compressibility factor.

[7 marks]

c.

Assuming that the gas mixture behaves as an ideal gas in the reservoir,
determine the gas density at the reservoir condition.
[3 marks]

d.

Assuming that the gas mixture behaves as real gas

in

the reservoir,

determine the gas density at the reservoir condition.

[3 marks]
e.

Discuss about the results of gas density calculated in part Q4(c) and

part Qa(d).
[3 marks]

PCB 1033
5.

a.

TABLE Q5 shows the initial reservoir fluid data for two wells from
different reservoirs.

TABLE Q5 : data for initial reservoir fluid

Well
Surface
Appearance
Gas-Oil Ratio

Black Viscous
Liquid
300 scf/STB
26

OAPI

ii.

Well -2

-1

Light color

2906 scf/STB
50

ldentify the possible fluid classifications of the

Justify your answer.

sketch the corresponding phase diagrams for the fruids

in

both reservoirs.
[4 marksJ

Describe the difference between alkenes and alkynes. Give oNE (1)
example for each.
[3 marks]

c.

The producing gas-oil ratio of a well is 1000 scf/srB and the specific
gravity of the gas is 0.756 and the Apl gravity of stock tank oil is
40.3oAPl. The liquid in the reservoir is at its bubble point at reservoir

conditions

at 3385 psia and 205oF.

Determine the pseudo liquid

density at standard conditions.

[7 marks]
-END OF PAPER -

PAB 1033

APPENDIX

700

,g

o-

aoo
L

=
6
o
o
L
CL

600

o
,
L

o
!
=
o

lrt

550

fL

500

.6

1_0 1.1 1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1-6

1-7

1_6

1.7

Gas speciflc gravlty

550

E.

500

t
o
o-

450

fD

=(J
o
E

400

(D

o-

350

.6

1,0

1.1 1-2

1"3

Gas speciflc gravity

8

Corlprr:ssittilitv Factclrs llr lrlatLtral (iases ar: a

Function af Fseudtlreduc:ecl Fressute anrl TemperatLlre

8x
ro

coz
0-

fL

Pserrclo R+rJricerl Prelisure, P

11

121.15ii7
PseudoRpducrl

-l/--j
_----:H-5
//

Terrrpeiaturu

10

1it
r15
1tt

L'

')''-\ (-l

1-l
l.i

\
L\r

_ tl i

(_,

III

rr

|i--,----tffi ,// ;,'

-f

i-i

lii

1J5

G
LL

,-

.:
'
=

4l

:,

l.'r

l/

VJ

/,/

//

{jo

/,/ _/,/ 'i..,/ i1.',t

,/ -\, "/ -/.,,
',/,+{;\t

lJ l

!./

tt4

1.1

//

rf ,\

.(_

(i ,i

').:;
11

[.':r1li '5

5i

li

il i

qr f

ll.rtLlt.il {-:res
r,lri.

(r

1.

l9Jli

1ti

r-J

,l

0g

1(j

l1

1!

1:j

Pseurjo RerJrri:rd PrcssLrre. P

t.

IJ

PAB 1033

APPENDIX III
Gas Gravity

iAr =

6
1)

05

tttt

0 016

i
a
!0

0 14

(,

0 013

'

!o4
!q

o;
+D

:'

\
=)

!.q

',rrsrl,r l 1 / p (1flTjtrd
rfif ;i rq lctlrtf lilfr'js, lni,rics

40

51015

10

cen

Mole per cent C02

JU

tl'11
I ';r
t. lJ

-*rr.

09

0 008

20

00/

L)

lJLiJ'i-

HrS

: uoott:
U

15

qr

:t

UJ

i-

!t0st,/ t ptrtrti]:,inperitrrrl

t)

0 01

.\/

Srld frt.rssutt, ttl l)ilti3

'5

lrlo e per

:
;
F

{r.trl0

3,9rnnN

t.

,{t0 I 5

3j
t>
o

!l

0.012

50

cor

0.15

J-J

,!

0.006

tl](]

!
0 00s

5 10

15

lrllle per nt HS

0.004
10

tl

r il tr tt tl tt ii tt tl tl tt lllltti
LI

30 4D 50 60 70

B,t

g0

1n

0.8

100

ftrlolecular V/eighi

1t

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Pseudoreduced Iemperature.

10

30

32

34

PAB 1033

APPENDIX IV

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS

& MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS

GAS DENSITY

BOILING

COMPOUND

MOLECULAR
WEIGHT

POINT AT
14.7 PStA
"F

METHANE
ETHANE

CRITICAL CONSTANTS
PRESSURE
TEMPEFATURE
"R
PSIA

-258.7

673

344

709
618

550
666
733
766
830
847
915
973

44.09

127.s
-43.7

58.1 2

'10.9

s30

N-BUTANE
ISO.PENTANE
N-PENTANE
N-HEXANE

58.12
72.15

31
a2

551

t.t5

96.9
155 7

N-DECANE
AIR
NITROGEN
OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE
HYDROGEN
SULPHIDE
WATEB

Gn
PER
cc

POUNDS
PER
CU FT

80'F, 14.7 PStA

IPERFECT GAS
POUNDS
CU FT GAS
PEF
PER
MCF
GALLON

CU FT GAS
PEH GALLON
LIQUID

(ACTUAL

LIQUID

16.04
30.07

PROPANE
ISO-BUTANE

N-HEPTANE
N-OCTANE
N-NONANE

LIQUID DENSITY
60"F, 14.7 PStA

86.1 7

100.2
114.2
128.3
142.3

1
1

209 2
258.2
303.4
345.2

312

28.97
28.02
32.00

-.t t t -t

44.01

'109.3

34.08

-76.5

547
492
732
1072
1 306

18.02

212.O

3206

-320.4
-297.4

153..15

36.35
30.59

36.43
38.96
39.36
41.43

153.15

31

90.1
190.1

27.3s
27.63

.1025

0.6875

42.92

o.7062

073
1115

0.7211
0.7333

44.09
45.02
44.78

0.9991

62 37

482

335

35.1 2

0.5072
0.5625
0.5836
o.6241
0.6305
0.6637

485
434
397

370

31.66

42 27
79 23
116.19

239
227

278
548
b/J
1

165

11

1
1

75

227.07
264.03
300.99
337.95

21.69
19.s5

4.91

'16.30

37

24.34

17.78

35.78
29.70
30.77
26.17

o.Jo
22.83
1 9.95
17.77
15.88
14.30

Density of propane plus, lb/cu ft

!d(o)
aoa

C]

A
o
O
(f

LD

N)

Density of system including nrelhane and ethane, lb/cu ft

Tt

2
or

xP

-Tl

PAB 1033
APPENDIX VI

10
I
I

\\

e8
f,

()

--7
o)

-()

.q
rn

o-

cs

\-q-

()6
oE

0.)

l-L

o
(

.=
,A

U)

G'

'rl]
E
q)

5\

>-

:
E3
U>

-c

4\

an

Sa

l_L

O
(o

Pt

l=
n

3\

q)

<r,

q)

,=

UJ

c(l)1

.=

U'
(.)

0
25

45

50

o
s5

o
23

Density at 600F and pressure P, lb/cu ft

J()

35

40

45

5{]

55

Density at 6OsF nd 14.7 ps, lblcJ ft

13

PAB 1033

APPENDIX VII
l0_o

N
N- \
ss

\-

FL

()

N-

\N
\\ N
\ \N\N N
\
\\--

I
\t\ I
\ \
N

-{-

To''

,00
.80
.60

.l+-

\3-i6-

:t.

0.0 t
G.2

1-O

Pseudsreduced pqessure, ppr

EQUATIONS
Effect of non-hydrocarbons on calculations of z-compressibility factors
Tt -'l-a(,
c
-

"

Tu,

P,T,'
! r,r(l _ y, ,r)c

Coefficient of isothermal gas compressibility

/L-

tP

C Pr
PC

14

^S,

qql=

ltL

2ftkh(P"

- P.)

P - (h- r)

P,:

2 a *oCos

k_

kor:

av

oilP -

(77s8 )v,(

ROrrP

- (77s8)V,3( 1- S," - S,, )

srorrP - (775B
rvo

1-

s*"

l" l l'r ( I - s *" -

15

"'