MOBILE CONTROLLED IRRIGATION

SYSTEM
A Project Report Submitted
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by

MAYANK JAIN
VARUN KUMAR
(2008UEC057)
MAYUR MATHUR
BHARDWAJ
(2008UEC059)

VIKRAMADITYA SINGH
(2008UEC104)

Under the Supervision of

(2008UEC102)
SONAL
(2007UEC

HEMANT KUM

to the

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MANGALAYATAN UNIVERSITY ALIGARH

1

MANGALAYATAN UNIVERSITY
BESWAN, ALIGARH

Department of

Electronics and
Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
MOBILE CONTROLLED IRRIGATION SYSTEM
is a bonafide work carried out by
MAYUR MATHUR (2008UEC059)
VIKRAMADITYA SINGH(2008UEC104)
VARUN KUMAR(2008UEC102)
MAYANK JAIN(2008UEC057)
SONAL BHARDWAJ(2007UEC )

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
by the MANGALAYATAN UNIVERSITY during the academic year 2008-12.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Signature)

(Signature)

Mrs. HEMANT KUMAR

LECTURER(ADVISOR FACULTY)

Mr. SUDHIR MISHRA

HOD of ECE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly indebted to our Faculty Liaison Mrs. Hemant

Kumar , Electronics and Communication Engineering Department,
who has given us all the necessary technical guidance in carrying
out this Project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Sudhir Mishra, Head

of

the

Department

of

Electronics

and

Communication

Engineering, Mangalayatan University, for permitting us to pursue

our Project and encouraging us throughout the Project.

Finally, we thank all the people who have directly or indirectly help us through the
course of our Project.

Mayank Jain (2008uec057)

Mayur Mathur (2008uec059)
Varun Kumar (2008uec102)
Vikramaditya Singh (2008uec104)

Sonal Bhardwaj (2007uec )

ABSTRACT

Now a day's every system is automated in order to face new challenges in

the present day situation. Mobile controlled irrigation systems have less manual
operations, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate.
Probably the most useful thing to know about the global system for mobile
communication is that it is an international standard. If you travel in parts of
country, GSM is only type of cellular service available. Instead of analog services,
GSM was developed as a digital system using TDMA technology.
The goal of the project is to develop a system, which uses Mobile
technology that keeps control of the irrigation system in the field, which executes
with respect to the signal sent by the mobile.
The new concept has been thought to manage the irrigation system
remotely by using GSM, which enables the user to remotely control switching of
motor. Just by messaging through the mobile, from any part of the country we can
perform ON / OFF operation of the motor.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE FROM ECE DEPARTMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of the project
11
1.2 Methodology
11
1.3 Organization of work

12

CHAPTER 2. OVERVIEW
2.1 Overview of project

14

2.1.1 Block Diagram

14

2.1.2 Circuit Diagram

15

2.1.3 Description
16

CHAPTER3. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Microcontroller

19

3.1.1 A Brief History of 8051

19
3.1.2 Description of 89S52 Microcontroller
20
3.1.3 Block Diagram of Microcontroller
22
3.1.4 Pin Configurations
23
3.1.5 Timers
30
3.1.6 Interrupts

33

3.1.7 Special function registers

36

3.1.8 Memory Organization

41
3.2 Power Supply 42
3.2.1 Regulator
3.2.2 Bridge rectifier
6

3.2.3 Transformer
3.2.4 Capacitor
3.2.5 Crystal oscillator
3.2.6 Resistance
3.2.7 LED
3.2.8 LCD

3.3 Introduction To GSM

CHAPTER 4. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4 Introduction

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions and Future scope

BIBLOGRAPHY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of the project is to develop a system, which uses mobile
technology that keeps control on irrigation system.
Mobile Controlled irrigation system is automatic control system
which is capable of receiving a set of command instructions in the
form of Short message service and performs the necessary actions like
Start, Stop. We will be using a dedicated modem at the receiver
module i.e. with the robot itself and send the commands using SMS
service as per the required actions. The mobile unit which is dedicated
at the motor driver is interfaced with an intellectual device called
Micro controller so that it takes the responsibility of reading the
received commands in the form of SMS from the mobile unit and
perform the corresponding predefined tasks such as motor start, stop,
motor direction and speed control at different levels etc.
In this project we interfaced 8051 Microcontroller with GSM modem
to decode the received message and do the required action. The
protocol used for the communication between the two is AT

command. The microcontroller continuously checks for SMS to take

the decision for controlling the motor.
This system can be used in fields for providing them with water by
switching on and off the pumps at the field using a mobile phone. For
this purpose a GSM MODEM with a SIM card is to be attached to the
system and placed at the farm itself. User can send a particular format
SMS to the system to turn ON and OFF the Pump or Valve and also
set the ON and OFF time of Pump or Valve.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE AND APPLICATIONS

MOBILE CONTROLLED IRRIGATION SYSTEM plays an
important role in irrigation system. The ease of the kit and low cost adds up an
additional advantage for its usage. Its significance can be proved by considering
the following specialties of kit designed by us

RELAIBILITY: Relaibility is one such factor that every electrical

system should have in order to render its services without malfunctioning over
long period of time. We have designed our kit using AT89s52 microcontroller
which is itself very reliable and also operates very efficiently under normal
conditions.

COST: The design is implemented at a very economical price. The total

cost incurred by us in designing this kit is very less and further we have developed
the GSM which are more economical rather than just interfacing those which are
radily available in market.

10

The new concept has been thought to manage them by mobile

by using GSM, which enables user to remotely control the motor. Just by dialing
keypad of remote telephone, you can on/off the motor by just sending the message.

1.3 ORGANISING OF THE REPORT

The report totally consist of five chapters
Chapter 1 gives the introduction.
Chapter 2 gives the overview of the project.
Chapter 3 gives the description of hardware used.
Chapter 4 gives the description of Software used.
Chapter 5 gives the conclusion.

11

CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW
12

2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

GSM BASED
Motor Control

SMS

8051
Level
Converter

13

Motor

Fig.2.1-Block Diagram of Mobile Controlled Irrigation System

2.1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

14

Fig 2.2 Circuit diagram of Mobile controlled irrigation system

15

2.1.3 DESCRIPTION
In this project we are going to control the motor based on mobile
communication. The idea behind this particular work is to give user the full
flexibility to control the motor from remote distances when there is busy schedule
concerned to his daily routine.
The main parts of this schematic diagram are:
1. TRANSFORMER.
2. BRIDGE RECTIFIER.
3. MICROCONTROLLER UNIT (AT89S52).
4. GSM MODEM.
5. REGULATOR.
6. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR.
7. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY.
8. RESISTANCE.
9. CAPACITOR.
10.LIGHT EMITTING DIODE.
11.L293DNE IC.

The process to operate this project is first make a mobile to mobile

connection wirelessly or with a single mobile onboard wired. But here we are
using to mobiles to make is a wireless application. Start with making a connection
with the onboard mobile from remote distance, then when connection is
established lets control the project with the data as follows:
To operate the MOTOR just press 3 to switch ON and to switch OFF
again press 6. This ON/OFF condition of MOTOR is through GSM modem
where switching is very fast and accurate.

16

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

17

3. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The block diagram of the system is as shown in the fig. The system basically
consists of a
1 Micro controller.
2 Power supply.
3 GSM MODEM.

3.1 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECHTURE

3.1.1 A Brief History of 8051
In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051.
This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of chip ROM, two timers,
one serial port, and four ports all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred
as A SYSTEM ON A CHIP
The 8051 is an 8-bit processor meaning that the CPU can work only on 8
bits data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bits pieces to be
processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four I\O ports each 8 bit wide.
There are many versions of 8051 with different speeds and amount of onchip ROM and they are all compatible with the original 8051. This means that if
you write a program for one it will run on any of them.
The 8052 is an original member of the 8051 family. There are two other
members in the 8051 family of microcontrollers. They are 8052 and 8031. All the

18

three microcontrollers will have the same internal architecture, but they differ in
the following aspects.
1. 8031 has 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.
2. 89S51 has 4KB ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers and 6 interrupts.
3. 89S52 has 8KB ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, three timers and 8 interrupts.
Of the three microcontrollers, 89S51 is the most preferable. Microcontroller
supports both serial and parallel communication.
In

the

concerned

project

89S52

microcontroller

is

used.

Here

microcontroller used is AT89S52, which is manufactured by ATMEL laboratories.

3.1.2 Description of 89S52 Microcontroller

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8Kbytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down
to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The
Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the
AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost
effective solution to many embedded control applications.

19

Features of Microcontroller (89S52)

1. Compatible with MCS-51 Products
2. 8 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
3. Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
5. Three-Level Program Memory Lock
6. 256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
7. 32 Programmable I/O Lines
8. Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters
9. Eight vector two level Interrupt Sources
10.Programmable Serial Channel
11.Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
12.In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power down Mode saves the
RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the
next hardware reset.

20

3.1.3 Block Diagram of Microcontroller

Fig 3.1:Functional block diagram of AT89S52

21

3.1.4 Pin Configuration

Fig.3.2-Pin Diagram of Microcontroller

22

Pin Description

VCC
Pin 40 provides Supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5v.

GND.
Pin 20 is the grounded.

Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port from pin 32 to 39. As an
output port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,
the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be
the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program
and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs
the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.

23

 Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 1 to 8.
The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to
Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2
external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in following table.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming
and program verification.

Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 21 to
28. The Port 2 output buffers can sink / source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used

24

as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit
addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups from pin 10 to
17. The Port 3 output buffers can sink / source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be
used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C52
as listed below

25

Table 3.1 Special Features of port3

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
programming verification.

RST
Pin 9 is the Reset input. It is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this
pin, the microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. A high on this pin for
two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

ALE/PROG
Address Latch is an output pin and is active high. Address Latch Enable
output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external
memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.
Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external
Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR
location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit
has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

26

 PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP
External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up
to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally
latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming when 12-volt programming is selected.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
27

 Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier which can be configured for use as an on chip oscillator, as shown in
Figure 5.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the
device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while
XTAL1 is driven .

Fig. 3.3 Crystal Connections

28

Fig. 3.4 External Clock Drive Configuration

There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the
input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be
observed.

Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals
remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM
and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle
mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should
be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally
resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles
before the internal reset algorithm takes control.

29

On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access
to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write
to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that
invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

Power down Mode

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that
invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and
Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is
terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the
SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated
before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long
enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

Table 3.2 Status Of External Pins During Idle and Power Down Mode

Program Memory Lock Bits

30

On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can
be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table 5.4. When
lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched
during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a
random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the
latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order
for the device to function properly.

Table 3.3 Lock Bit Protection Modes

TIMERS

Timer 0 and 1
Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and
Timer 1 in the AT89S52.
Register pairs (TH0, TL1), (TH1, TL1) are the 16-bit counter registers for
timer/ counters 0 and 1.
31

 Timer 2
Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an
event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON.
Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting),
and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in
Table 5.2. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer
function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine
cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator
frequency.

Table 3.4 Timer 2 Operating Modes

In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0

transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external
input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a
high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new
count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in
which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods)
are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the
oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it
changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.

32

There are no restrictions on the duty cycle of external input signal, but it
should for at least one full machine to ensure that a given level is sampled at least
once before it changes.

3.1.5 Interrupts
The AT89C52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts
(INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port
interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 2.5

33

Fig. 3.5 Interrupts Source

Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by

setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global
disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.

Note that Table 5.3 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the
AT89C51, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write
1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products.

34

Table 3.5 Interrupts Enable Register

Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in

register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service
routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it
was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared
in software.

35

The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in
which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next
cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same
cycle in which the timer overflows.

3.1.6 Special function registers:

Special function registers are the areas of memory that control specific
functionality of the 89c52 microcontroller.

a) Accumulator (0E0h)
As its name suggests, it is used to accumulate the results of large no. of
instructions. It can hold 8 bit values.

b) B register (oFoh)
The B register is very similar to accumulator. It may hold 8-bit value. The B
register is only used by MUL AB and DIV AB instructions. In MUL AB the higher
byte of the products gets stored in B register. In DIV AB the quotient gets stored in
B with the remainder in A.

36

c) Stack pointer (081h)

The stack pointer holds 8-bit value. This is used to indicate where the next
value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When a value is to be
pushed on to the stack, the 8052 first store the value of SP and then store the value
at the resulting memory location. When a value is to be popped from the stack, the
8052 returns the value from the memory location indicated by SP and then
decrements the value of SP.

d) Data pointer (Data pointer low/high, address 82/83h)

The SFRs DPL and DPH work together to represent a 16-bit value called the
data pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external RAM and
some instructions code memory. It is a 16-bit SFR and also an addressable SFR.

e) Program counter
The program counter is a 16 bit register, which contains the 2 byte address,
which tells the next instruction to execute to be found in memory. When the 8052
is initialized PC starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an instruction is
executes. It is not addressable SFR.

37

f) PCON (power control, 87h)

The power control SFR is used to control the 8052s power control modes.
Certain operation modes of the 8052 allow the 8052 to go into a type of sleep
mode which consumes low power.
SMOD

----

---

----

GF1

GF0

PD

IDL

g)TCON(Timer control, 88h)

The timer mode control SFR is used to configure and modify the way in
which the 8052s two timers operate. This SFR controls whether each of the two
timers is running or stopped and contains a flag to indicate that each timer has
overflowed. Additionally, some non-timer related bits are located in TCON SER.
These bits are used to configure the way in which the external interrupt flags are
activated, which are set when an external interrupt occur.

TF1

TR1

TF0

TR0

IE1

IT1

IE0

IT0

h)TMOD(Timer Mode,89h)
The timer mode SFR is used to configure the mode of operation of each of
the two timers. Using this SR your program may configure each timer to be a 16bit timer, or 13 bit timer, 8-bit auto reload timer, or two separate timers.
Additionally you may configure the timers to only count when an external pin is
activated or to count events that are indicated on an external pin.

38

Gate

C/ T

M1

M0

Gate

TIMER1

C/ T

M1

M0

TIMER0

i) T0 (Timer 0 low/ high, address 8A/ 8C h)

These two SFRs together represent timer 0. Their exact behavior depends on
how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always
count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment value.

j) T1 (Timer 1 low/ high, address 8B/ 8D h)

These two SFRs together represent timer 1. Their exact behavior depends on
how the timer is configured in the TMOD SFR; however, these timers always
count up. What is configurable is how and when they increment in value.

k) P0 (Port 0, address 80h, bit addressable)

This is port 0 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a
micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 0 is first written on P0 register.
For e.g., bit 0 of port 0 is pin P0.0, bit 7 is pin P0.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of
this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0
will bring it to low level.
39

l) P1(Port 1, address 90h, bit addressable)

This is port 1 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a
micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 1 is first written on P1 register.
For e.g., bit 0 of port 1 is pin P1.0, bit 7 is pin P1.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of
this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0
will bring it to low level.

m) P2 (Port 2, address 0A0h, bit addressable)

This is port 2 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a
micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 2 is first written on P2 register.
For e.g., bit 0 of port 2 is pin P2.0, bit 7 is pin P2.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of
this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0
will bring it to low level.

n) P3 (Port 3, address 0B0h, bit addressable)

This is port 3 latch. Each bit of this SFR corresponds to one of the pins on a
micro controller. Any data to be outputted to port 3 is first written on P3 register.
For e.g., bit 0 of port 3 is pin P3.0, bit 7 is pin P3.7. Writing a value of 1 to a bit of
this SFR will send a high level on the corresponding I/O pin whereas a value of 0
will bring it to low level.

40

o) IE (Interrupt Enable, 0A8h)

The interrupt enable SFR is used to enable and disable specific interrupts.
The low 7 bits of the SFR are used to enable/disable the specific interrupts, where
the MSB bit is used to enable or disable all the interrupts. Thus, if the high bit of IE
0 all interrupts are disabled regardless of whether an individual interrupt is enabled
by setting a lower bit.

___
EA

ET2

ES

ET1

EX1

ET0

EX0

p) IP (Interrupt Priority, 0B8h)

The interrupt priority SFR is used to specify the relative priority of each
interrupt. On 8052, an interrupt may be either low or high priority. An interrupt
may interrupt interrupts. For e.g., if we configure all interrupts as low priority other
than serial interrupt. The serial interrupt always interrupts the system; even if
another interrupt is currently executing no other interrupt will be able to interrupt
the serial interrupt routine since the serial interrupt routine has the highest priority.

___

___
PT2

PS

PT1

41

PX1

PT0

PX0

q)PSW (Program Status Word, 0D0h)

The Program Status Word is used to store a number of important bits that are
set and cleared by 8052 instructions. The PSW SFR contains the carry flag, the
auxiliary carry flag, the parity flag and the overflow flag. Additionally, it also
contains the register bank select flags, which are used to select, which of the R
register banks currently in use.

CY

AC

F0

RS1

RS0

OV

----

r) SBUF (Serial Buffer, 99h)

SBUF is used to hold data in serial communication. It is physically two
registers. One is writing only and is used to hold data to be transmitted out of 8052
via TXD. The other is read only and holds received data from external sources via
RXD. Both mutually exclusive registers use address 99h.

42

3.2. POWER SUPPLY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Fig.3.6-Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

43

3.2.1 REGULATOR
A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power
supply, is one where you can continuously adjust the output voltage to your
requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is the recommended way to
test a project after having double checked parts placement against circuit drawings
and the parts placement guide. This type of regulation is ideal for having a simple
variable bench power supply. Actually this is quite important because one of the
first projects a hobbyist should undertake is the construction of a variable regulated
power supply. While a dedicated supply is quite handy e.g. 5V or 12V, it's much
handier to have a variable supply on hand, especially for testing. Most digital logic
circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we need to
build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply
ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power supply is included with the
Beginner Kit and the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5 volt power
supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC .

Fig.3.7-Regulator

44

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your
unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin,
connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the
power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.

Circuit Features:
Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output
current capability of 100 mA
Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when
regulator IC gets too hot
Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic
components
Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit
successfully as part of many electronics projects
Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA
Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input
transformer cost.

45

IC Voltage Regulators:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and
overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the IC
is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the
external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed
positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.
A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac supply
line to step the ac voltage to desired amplitude, then rectifying that ac voltage,
filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally regulating the dc
voltage using an IC regulator. The regulators can be selected for operation with
load currents from hundreds of mill amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to
power ratings from mill watts to tens of watts.
Three-Terminal Voltage Regulators:
Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

Vin
C1

IN OUT
78XX

Vout
C2

GND

Fig.3.8-Circuit Diagram of Voltage Regulator

46

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a

load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied
to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal,
with the third terminal connected to ground. While the input voltage may vary over
some permissible voltage range, and the output load may vary over some
acceptable range, the output voltage remains constant within specified voltage
variation limits. A table of positive voltage regulated ICs is provided in table. For a
selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the
input voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load
current. The specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting
from a change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).
IC No.

Output voltage(v)

7805

+5

7806

+6

7808

+8

7810

+10

7812

+12

7815

+15

7818

+18

7824

+24

Maximum input voltage(v)

35V

40V

Table.3.6-Shows Regulator of series 78XX

47

3.2.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A more widely used full-wave rectifier circuit is the bridge rectifier. It requires four
diodes instead of two, but avoids the need for a centre-tapped transformer. During
the positive half-cycle of the secondary voltage, diodes D2 and D4 are conducting
and diodes D1 and D3 are non-conducting. Therefore, current flows through the
secondary winding, diode D2, load resistor RL and diode D4. During negative
half-cycles of the secondary voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, and the diodes D2
and D4 do not conduct. The current therefore flows through the secondary
winding, diode D1, load resistor RL and diode D3. In both cases, the current passes
through the load resistor in the same direction. Therefore, a fluctuating,
unidirectional voltage is developed across the load.

Filtration
The rectifier circuits we have discussed above deliver an output voltage that
always has the same polarity: but however, this output is not suitable as DC power
supply for solid-state circuits. This is due to the pulsation or ripples of the output
voltage. This should be removed out before the output voltage can be supplied to
any circuit. This smoothing is done by incorporating filter networks. The filter
network consists of inductors and capacitors. The inductors or choke coils are
generally connected in series with the rectifier output and the load. The inductors
oppose any change in the magnitude of a current flowing through them by storing
up energy in a magnetic field. An inductor offers very low resistance for DC
whereas; it offers very high resistance to AC. Thus, a series connected choke coil
in a rectifier circuit helps to reduce the pulsations or ripples to a great extent in the
output voltage. The fitter capacitors are usually connected in parallel with the
rectifier output and the load. As, AC can pass through a capacitor but DC cannot,
the ripples are thus limited and the output becomes smoothed. When the voltage
across its plates tends to rise, it stores up energy back into voltage and current.

48

Thus, the fluctuations in the output voltage are reduced considerable. Filter
network circuits may be of two types in general:

Choke Input Filters

If a choke coil or an inductor is used as the first- components in the filter
network, the filter is called choke input filter. The D.C. along with AC pulsation
from the rectifier circuit at first passes through the choke (L). It opposes the AC
pulsations but allows the DC to pass through it freely. Thus AC pulsations are
largely reduced. The further ripples are by passed through the parallel capacitor C.
But, however, a little nipple remains unaffected, which are considered negligible.
This little ripple may be reduced by incorporating a series a choke input filters.

CAPACITOR INPUT FILTER

If a capacitor is placed before the inductors of a choke-input filter network, the
filter is called capacitor input filter. The D.C. along with AC ripples from the
rectifier circuit starts charging the capacitor C. to about peak value. The AC ripples
are then diminished slightly. Now the capacitor C, discharges through the inductor
or choke coil, which opposes the AC ripples, except the DC. The second capacitor
C by passes the further AC ripples. A small ripple is still present in the output of
DC, which may be reduced by adding additional filter network in series.

49

3.2.3 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils or
"windings". Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly wound
around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically-coupled cores.
A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field
in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This
effect is called mutual induction.

Fig.3.9-Transformer
If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the
secondary winding of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit
to the load connected in the secondary circuit.The secondary induced voltage VS, of
an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of
the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

50

BASIC PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER

In its most basic form a transformer consists of:
A primary coil or winding.
A secondary coil or winding.
A core that supports the coils or windings.
Refer to the transformer circuit in figure as you read the following explanation:
The primary winding is connected to a 60-hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic
field (flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary
winding. The expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary
winding cuts the secondary winding and induces an alternating voltage into the
winding. This voltage causes alternating current to flow through the load. The
voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and
secondary windings.

Fig.3.10- Diagram of Transformer

51

COMPONENTS OF A TRANSFORMER

Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In
some cases the coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard
form. In effect, the core material is air and the transformer is called an AIR-CORE
TRANSFORMER. Transformers used at low frequencies, such as 60 hertz and 400
hertz, require a core of low-reluctance magnetic material, usually iron. This type of
transformer is called an IRON-CORE TRANSFORMER. Most power transformers
are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a transformer and their functions
are:

The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.
The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the ac source.
The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary
winding and delivers it to the load.
The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt,
moisture, and mechanical damage.

52

3.2.4 CAPACITORS
It is an electronic component whose function is to accumulate charges and then
release it.

To understand the concept of capacitance, consider a pair

of metal plates which all are placed near to each other without touching. If a battery
is connected to these plates the positive pole to one and the negative pole to the
other, electrons from the battery will be attracted from the plate connected to the
positive terminal of the battery. If the battery is then disconnected, one plate will be
left with an excess of electrons, the other with a shortage, and a potential or voltage
difference will exists between them. These plates will be acting as capacitors.
Capacitors are of two types: - (1) fixed type like ceramic, polyester, electrolytic
capacitors-these names refer to the material they are made of aluminium foil. (2)
Variable type like gang condenser in radio or trimmer. In fixed type capacitors, it
has two leads and its value is written over its body and variable type has three leads.
Unit of measurement of a capacitor is farad denoted by the symbol F. It is a very big
unit of capacitance. Small unit capacitor are pico-farad denoted by pf
(Ipf=1/1000,000,000,000 f) Above all, in case of electrolytic capacitors, it's two
53

terminal are marked as (-) and (+) so check it while using capacitors in the circuit in
right direction. Mistake can destroy the capacitor or entire circuit in operational.

Fig.3.11-Capacitor

3.2.5 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the
mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to
create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is
commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide
a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of
piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits
designed around them became known as "crystal oscillators."
54

Fig.3.12-Crystal oscillator

3.2.6 RESISTANCE
55

Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms .

All conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is
100% efficient. To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we
use resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the
flow of current. Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two groups viz.
fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed resistors, the value is fixed &
cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can be varied by an
adjuster knob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c)
Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon
type. The resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance
has four colours, one of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called
fourth band and indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the value of
resistance (see table). For example if a resistor has the following marking on it say
red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the colour code, its value is
27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is 5%. Resistor comes in various
sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts. The
four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below.

Fig.3.13-Resistance

56

COLOURS CODE
Black--------------------------------------------0
Brown-------------------------------------------1
Red----------------------------------------------2
Orange------------------------------------------3
Yellow-------------------------------------------4
Green--------------------------------------------5
Blue----------------------------------------------6
Violet--------------------------------------------7
Grey---------------------------------------------8
White--------------------------------------------9

The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third ring
indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives
tolerance (gold 5%, silver 10%, No colour 20%).In variable resistors, we have the
dial type of resistance boxes. There is a knob with a metal pointer. This presses over
brass pieces placed along a circle with some space b/w each of them.
Resistance coils of different values are connected b/w the gaps. When the knob is
rotated, the pointer also moves over the brass pieces. If a gap is skipped over, its
resistance is included in the circuit. If two gaps are skipped over, the resistances of
both together are included in the circuit and so on. A dial type of resistance box
contains many dials depending upon the range, which it has to cover. If a resistance
box has to read upto 10,000, it will have three dials each having ten gaps i.e. ten
resistance coils each of resistance 10. The third dial will have ten resistances each
of 100.
57

The dial type of resistance boxes is better because the contact resistance in this
case is small & constant.

3.2.7 LED

When a junction diode is forward biased, energy is released at the junction diode is
forward biased, energy is released at the junction due to recombination of electrons
and holes. In case of silicon and germanium diodes, the energy released is in
infrared region. In the junction diode made of gallium arsenate or indium
phosphide, the energy is released in visible region. Such a junction diode is called a
light emitting diode or LED.

58

Fig.3.14-LED

TYPICAL SPEC. OF HB LED

59

 1 Watt LED Full intensity 350mA, Maximum current 500mA

2.8V Volt drop @ 350mA.

3 Watt LED Full intensity 700mA, Maximum current 1A

43V Volt drop @ 700mA.

5 Watt LED (multi-die package)Full intensity 700mA, Maximum

current 1A 7.1V Volt drop @ 700mA.

5 Watt LED (single-die)Full intensity 1.5A.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEDs

Forward Voltage (VF) drop across LED Diodes are current driven!
Wavelength variations Crystal and junction growth defects
Brightness variations Crystal defects resulting formation of phonons
and non-radiation energy transfer
Temperature Junction temperature of the device affects each of the
parameters above

60

3.2.8 LCD
It is a liquid crystal display of thin flat panel used for electronically displaying
information such as text, images and moving pictures.

Fig.3.15-LCD

FEATURES

5 x 8 dots with cursor

Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)

+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)

1/16 duty cycle

B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)

61

N.V. optional for + 3V power supply\

PIN NUMBER SYMBOL FUNCTION

1 Vss GND.
2 Vdd + 3V or + 5V.
3 Vo Contrast Adjustment.
4 RS H/L Register Select Signa.l
5 R/W H/L Read/Write Signal.
6 E H L Enable Signal.
7 DB0 H/L Data Bus Line.
8 DB1 H/L Data Bus Line.
9 DB2 H/L Data Bus Line.
10 DB3 H/L Data Bus Line.
11 DB4 H/L Data Bus Line.
12 DB5 H/L Data Bus Line.
13 DB6 H/L Data Bus Line.
14 DB7 H/L Data Bus Line.

62

 15 A/Vee + 4.2V for LED/Negative Voltage Output.

3.3 INTRODUCTION TO GSM

What is GSM? To G
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a wide area wireless
communications system that uses digital radio transmission to provide voice, data,
and multimedia communication services. A GSM system coordinates the
communication between a mobile telephones (mobile stations), base stations (cell
sites), and switching systems. Each GSM radio channel is 200 kHz wide channels
that are further divided into frames that hold 8 time slots. GSM was originally
named Group Special Mobile. The GSM system includes mobile telephones
(mobile stations), radio towers (base stations), and interconnecting switching
systems.
This figure shows an overview of a GSM radio system. This diagram shows that
the GSM system includes mobile communication devices that communicate
through base stations (BS) and a mobile switching center (MSC) to connect to
other mobile telephones, public telephones, or to the Internet. This diagram shows
that the MSC connects to databases of customers. This example shows that the
GSM system mobile devices can include mobile telephones or data communication
devices such as laptop computers.

63

Fig.3.16- Global System for Mobile Communication - GSM System Diagram

Global System for Mobile Communication - GSM System Diagram

This diagram shows that the GSM system uses a single type of radio channel.
Each radio channel in the GSM system has a frequency bandwidth of 200 kHz
and a data transmission rate of approximately 270 kbps. This example shows
that each radio communication channel is divided into 8 time slots (0 through 7).
This diagram shows that a simultaneous two-way voice communication session
requires at least one radio channel communicates from the base station to the
mobile station (called the forward channel) and one channel communicates from
the mobile station to the base station (called the reverse channel). This example
also shows that some of the radio channel capacity is used to transfer voice
(traffic) information and some of the radio channel capacity is used to transfer
control messages.

64

GSM Radio Channel Structure Di

Fig.3.17-GSM Radio Channel Structure Diagram

What are AT commands?

AT Commands:
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of
attention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why modem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to
control wired dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook
control) and ATO (Return to online data state), are also supported by GSM/GPRS
modems and mobile phones. Besides this common AT command set, GSM/GPRS
modems and mobile phones support an AT command set that is specific to the
GSM technology, which includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS (Send
SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List
SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).
65

Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a
command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual
AT command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in
AT+CMGS. However, some books and web sites use them interchangeably as the
name of an AT command.

Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a
GSM/GPRS modem or mobile phone
Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM),
IMEI number (International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and
software version (AT+CGMR).
Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN
(AT+CNUM) and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
(AT+CIMI).
Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network
registration status (AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery
charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).
Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD,
ATA, etc).
Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write
(AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain
notifications of newly received SMS messages (AT+CNMI).

66

 Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook

entries.
Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks
(AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and
changing passwords (AT+CPWD).
Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands.
For example, you can control whether to enable certain error messages
(AT+CMEE) and whether error messages should be displayed in numeric
format or verbose format (AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2).
Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS
modem. For example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service
type (AT+CBST), radio link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center
address (AT+CSCA) and storage of SMS messages (AT+CPMS).
Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem.
For example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to
SMS messaging such as the SMS center address.

Benefits of GSM
1. Emergency
Response.
112 is now a universal emergency number among GSM networks. No matter where
the user is, if they are using GSM, they can call for help.
2. Technological Growth
The growth of communications technology has been prompted by worldwide
competition, allowed by the universality of GSM. This has lead to a reliable cellphone service and improved quality in both connection stability and ease.
3. Universal Data Transfer
The Global System for Mobile Communications allows for reliable and efficient

67

data transfer. It even allows text and pictures to be sent from anywhere the system
is available.
4. Better sound
As digital carrier, a GSM cell phone makes for clearer connections as it can filter
background noise. This makes communication, despite distance easy.
5. Greater Security
Due to the way its designed, a call needs to request access. This is a safety features
that makes sure that only the caller and the receiver are in the conversation.

APPLICATION

Voting Machine
Home Appliance Control
Robot Control
E-Notice Board

68

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
69

4 INTRODUCTION
The software used in this project is KEIL u Version3.
Keil Software to provide you with software development tools for 8051
based microcontrollers. With the Keil tools, you can generate embedded
applications for virtually every 8051 derivative. The supported
microcontrollers are listed in the Vision Device Database. The Keil
Software 8051 development tools are designed for the professional software
developer, but any level of programmer can use them to get the most out of
the 8051 microcontroller architecture.
Keil software converts the C-codes into the Intel Hex code.
The coding used in this project is as follows:

void lcdinit(void);
void lcdData(unsigned char l);
void lcdcmd(unsigned char k);
void DelayMs(unsigned int count);
void InitModem(void);
void initdisplay(void);
//--------------------------------------// Lcd initialization subroutine
//--------------------------------------void lcdinit(void)
{
70

lcdcmd(0x38);
DelayMs(250);
lcdcmd(0x0C);
DelayMs(250);
lcdcmd(0x01);
DelayMs(250);
lcdcmd(0x06);
DelayMs(250);
lcdcmd(0x80);
DelayMs(250);
}
//--------------------------------------// Lcd data display
//--------------------------------------void lcdData(unsigned char l)
{
LCD_PORT=l;
RS=1;
EN=1;
DelayMs(1);
EN=0;
return;
}
71

//--------------------------------------// Lcd command

//--------------------------------------void lcdcmd(unsigned char k)
{
LCD_PORT=k;
RS=0;
EN=1;
DelayMs(1);
EN=0;
return;
}

72

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

73

5.1 Conclusion

The project MOBILE CONTROLLED IRRIGATION SYSTEM has been

successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all the hardware
components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been reasoned
out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly,
using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project
has been successfully implemented.
Embedded systems are emerging as a technology with high potential. In the
past decades micro processor based embedded system ruled the market. The last
decade witnessed the revolution of Microcontroller based embedded systems..
With regards to the requirements gathered the manual work and the complexity in
counting can be achieved with the help of electronic devices.

74

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NAME OF THE SITES

1.

WWW.MITEL.DATABOOK.COM

2.

WWW.ATMEL.DATABOOK.COM

3.

WWW.FRANKLIN.COM

4.

WWW.KEIL.COM

REFERENCES

1.

8051-MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM.

Mohd. Mazidi.

2.

EMBEDDED SOFTWARE PRIMER.

David .E. Simon.

75