Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Indian Minerals
Yearbook 2013
(Part- II : Metals & Alloys)
nd
52 Edition
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF MINES
INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES
Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,
NAGPUR 440 001
PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471
PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648
E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in
Website: www.ibm.gov.in
May, 2015
13-1
RESOURCES
EXPLORATION
USES
Platinum and palladium are primarily used as
catalyst in controlling the toxicity of emissions from
automobile, chemical and petroleum refining plants.
Nearly half of the total platinum used worldwide is as
catalysts in catalytic converters in automobiles.
Catalysts for automobile sector use platinum and
palladium. Automobiles that run on diesel
predominantly use platinum for catalytic conversion.
The chemical inertness and refractory properties of
these metals are conducive for their applications in
electrical, electronics, dental, medical fields and glass
industry. These metals are also used as catalyst in
various chemical processes, viz, in organic synthesis
in hydrogenation,de-hydrogenation and isomerisation,
production of nitric acid as also in the manufacture of
fertilizers, explosives & polymers and fabrication of
laboratory equipment.
Platinum, palladium and a variety of complex
gold-silver-copper alloys are used as dental
restorative materials. The unique properties of
platinum find varied applications in the medical
field. Platinum's excellent compatibility with living
tissue, as it does not get affected by the oxidising
reaction of blood, enables its utility in pacemakers.
13-2
India
Reserves
Total
(A)
-
Karnataka
Odisha
Pre-feasibility
STD 222
Inferred
STD 333
Reconnaissance
STD 334
7.7
6.5
1.5
15.7
15.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
7.7
6.5
14.2
14.2
Total
(B)
Total resources
(A+B)
SUBSTITUTES
It is usually easier to substitute metals of the
platinum group for one another, especially in
alloys, than to use alternative materials, which is
evident from the total dominance of rutheniumbased resistors over the palladium-silver resistors
for high-powered applications. Substitutes in
electrical use include tungsten, nickel, silver, gold
and silicon carbide. Alternative catalysts include
nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, cobalt,
vanadium, silver and rare earths. Rhenium,
however, has been used most satisfactorily as
substitute for platinum as a catalyst in petroleum
refining. Stainless steel and ceramics can be
substituted where resistance to corrosion is the
primary concern. Some motor vehicle
manufacturers have substituted platinum by
palladium in catalytic converters, especially for
petrol engines. Particulate matter and residual
sulphur contaminate palladium and hence, it was
excluded from catalysts used in diesel vehicles.
A new technology now allows up to 25%
substitution of platinum in diesel catalytic
converters with palladium.
Similarly, manufacturers of electronic parts are
also reducing the average palladium content of
the conductive pastes used to form the electrodes
of multi-layer ceramic capacitors, substituting
base metals or silver-palladium pastes which
contain significantly less palladium.
13-3
Location/
Area/
Block
Chimakurthi
igneous
complex
Arunachal Pradesh
Anjaw,
Lohit, and Lower
Dibang valley
Chhattisgarh
Jashpur
MayurnachaKanpara
Jhamjhor and
Madhuban
areas
(RaigarhBilaspurSurguja
belt)
Scale
Drilling
Remarks
No. of
boreholes
Meterage
100
269
1:12,500 4 1
1:2,000 2.5
270
1:12,500
Area
(sq km)
Sampling
(No.)
Reserves/resources estimated
(Contd.)
13-4
Location/
Area/
Block
Scale
Drilling
Area
(sq km)
1.8
1.2
Sampling
(No.)
Remarks
No. of
boreholes
Meterage
Reserves/resources estimated
ChandranagarLohardadar
areas
(SonakhanGraniteGemstone
Belt)
1:2,000
1:2,000
Nilambur valley
1:12,500 4 5
90
Reconnaissance stage
investigation (G-4) was taken
up for preliminary assessment
for PGE, Ni & Chromium. An
ultramafic body with
strike length of more than a
kilometer was delineated during
large scale mapping. Disseminations of chromite were recorded.
Another ultramafic rock (composed of serpentine) showed
the presence of nearly 50
micron sized gold grain (under
EPMA). Groove sample yielded
Ni values of 0.2% - 1%. One
sample has yielded significant
PGE value of 275 ppb. A course
grained amphibolite showed the
presence of multiple sulphide
phases viz. pyrrhotite-milleritepentlandite-chalcopyrite. XRD
analysis showed the presence of
tremolite, serpentine, chabazite,
chlorite, nimite(nickel mineral)
jahansite in the ultramafic
rocks. Work will be continued.
.
Kerala
Maharashtra
Sindhudurg
(Contd.)
13-5
Nandurbar and
Dhule
Location/
Area/
Block
Scale
Drilling
Area
(sq km)
Sampling
(No.)
No. of
boreholes
Meterage
Remarks
Reserves/resources estimated
Vadbare,
Shanimandal
and Khondaimali block
1 : 1 2 , 5 0 0 75
Ophiolite
Belt
150
KamakshyanagarChandar
Sector
1:12,500 150
100
09
869.80
Nagaland
Odisha
Dhenkanal
Tamil Nadu
Namakkal
T1 and T 2
sectors of
Tasampalaiyam
Block in Sittampundi
Complex.
226
(Contd.)
13-6
Erode
Location/
Area/
Block
Scale
Area
(sq km)
Drilling
No. of
boreholes
Sampling
(No.)
Meterage
Remarks
Reserves/resources estimated
Solavanur
block in
(Mettuppalaiyam
mafic-ultramafic complex)
15
Solavanur
Extension
Block
(Mettuppalaiyam
mafic-ultramafic complex)
0.5
180
100
75
120
-do-
-do-
Karattadipalaiyam
Gopichettpalaiyam
Dasampalaiyam
Sector
Tirupur
Tirumankaradu
1:12,500
13-7
TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES
The spent converters contain platinum
and palladium in 3:1 ratio, but heavy shift
towards use of palladium to meet stringent
emission controls will change this proportion of
recovery.
The emergence of polymer electrolytic
membrane (PEM) fuel cells developed for
passenger cars and trucks will boost prospects of
platinum in near future by replacing the high
energy battery-operated options for emission
controls. The costs of higher range of driving
and quick refuelling of fuel cells are, however,
10 times more than the cost of petrol engine.
The development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC) in Japan will eliminate the use of platinum
converter as it is compact and gives consistent
performance as conversion of conventional fuels
into hydrogen is avoided.
WORLD REVIEW
The largest reserves of PGMs are located
in Bushveld Complex in South Africa. The
world reserves of PGMs are estimated at
66,000 tonnes concentrated mostly in South
Africa (95%), followed by Russia (2%) and the
USA (1%) (Table-3).
The world mine production of PGMs
decreased marginally to 431 tonnes of contained
Canada
SMC continued to make progress on its
Marathon PGM-Copper project in Ontario and
submitted an environmental impact statement. The
mine was designed to produce 6220 kg per year
production based on 91.4 million tonnes of ore
grading 0.83 gm/t Pd, 0.23 gm/t Pt. North American
Palladium Ltd, (Toronto), reported higher production
of Pd & Pt from its Lac des Isles Mine in Ontario.
A new mine shaft was expected to be commissioned.
Vale Inco Ltd recovered 7,810 kg Pd and 4,170 kg Pt
as by-product from its nickel operations in
Sudbury. In addition to this, Vale, Xstrata Plc
produced PGMs as byproduct from nickel mining
operation at Sudbury.
13-8
South Africa
Though South Africa continued to be the
largest producer of PGM in the world, its production
decreased as compared to 2011 due to losses in
production reported by major mines, viz., Mogalkwena
open pit mines, Khuseleka, Siphumelele, Marikana,
Modikwa, Bafokeng-Rasimone and Marula Mines.
Incomplete infrastructure developments, workers'
strikes and violent unrest were main reasons for
the production losses. Platinum Australia continued
with a feasibility of Kalahari Platinum Project and
planned to extract a bulk sample for pilot plant treatment.
Zimbabwe
Amplats Unki Mines reached full production
capacity and produced 2,000 kg of platinum. The
Mimosa Mine of Aquarius and Impala and Impala's
Zimplats mines slightly increased their production in
2012. The Phase -II expansion of Ngezi Mine , including
a third underground mine and a second concentrator
continued and was expected to be completed in 2015.
(In tonnes)
Country
Reserves
66000
Canada
310
Russia
1100
South Africa
63000
USA
900
Other countries
800
2010
2011
2012
481.00
492.00
431.00
Platinum
0.49
0.37
0.43
Palladium
2.83
2.11
2.61
World: Total
Botswana
FOREIGN TRADE
Exports
Exports of platinum alloys and related metals
significantly increased to 1,780 kg valued at
L 21 crore in 2012-13 from 382 kg valued at L 21 crore
in the previous year. Exports in 2012-13 comprised
platinum unwrought, platinum (powder) and platinum
others at 108 kg, 2 kg & 1645 kg, respectively. Export
of other metals of platinum group was only 25 kg, mainly
to Singapore. In 2012-13, 397 kg of platinum-clad base/
precious metals was exported to Malaysia (96%) &
Singapore (3%) (Tables - 5 to 10).
Canada (e)
Platinum
3.60
8.00
7.00
Palladium
6.20
Other platinum metals 0.40
14.00
0.90
12.00
0.80
Russia
Platinum
26.50
26.50
24.90
Palladium
115.70
107.50
89.90
2.20
2.10
2.80
Other platinum
metals
South Africa
Platinum
147.79
148.00
128.59
Imports
Palladium
82.22
82.73
74.73
Other platinum
metals
57.29
58.11
51.01
USA
Platinum
3.45
3.70
3.70
Palladium
11.60
12.40
12.20
Platinum
8.64
10.83
7.66
Palladium
6.92
8.42
5.90
2.16
2.09
4.17
4.68
Zimbabwe
Other countries
3.64
13-9
2011-12
2011-12
Country
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
All Countries
All Countries
UK
382
213172
1780
209126
36
25829
1071
42110
UK
Belgium
Afghanistan
Belgium
184
7093
368
11769
Afghanistan
203
1362
Switzerland
28
69673
Hong Kong
USA
Singapore
2012-13
Country
2012-13
144
24
1791
85
136615
23
18067
23
15615
Germany
35
36267
45429
Israel
33
843
968
Indonesia
728
Other countries
6381
29
1614
USA
Qty
Value
Qty
Value
(kg)
(L'000)
(kg)
(L'000)
222
29279
1645
42282
20778
1066
27351
184
7093
343
11652
197
132
30
1371
19
1441
Sweden
13
598
Italy
Indonesia
728
Japan
344
Ireland
34
Other countries
37
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
110
115346
108
134662
Switzerland
28
69673
Belgium
25
117
Hong Kong
108
24
1791
Germany
11995
45429
Afghanistan
1230
Israel
33
843
968
UK
28
4871
14077
USA
France
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
20
44274
16453
USA
18
44093
15770
UK
179
683
Other countries
All Countries
2012-13
Country
All Countries
2012-13
Country
37
91150
855
113
Saudi Arabia
256
315
Other countries
6123
94
2012-13
Country
All Countries
13-10
Singapore
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
30
24271
25
15729
22
15601
Bulgaria
76
Australia
47
France
30
24271
Other countries
2011-12
2012-13
All Countries
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
362
Qty
(kg)
397
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
All Countries
556
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
3219
8406188
3242
8859935
911
2383989
1546
4197732
Germany
514
1339024
390
1084775
South Africa
259
669135
389
1116995
USA
270
721674
256
658502
Italy
167
438655
200
533935
Japan
350
908509
127
354922
China
66
177545
121
337052
16660
68
191510
47
122913
32
89386
87
220978
24
70880
542
1407106
89
224246
380
53
Singapore
10
Canada
334
UK
66
Australia
44
Mauritius
31
South Africa
16
Panama Republic
Norway
Bangladesh
Switzerland
Other countries
362
Other countries
Hong Kong
Value
(L'000)
UK
Malaysia
2012-13
2011-12
2012-13
Country
Country
Qty
(kg)
All Countries
2012-13
Country
Country
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
All Countries
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
2078
2657404
2493
2977720
6129 11732833
6188 12030962
1845
3454610
2282
5033328
Japan
431
621932
1141
1353961
Japan
790
1539641
1283
1723065
UK
715
839725
691
796388
USA
472
881357
622
904633
Germany
60
101006
201
297062
Germany
650
1478009
611
1389979
USA
95
107542
195
195751
South Africa
418
867873
500
1246684
Russia
172
184806
120
134747
Italy
331
525020
334
579309
South Africa
154
194430
94
122523
China
291
493715
131
351395
Norway
25
28739
Russia
190
231619
121
135176
Singapore
16828
13
25961
25042
70
193014
China
171
269700
12347
Norway
202
297811
57
118125
Bangladesh
9556
Other countries
932
1938136
177
356254
Other countries
273
321435
685
UK
Hong Kong
13-11
2012-13
2011-12
Country
All Countries
USA
Italy
UK
Korea, Rep. of
Japan
Germany
South Africa
China
Hong Kong
Belgium
Other countries
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
832
107
164
219
6
9
76
5
54
2
12
178
669241
52141
86365
230895
3569
9201
37979
4309
46469
8381
2700
187232
453
171
132
45
33
15
20
17
4
2
1
13
193307
50380
44710
39208
23045
14183
8142
7167
1996
1504
870
2102
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
1652
4270482
2070
5671294
312
797516
972
2624636
48
126891
338
957158
Germany
229
581873
339
934654
USA
196
511598
208
567864
China
47
126094
120
334590
Norway
47
122913
27
75865
136
346774
21
54525
16
42585
Denmark
30
70957
15
42430
Netherlands
12
32561
14
36987
595
1553305
All Countries
UK
South Africa
Italy
Canada
Other coutnries
FUTURE OUTLOOK
2012-13
Country
Qty
(kg)
All Countries
Germany
USA
Thailand
Other countries
7
1
6
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
1435
533
902
4
2
1
1
++
1416
1139
172
104
1
2012-13
Country
All Countries
UK
Italy
Japan
Hong Kong
South Africa
Germany
USA
Switzerland
Egypt
Bangladesh
Other countries
2012-13
Country
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
Qty
(kg)
Value
(L'000)
1567
599
31
140
6
211
285
74
87
134
4135706
1586473
91881
368058
16660
542244
757151
210076
220978
342185
1172
574
179
127
68
51
51
48
24
15
11
24
3188641
1573096
479410
354922
191510
159837
150121
90638
70880
32198
28651
57378
13-12
made world over are the key drivers for the future
demand of platinum, palladium and rhodium.
13-13