Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANSYS, Inc.
Southpointe
275 Technology Drive
Canonsburg, PA 15317
ansysinfo@ansys.com
http://www.ansys.com
(T) 724-746-3304
(F) 724-514-9494
Release 12.0
April 2009
ANSYS, Inc. is
certified to ISO
9001:2008.
Disclaimer Notice
THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFIDENTIAL
AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products and documentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license agreement that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, compliance with exporting laws, warranties,
disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and other provisions. The software products and documentation may
be used, disclosed, transferred, or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions of that software license
agreement.
ANSYS, Inc. is certified to ISO 9001:2008.
Third-Party Software
See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS proprietary software and
third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, please contact ANSYS, Inc.
Published in the U.S.A.
Table of Contents
I. CFD ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Overview of FLOTRAN CFD Analyses ................................................................................................ 3
1.1. Types of FLOTRAN Analyses ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Laminar Flow Analysis ........................................................................................................ 4
1.1.2. Turbulent Flow Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Thermal Analysis ................................................................................................................ 4
1.1.4. Compressible Flow Analysis ................................................................................................ 4
1.1.5. Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Analysis .................................................................................... 4
1.1.6. Multiple Species Transport Analysis .................................................................................... 4
1.1.7. Free Surface Analysis .......................................................................................................... 4
1.2. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax ....................................................................................... 4
2. The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Characteristics of the FLOTRAN Elements .................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Other Element Features ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Considerations and Restrictions for Using the FLOTRAN Elements ............................................... 8
2.2.1. Limitations on FLOTRAN Element Use ................................................................................. 8
2.3. Overview of a FLOTRAN Analysis ............................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. Determining the Problem Domain .................................................................................... 10
2.3.2. Determining the Flow Regime .......................................................................................... 10
2.3.3. Creating the Finite Element Mesh ..................................................................................... 11
2.3.4. Applying Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 11
2.3.5. Setting FLOTRAN Analysis Parameters ............................................................................... 11
2.3.6. Solving the Problem ......................................................................................................... 11
2.3.7. Examining the Results ...................................................................................................... 12
2.4. Files the FLOTRAN Elements Create ........................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. The Results File ................................................................................................................. 12
2.4.2. The Print File (Jobname.PFL) ......................................................................................... 13
2.4.3. The Nodal Residuals File ................................................................................................... 13
2.4.4. The Restart File ................................................................................................................. 13
2.4.5. The Domain File ............................................................................................................... 14
2.4.6. Restarting a FLOTRAN Analysis ......................................................................................... 14
2.5. Convergence and Stability Tools ................................................................................................ 15
2.5.1. Relaxation Factors ............................................................................................................ 15
2.5.2. Inertial Relaxation ............................................................................................................ 15
2.5.3. Modified Inertial Relaxation .............................................................................................. 15
2.5.4. Artificial Viscosity ............................................................................................................. 16
2.5.5. DOF Capping ................................................................................................................... 16
2.5.6. The Quadrature Order ...................................................................................................... 16
2.6. What to Watch For During a FLOTRAN Analysis .......................................................................... 17
2.6.1. Deciding How Many Global Iterations to Use .................................................................... 17
2.6.2. Convergence Monitors ..................................................................................................... 17
2.6.3. Stopping a FLOTRAN Analysis ........................................................................................... 19
2.6.4. Pressure Results ............................................................................................................... 20
2.7. Evaluating a FLOTRAN Analysis .................................................................................................. 20
2.8. Verifying Results ....................................................................................................................... 20
3. FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow ................................................................. 23
3.1. Activating the Turbulence Model ............................................................................................... 24
3.1.1. The Role of the Reynolds Number ..................................................................................... 24
3.1.2. Determining Whether an Analysis Is Turbulent .................................................................. 25
3.1.3. Turbulence Ratio and Inlet Parameters .............................................................................. 25
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
iii
iv
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
vi
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
vii
List of Figures
2.1. Convergence Monitors Displayed by the GST Feature ............................................................................ 18
3.1. Internal Flow ......................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2. External Flow ........................................................................................................................................ 23
3.3. Structured Mesh ................................................................................................................................... 32
3.4. Unstructured Mesh ............................................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Diagram of the Square Cavity ................................................................................................................ 48
4.2. Plot of the Temperature Solution ........................................................................................................... 52
4.3. Plot of Streamline Contours ................................................................................................................... 53
4.4. Plot of Velocity Vectors .......................................................................................................................... 54
4.5. Plot of Flow Trace .................................................................................................................................. 55
6.1. Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.001 ms .................................................................................. 76
6.2. Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.012 ms .................................................................................. 76
7.1.Torsional Mirror at t = 0 Seconds ............................................................................................................ 79
7.2. Torsional Mirror at t = 2.5 Seconds ......................................................................................................... 80
7.3. Torsional Mirror at t = 7.5 Seconds ......................................................................................................... 80
7.4. Boundary Conditions for Moving Walls .................................................................................................. 81
7.5. Torsional Mirror Problem Description .................................................................................................... 87
7.6. Torsional Mirror Problem - Boundary Conditions .................................................................................... 88
7.7. Square Vessel with a Moving Wall .......................................................................................................... 94
7.8. Left Wall Displacement and Velocity ...................................................................................................... 95
7.9. Moving Cylinder ................................................................................................................................... 97
7.10. Elements at 0 Seconds ........................................................................................................................ 98
7.11. Elements at 22 Seconds ....................................................................................................................... 98
7.12. Elements at 44 Seconds ....................................................................................................................... 98
8.1. Three Types of Meshing ....................................................................................................................... 105
10.1. Direction of Positive Swirl Velocity VZ for Axisymmetric Models .......................................................... 134
10.2. Rotating Flow Problem ...................................................................................................................... 135
10.3. Problem Schematic with Rotating Coordinate .................................................................................... 136
11.1. Typical Debug Files ........................................................................................................................... 141
13.1. Environment for a Typical Heat Exchanger Analysis ............................................................................ 154
15.1. Example of a 2-D Acoustic Model (Fluid Within a Structure) ................................................................ 166
15.2. Example of Absorption Element Application ...................................................................................... 167
15.3. Submerged Cylindrical Shell .............................................................................................................. 168
15.4. Mesh the Fluid Domain ..................................................................................................................... 169
15.5. Add the Absorption Element on the Boundary ................................................................................... 170
15.6. Specify Fluid-Structure Interface ........................................................................................................ 171
16.1. Moving Plate above a Fixed Wall ........................................................................................................ 186
16.2. Perforated Plate Structure ................................................................................................................. 186
16.3. Pressure Distribution on a Plate at a Low Driving Frequency ............................................................... 187
16.4. Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Coefficients vs. Frequency ................................................................ 187
16.5. Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element ...................... 189
16.6. Pressure Distribution (Real Component) ............................................................................................ 192
16.7. Pressure Distribution (Imaginary Component) ................................................................................... 192
16.8. Applied Voltage ................................................................................................................................ 197
16.9. Displacement Time History ................................................................................................................ 197
16.10. Pressure Time History ...................................................................................................................... 198
16.11. Modal Projection Technique for Damping Characterization .............................................................. 201
16.12. Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate ................................................. 202
16.13. Fluidic Cross-Talk between Transverse and Rotational Motion ........................................................... 204
16.14. Time-Transient Response from Voltage Pulse ................................................................................... 208
viii
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
List of Tables
2.1. 2-D Solid Elements .................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1. Boundary Conditions at Intersections .................................................................................................... 35
4.1. Command Family and GUI Path Used to Apply Loads ............................................................................. 40
4.2. Load Commands for a FLOTRAN Thermal Analysis .................................................................................. 41
5.1. Specifying Values for Time Steps ............................................................................................................ 60
5.2. Saving Analysis Results for Processing ................................................................................................... 61
7.1. Interface Boundary Conditions .............................................................................................................. 82
7.2. Element Qualities .................................................................................................................................. 84
7.3. Remeshing Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 86
7.4. Quality Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 97
9.1. Units for Thermal Quantities ................................................................................................................ 118
9.2. Energy Units for Incompressible Analyses with Viscous Heating ........................................................... 118
9.3. Units for the AIR Property Type ............................................................................................................ 119
9.4. Property types for Value ................................................................................................................... 120
9.5. Property Database Format .................................................................................................................. 128
10.1. Coordinate System Specification ....................................................................................................... 134
12.1. Advection Scheme Defaults ............................................................................................................... 146
12.2. SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results ....................................................................................... 146
15.1. Loads Applicable in an Acoustic Analysis ........................................................................................... 172
15.2. Commands for Applying Loads in Acoustic Analysis ........................................................................... 173
15.3. Load Step Options for a Harmonic Acoustic Analysis .......................................................................... 175
16.1. Thin Film Fluid Elements .................................................................................................................... 185
16.2. Load Options for Thin Film Fluid Elements ......................................................................................... 190
16.3. Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes ............................................................................ 191
16.4. Modal Damping Parameters for First Two Eigenfrequencies ................................................................ 204
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
ix
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Part I, CFD
In addition, you can use the features of ANSYS and ANSYS FLOTRAN to perform tasks including:
Calculating the gas pressure and temperature distributions in an engine exhaust manifold
Doing natural convection analyses to evaluate the thermal performance of chips in electronic enclosures
Conducting heat exchanger studies involving different fluids separated by solid regions
Laminar or turbulent
Thermal or adiabatic
Free surface
Compressible or incompressible
Newtonian or Non-Newtonian
These types of analyses are not mutually exclusive. For example, a laminar analysis can be thermal or adiabatic. A turbulent analysis can be compressible or incompressible.
To solve any analysis involving the flow of fluid, use either of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Dimens.
Shape or Characteristic
DOFs
FLUID141
2-D
FLUID142
3-D
Derived results, such as Mach number, pressure coefficient, total pressure, shear stress, y plus at walls,
and stream function for fluid analyses and heat flux and heat transfer (film) coefficient for thermal
analyses.
Fluid boundary conditions, including velocities, pressures, and the turbulence quantities kinetic energy
and kinetic energy dissipation rate. You may supply specific values of the turbulence quantities at the
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Thermal boundary conditions, including temperature, heat flux, volumetric heat sources, and heat
transfer (film) coefficient.
You can solve problems in Cartesian, cylindrical, polar, and axisymmetric coordinate systems. If a problem
is axisymmetric, activating a swirl option allows you to calculate a velocity component normal to the
axisymmetric plane.
Certain features of the ANSYS program do not work with the FLOTRAN elements.
You cannot use certain commands or menu paths with the FLOTRAN elements.
If you use the ANSYS GUI, only the features and options called for in the FLOTRAN SetUp portion of the
menus and dialog boxes will appear.
FLOTRAN elements cannot be combined with other elements except when using the ANSYS Multi-field
solver.
The nodal coordinate system must be identical to the global coordinate system.
The /CLEAR command does not destroy an existing FLOTRAN results file (Jobname.RFL), thus preventing
you from inadvertently destroying a results file that took much time and effort to create. Existing Jobname.RFL file names will become Jobname.RFO file names if the number of nodes in the model has
changed since the Jobname.RFL file creation. You should remove unwanted results files at the system
level.
In FLOTRAN, the CP command enforces periodic boundary conditions by coupling all degrees of freedom
between two nodes. You should not use the CP command to couple more than two nodes or to couple
a subset of the degrees of freedom. You should only use this command to couple all degrees of freedom
of one node on a periodic boundary face to one other node on another periodic boundary face.
You cannot couple nodes on the same element, and you may have difficulty coupling nodes on adjacent
elements.
You cannot use the ANTYPE command to invoke a transient analysis with the FLOTRAN element. (See
Chapter 5, FLOTRAN Transient Analyses (p. 59).)
FLOTRAN analyses do not support automatic time stepping. For more information, see Chapter 5, FLOTRAN
Transient Analyses (p. 59).
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
If you specify nodal heat generation loads via commands BFCUM, BFDELE, or BFUNIF, ANSYS uses load
values specified with the BFE command instead.
The commands CE, CECMOD, CEDELE, and CEINTF do not work with FLOTRAN.
The CNVTOL command does not set convergence tolerances with FLOTRAN as it does for other analyses.
For information about FLOTRAN convergence, see Deciding How Many Global Iterations to Use (p. 17).
The symmetry and antisymmetry conditions that the DSYM command specifies are not appropriate for
FLOTRAN. Chapter 3, FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow (p. 23) explains how to specify
flow symmetry boundary conditions for FLOTRAN.
FLOTRAN does not support angular acceleration vectors for rotating coordinate systems.
In a FLOTRAN analysis, the command FLDATA4,TIME (rather than the DELTIM command) specifies a
time step for a load step.
For FLOTRAN, you cannot use the DESOL command or the PRESOL command to modify HEAT, FLOW,
or FLUX nodal results.
FLOTRAN does not permit extrapolation of integration point results to nodes (via the ERESX command).
FLOTRAN does not allow you to generate elements through reflections. Although not recommended,
FLOTRAN will execute properly if you generate reflected elements using a different element type and
you subsequently switch to the FLOTRAN element type.
In FLOTRAN analyses, you cannot ramp loads via the KBC command. The FLOTRAN command
FLDATA4,TIME,BC, however, is analogous to the ANSYS command KBC, except that the default for
FLOTRAN is a step change.
Load case operations, such as those performed by the LCCALC, LCDEF, LCFACT, and LCFILE commands,
are not allowed in a FLOTRAN analysis.
Do not use the LSWRITE or LSSOLVE command in a FLOTRAN analysis. Use the SOLVE command to
start a FLOTRAN solution.
The convergence tool invoked with the NCNV command does not apply to the FLOTRAN segregated
solver.
Do not use the NEQIT command, which defines the number of equilibrium iterations for a nonlinear
solution, in a FLOTRAN analysis.
FLOTRAN requires the nodal and global Cartesian coordinate systems to be the same. Therefore, you
cannot use the rotational fields on the N, NMODIF, and NROTAT commands.
FLOTRAN does not permit user programmable elements, such as those specified via the NSVR command.
In a FLOTRAN analysis, the commands FLDATA2,ITER and FLDATA4,TIME control items written to the
database.
The PRNLD command does not apply to FLOTRAN, because it does not store boundary conditions as
printable element nodal loads.
Node reaction solutions, such as those produced by the PRRSOL command, are not available for FLOTRAN.
The partial and predefined solution option (called by the PSOLVE command) does not apply to the
FLOTRAN segregated solver.
The TIME command, which associates boundary conditions with a particular time value, does not apply
to FLOTRAN.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
FLOTRAN analyses use the FLDATA1,SOLU command instead of the TIMINT command to specify transient load steps.
FLOTRAN analyses use the FLDATA4,TIME command instead of the TRNOPT command to specify
transient analysis options.
The RESCONTROL command does not apply to FLOTRAN. Some of the functionality of RESCONTROL
is provided with the FLDATA32,REST command.
For FLOTRAN, you cannot use the DK command to define DOF constraints at keypoints.
10
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
11
Note
Results tracking via the NLHIST command is not available with FLOTRAN analyses.
The print file, Jobname.PFL, contains input convergence monitors, and inlet/outlet summaries.
The wall file, Jobname.RSW, contains wall shear stress and Y-plus information.
The debug file, Jobname.DBG, contains information about algebraic solver performance.
The results backup file, Jobname.RFO, contains a copy of the results file data.
The domain file, (jobname.pv_0000n) for use by ICEM CFD's PV3 postprocessing visualization tool.
12
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
13
Issue the command FLDATA32,REST,Label,Value. Specify one of the labels listed above in place of
Label. The Value argument causes values associated with the other criteria to be zeroed. Once invoked,
the behavior is turned off in the database by setting all the criteria to zero. If you are restarting from a
different results file, you also need to specify the filename, extension, and directory of that file.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Restart Options> Restart/Iteration
(or Restart/Load step, Restart/Set, etc.)
If you specify invalid criteria, ANSYS notifies you and (if the program is operating in batch mode) terminates
the analysis.
When you restart an analysis, ANSYS copies the original results file to the file Jobname.RSO and places the
restart point, all previous results sets, and all subsequent results sets in the new Jobname.RFL file. If the
Value input on the FLDATA32,REST command is negative, creation of the Jobname.RSO file is blocked.
FLOTRAN uses the absolute value of the number specified for Value.
If a results file name is entered in the Fname field of the FLDATA32,REST command, FLOTRAN interpolates
those results onto the current mesh in the database, regardless of whether or not the mesh has changed.
This causes the convergence monitors to start again from zero. This restart is different than a restart without
a file name specification. However, the results quickly converge to the original solution.
14
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
See the description of the FLDATA25,RELX command in the Command Reference for lists of degree
of freedom and property component names.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
15
Caution
When velocities are capped, conservation of mass may not be enforced.
16
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
17
ki ki 1
ConvMon = i=1
ki
i=1
The convergence monitor represents the sum of changes of the variable calculated from the results between
the current kth iteration and the previous (k-1)th iteration, divided by the sum of the current values. The
summation is performed over all n nodes, using the absolute values of the differences.
Available in both batch and interactive sessions, the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST) feature displays the
computed convergence monitors while the solution is in process. Be default, GST is ON for interactive sessions
and OFF for batch runs. To turn GST on or off, use either of the following:
Command(s): /GST
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Grph Solu Track
Figure 2.1: Convergence Monitors Displayed by the GST Feature (p. 18) shows two typical GST displays:
18
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
The severity of the turbulence levels, indicated by the flow Reynolds number
The GST feature is available for FLOTRAN analyses and also for structural, thermal, and electromagnetic
analyses containing nonlinearities. For information about using GST to track convergence in non-FLOTRAN
analyses, see the Thermal Analysis Guide, the Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide, and the
Structural Analysis Guide.
GST can display up to ten curves at the same time. (Your model can include more than ten DOFs, but
only the first ten will be displayed.)
When the GST begins its plotting, ANSYS displays a dialog box with a STOP button. You can stop the
solution at any time by clicking on this button. To restart it, issue SOLVE or choose Main Menu>
Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
The time label which is positioned above the graph reveals the time at the last iteration.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
19
2.
These questions are interrelated, since convergence may not be achieved it you have not set up and executed
the analysis correctly.
If you have set the input parameters and boundary conditions correctly, the analysis is complete when the
convergence monitors for all variables stop decreasing and the average, maximum, and minimum values of
the solution variables no longer increase or decrease. There is no guarantee, however, that you will achieve
a single exact answer because nature does not guarantee that a single exact answer exists. Oscillatory
problems (for example, vortex shedding behind a cylinder) may not yield stationary results from a steadystate or a transient solution algorithm. You may wish to continue executing the analysis to verify whether
a solution has a stable or a fluctuating nature.
The ANSYS program stores the average, minimum, and maximum values of the solution variables in the file
Jobname.PFL. This file also records the FLOTRAN input plus the convergence monitors which have been
calculated. The results summary includes all the DOF, as well as laminar and effective properties. You determine
how often ANSYS issues the results summary by using one of these methods:
Command(s): FLDATA5,OUTP,SUMF,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
The Value argument is the number of global iterations that pass before ANSYS issues the next results
summary.
You may also want to map your results onto a path through your model. See Mapping Results onto a Path
in the Basic Analysis Guide for more information on reviewing results along a path.
Check the mass balance printed as part of the results summary. Internal checks will determine if any
mass flow can potentially cross a model boundary. Boundary conditions admitting mass flow are:
Unspecified boundaries (These can result if you inadvertently omit a boundary condition.)
The ANSYS program tabulates the number of inlets/outlets, which should correspond to expectations.
20
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Check boundary conditions within ANSYS to ensure that they are accurate.
3.
Check that you specified the properties correctly and that they can vary with temperature and pressure
if necessary. The results summary in the Jobname.PFL file is a convenient place to check this.
4.
Check that the length units used to build the model are consistent with those used in specifying
properties.
5.
In some cases, you need to verify that equations associated with the options chosen are solved correctly
(for instance, the pressure equation in compressible flow).
6.
If the unexpected result of your analysis is divergence, the finite element mesh may not have sufficient
resolution, or significant gradients may exist near outlets. To resolve this, you may need to use convergence aids such as relaxation. Later sections in this document discuss various relaxation techniques.
7.
If you get a diverged solution for a particular variable, you can re-initialize that variable to a single
value and continue. To do so, use one of these methods:
Command(s): FLDATA29,MODV
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> Modify Results
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Mod Res/Quad Ord> Modify Results
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
21
22
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Wall
In an incompressible flow, density variations can drive the flow only through gravitational acceleration.
Temperature changes cause variations of density.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
23
In a compressible flow, the density changes caused by pressure variations significantly affect the momentum and temperature equations.
In any event, the incompressible algorithm can measure flow of an ideal gas, complete with small density
changes due to pressure. See Chapter 8, FLOTRAN Compressible Analyses (p. 103) for more information.
The following FLOTRAN laminar and turbulent incompressible flow topics are available:
3.1. Activating the Turbulence Model
3.2. Meshing Requirements
3.3. Flow Boundary Conditions
3.4. Strategies for Difficult Problems
3.5. Example of a Laminar and Turbulent FLOTRAN Analysis
VLc
The density (mass/length3) and absolute viscosity (mass/length-time) are properties of the fluid. For internal flow problems, the characteristic dimension is the hydraulic diameter, defined as:
Lc =Dh =
For example, the hydraulic diameter of a pipe is simply the diameter. As a general guideline for internal flow
problems such as flow in pipes, the turbulence model should usually be activated if the Reynolds number
is in excess of about 2300.
For an external flow problem, such as the flow over an airfoil, the characteristic length is a parameter such
as the length of the airfoil (wing cross section for a 2-D analysis).
For flow over a flat plate, the dimension is the length along the plate from the leading edge, with the
transition to turbulence occurring at a Reynolds number of approximately 500,000.
For more information, see Turbulence in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications.
24
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
3.1.4.Turbulence Models
25
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
3.1.4.Turbulence Models
t = C
k 2
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
27
1
T
28
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
3.1.4.Turbulence Models
To set the constants for the RNG Model, you use either the FLDATA24A,RNGT command or the foregoing
GUI.
The RNG Model is an extension of the Standard k- Model. Seven constants are assigned values. The C, C1,
C2, SCTK, and SCTD constants are assigned values that are separate from the Standard k- Model. The following
two constants are added:
BETA -Value is the RNG model constant,
ETAI -Value is the asymptotic value of the strain rate parameter eta.
Inlet parameters and wall parameters are the same as the Standard k- Model.
See RNG Turbulence Model in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and
the Command Reference for more information.
29
G1
G2
G3
G4
Value
Value
Value
Value
is
is
is
is
the
the
the
the
C11
constant.
C2 constant.
C3 constant.
C4 constant.
Inlet parameters and wall parameters are the same as the Standard k- Model.
See GIR Turbulence Model in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications and
the Command Reference for more information.
30
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
3.1.4.Turbulence Models
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
31
32
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Caution
Use enough elements to resolve the flow field in the regions of interest. You should use at least
four elements to span the cross sections of long thin channels. Use more than four elements
where thin channels connect to larger regions.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
33
Note
If significant gradients are calculated near a boundary, a mass imbalance can occur. This is due
to the implied condition of fully developed flow for a constant pressure boundary. If the flow has
not fully developed, FLOTRAN is forced to adjust it across the last row of elements to satisfy the
boundary condition. Occasionally, this adjustment may cause a mass imbalance.
To prevent this from occurring, you can add a development length to the exit. This addition does not actually
need to match the physical flow geometry. You can subtract the pressure drop in this "chimney" to obtain
the desired pressure drop. The pressure drop in the "chimney" will vary over its full cross section. You will
have to choose a representative value of the pressure drop to match the desired outlet conditions. You will
not know this pressure drop, of course, until after you examine the results from the chimney. You can opt
to apply an exit pressure profile, based on these results, to the original geometry.
You can calculate the required length of the chimney (L) using the characteristic diameter (D) from the development length formula:
Laminar flow: L/D ~ 0.06 Re
Turbulent flow: L/D ~ 4.4 Re1/6
Typically, a chimney 20 to 25 diameters long will be sufficient. Although the mesh in this region may be
coarse, you should avoid drastic changes in element size by using a size ratio in the chimney. The important
feature is the chimney length, not the number of nodes in it.
Symmetry Boundary: The velocity component normal to the boundary is specified as zero. Leave all other
degrees of freedom unspecified.
Generalized Symmetry Boundary Conditions: You can also apply generalized symmetry boundary conditions.
Velocity components are set tangential to the symmetry surface if the ALE formulation is not activated. They
are set equal to the mesh velocity if the ALE formulation is activated. To apply generalized symmetry
boundary conditions, use one of the following commands or the GUI equivalent:
D,NODE,ENDS,-1
DL,LINE,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
DA,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
With one exception, if any velocity component is specified at the same boundary, the generalized symmetry
boundary conditions are overwritten. In a 2-D swirl problem, specification of a velocity component VZ does
not overwrite generalized symmetry conditions.
Stationary Wall: This is also referred to as a no-slip condition. All the velocity components are set to zero.
Moving Wall: Specify the velocity component tangent to the wall and set all other velocity components to
zero. As a flag to indicate this is a moving wall, set the turbulent kinetic energy to -1 on a moving wall. This
specification is as a flag only; it does not affect the performance of the wall turbulence model. If you are
using the GUI, indicate a moving wall when specifying the velocities.
34
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Inflow:
Symmetry:
VX, VY, VZ values specifiedVX or VY or VZ = 0
Inflow:
Outflow:
VX, VY, VZ values specifiedP = 0
Symmetry:
VX or VY or VZ = 0
Outflow:
P=0
Symmetry:
VX or VY or VZ = 0
Wall:
X, VY, VZ = 0
Wall:
VX, VY, VZ = 0
Outflow:
P=0
Generalized Symmetry
Outflow:
P=0
Note
Inflow, symmetry , and wall boundary conditions all overwrite generalized symmetry conditions.
Inlet Values: If you activate the turbulence model, boundary conditions are required. The ANSYS program
supplies default values based on the inlet velocity and a scale factor. Given an inlet velocity magnitude V,
the inlet kinetic energy is specified as:
3
kinlet = [(ININ)V]2
2
The default value of the factor ININ is 0.01, corresponding to a level of turbulence of 1 percent at the inlet.
The inlet value of the kinetic energy dissipation rate is calculated from:
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
35
inlet =
3
k2
(INSF)L
The INSF value is a user-controlled scale factor. To specify the factors ININ and INSF, use either of the following
methods:
Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,ININ,Value and FLDATA24,TURB,INSF,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
You can set specific values of the turbulent kinetic energy (ENKE) or the dissipation rate (ENDS) using either
the FLDATA24 command or the menu paths in Determining Whether an Analysis Is Turbulent (p. 25).
Occasionally, you may wish to activate the turbulence model for the case, but deactivate it for certain regions.
To deactivate the turbulence model in regions, set the kinetic energy (ENKE) to zero and the dissipation rate
(ENDS) to 1.0. It is never valid to set the dissipation rate to zero, and FLOTRAN prohibits it. ENDS will be set
to 1.0, if ENKE is set to zero.
Wall Roughness:
The FLOTRAN default condition is smooth walls. To specify wall roughness values, you must use the equilibrium wall turbulence model. You activate it using the FLDATA24,TURB,WALL,EQLB command.
To apply a uniform wall roughness in length units to all walls, you can use the FLDATA24,TURB,KS,Value
command. In addition to being the actual roughness, the KS parameter determines the regime of roughness
(smooth, transitional, or fully rough). The default value of 0.0 implies a smooth wall.
You can also apply an empirical dimensionless factor (CKS) between 0.5 and 1.0 that specifies the degree
of nonuniformity of the surface. The default value of 0.5 means that the roughness signified by KS is uniformly
distributed. Higher values increase the roughness losses without changing the flow regime implied by the
value of KS. You can use the FLDATA24,TURB,CKS,Value command to specify this factor.
The following two methods are available if you have surfaces that require different roughness values.
The first method utilizes real constants for all the wall elements. You apply suitable KS and CKS values to
the near wall elements as real constants. A different real constant set will exist for each set of wall roughnesses.
Note that roughness constants applied to elements that are not near wall will be ignored. Also, any KS and
CKS values specified by the FLDATA24,TURB command will be ignored.
The second method is for cases where most of the surfaces have the same roughness condition and only a
few are different. First, set the values appropriate for most of the surfaces with the FLDATA24,TURB command.
Then use real constants to apply roughnesses to the walls that have different conditions. The real constants
will overwrite the FLDATA24,TURB values. Note that if the same value of CKS is applied to all the surfaces
(as is typical), it can be controlled with the FLDATA24,TURB command and the real constant can be omitted.
36
Use a mapped mesh if a free mesh has given poor results. Resolve the boundary layer so that the value
of Y+ is less than 5000.
To set the Y+ output option, use the following:
Command(s): FLDATA5,OUTPUT,YPLU,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
3.
Set the turbulence inertial relaxation factor to 1.0. Values as low as 1.0-2 may help. (For incompressible
flow problems, you may not need to vary this factor.)
To set the turbulence inertial relaxation factor, use the following:
Command(s): FLDATA26,STAB,TURB,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms
4.
Use pressure and momentum relaxation factors less than 0.5. If values as low as 0.2 do not help, going
lower probably will not help either.
To set the pressure and momentum relaxation factors, use the following:
Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,PRES,Value FLDATA25,RELX,VX (or VY, VZ),Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
5.
Begin the problem with a higher turbulence ratio (meaning a higher initial effective viscosity). Do not
set values for this parameter, which takes effect only at problem startup, above 1.0 x 107. The ratio set
controls the initial effective viscosity no matter when you activate the turbulence model.
To set the turbulence ratio, use either of these methods:
Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
6.
After initializing with the correct properties, solve the problem with a higher viscosity and the turbulence
model turned off. When the flow field is partially converged, the turbulence model is activated. You
may need to reduce the relaxation factor of the effective viscosity to 0.1 or 0.0 for some global iterations
to allow partial convergence of the turbulence equations. Refer to the foregoing strategies for command
information.
7.
Difficulties can involve large changes in properties due to large fluctuations in pressure or temperature.
Preventing property variations early in the analysis (until the large fluctuations calm down) can stabilize
the analysis significantly.
You also can invoke velocity capping to prevent large values of velocities or pressures. This is particularly
useful in compressible analyses, where velocity spikes can cause negative static temperatures.
To implement velocity capping, use either of the following methods:
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
37
Problems involving pyramid, wedge or in particular tetrahedral element shapes may require tighter
convergence of the pressure equation. Values as low as 1.E-18 may be required
(FLDATA21,CONV,PRES,1.E-18). You should reduce the convergence criterion until, from one global
iteration to the next, the number of iterations required to solve the equation varies by less than 10
percent (as per the Jobname.DBG file).
9.
The solution of the pressure equation may affect the mass balance. The mass balance may be incorrect
(as per the Jobname.PFL file) if large aspect ratio elements are near significant flow area changes.
Mass imbalances may also occur if inlet or outlet regions are too coarsely meshed or if the flow tends
to exit at an angle at outlets.
10. If FLOTRAN displays a message stating that the coefficient matrix has a negative diagonal and the
solution is probably divergent, try turning on modified inertial relaxation in the momentum equation
or turbulence equation. Set the Value between 0.1 and 1.0. To achieve a faster convergence rate, use
the smallest Value possible.
To set the turbulence inertial relaxation factor, use the following:
Command(s): FLDATA34,MIR,Label,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization
11. If you notice anomalous results for 3-D problems, you should increasing the quadrature order to 2.
12. Specifying the Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) approach for momentum may help convergence. Specifying the SUPG approach for temperature may also yield more accurate energy solutions
and hence more accurate energy balances. For more information on the SUPG approach, see Chapter 14,
Advection Discretization Options (p. 161).
The example problem is only one of many possible FLOTRAN analyses. It does not illustrate every
technique you might use in a FLOTRAN analysis, and is intended only to show the kinds of tasks a
FLOTRAN analysis typically requires.
You can use many techniques in a FLOTRAN analysis that are not shown in this problem. For example,
you can integrate pressure and shear stress on an airfoil to determine the lift and drag forces (see the
description of the INTSRF command in Integrating Surface Results in the Basic Analysis Guide).
The values you enter in this example are specific values for this example only. The characteristics of the
individual problem you are solving dictate what values you should specify for a particular FLOTRAN
analysis.
38
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
39
Constant temperatures
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In addition, constant volumetric heat sources may be located in both fluid and non-fluid regions.
The applicable commands are summarized below.
You can apply your boundary conditions via TABLE type array parameters (see Applying Loads Using TABLE
Type Array Parameters in the Basic Analysis Guide). You can also apply your boundary conditions using
function boundary conditions (see "Using the Function Tool" in the Basic Analysis Guide).
You can define a TABLE type array parameter to apply your boundary conditions in a FLOTRAN analysis.
Attempting to use tabular boundary conditions in a FLOTRAN analysis will create erroneous results.
Table 4.1 Command Family and GUI Path Used to Apply Loads
Load Type
Category
Cmd
Family
Constraints
SF
Heat Generation
Rates (HGEN)
BF
Temperature
(TEMP)
Body
Loads
GUI Path
40
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solid
Model or
FE
Entity
Apply
Delete
List
Temperature
Finite Element
Nodes
DDELE
DLIST
Convection,
Heat Flux, Ambient Radiation, or
Surface-to- surface Radiation
Solid Model
Lines
SFL
SFLDELE
Solid Model
Areas
SFA
SFADELE SFALIST
Finite Element
Nodes
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
Finite Element
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
Finite Element
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
Solid Model
Lines
BFL
BFLDELE BFLLIST
BFTRAN
Solid Model
Areas
BFA
BFADELE BFALIST
BFTRAN
Solid Model
Volumes BFV
BFVDELE BFVLIST
BFTRAN
Finite Element
Nodes
BF
BFDELE
Finite Element
Elements
BFE
BFEDELE BFELIST
Heat Generation
Rates
BFLIST
Operate
Apply
Settings
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
BFSCALE
Note
You must use tabular boundary conditions if you are applying tapered heat flux or convection
loads.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
41
4.3.1.3. Solutions
The following list describes what is known and what is calculated as a function of the type of boundary
specified.
For temperature boundary conditions, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are calculated.
For heat flux boundary conditions, temperature and heat transfer coefficient are calculated.
For ambient radiation boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated.
For surface-to-surface radiation boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated.
For heat transfer boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated.
When you apply a heat transfer (film) coefficient, you also specify an associated ambient temperature. The
ANSYS program uses this along with the surface temperature to calculate the heat flux at that boundary.
You specify heat flux and heat transfer coefficients at external model boundaries. You cannot specify them
at general internal surfaces. You can specify heat flux and heat transfer coefficients at internal boundary
faces (such as fluid/solid interface surfaces), but FLOTRAN will issue a warning because they are probably
incorrect. In a standard FLOTRAN analysis the heat transfer at a fluid/solid boundary is a desired result, not
a boundary condition. If you wish to apply a heat flux or a heat transfer coefficient, you should apply it at
the external solid material boundary, or at the edge of the fluid region without modeling the solid material
in the analysis. If you specify a film coefficient or a heat flux at an internal fluid/solid interface, FLOTRAN
interprets it to be a line/area heat source or sink. You can prescribe temperatures anywhere.
In cases where you must calculate the heat transfer coefficient at a surface, ANSYS uses the surface temperature along with the bulk temperature you specify using either of the following methods:
Command(s): FLDATA14,TEMP,BULK,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
If the analysis is compressible, boundary condition temperatures are in terms of total temperature, and the
temperature equation is formulated and solved in terms of total temperature.
The FLOTRAN ambient radiation load simulates radiation heat transfer to space at a constant temperature.
You specify the constant temperature with the SF command. You specify the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
with the STEF command (defaults to 0.119E-10 Btu/hr/in2/ R4). The form factor is 1.0 by assumption.
Since radiation can pass through a fluid region and impact on a solid, you can apply the ambient radiation
load on a fluid/solid interface, as well as on external model boundaries. In this case, you should apply the
surface load to either the fluid or solid element faces, or the solid model entity defining the interface. If you
apply the load to more than one face, FLOTRAN applies the boundary conditions on only one face and issues
a message that it skipped duplicate boundary conditions.
42
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
43
Buoyancy property types, which use a constant pressure to evaluate the density from the ideal gas law are
provided for AIR. (See Chapter 9, Specifying Fluid Properties for FLOTRAN (p. 117).) Pressure fluctuations are
thus prevented from causing instabilities in density calculations. Natural convection cases converge slowly,
and may be more stable if the TDMA algorithm is used for pressure and temperature. The number of sweeps
used may be set to Number of Nodes/10, but should be at least 100.
Note
For nodes connected only to solid nodes, the value stored in the Jobname.RFL file under the
density (DENS) label is the product of the density and specific heat.
You can evaluate performance of the Conjugate Residual and Preconditioned Conjugate Residual methods
by looking at the Jobname.DBG file (described in Chapter 11, FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix Equation (p. 139)).
44
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Note
Thermal analysis problems having variable thermal conductivity are nonlinear and require multiple
iterations to solve. Variable solid thermal conductivities are not relaxed.
For a conjugate heat transfer problem, it is wise to obtain an initial temperature solution before solving the
coupled energy/momentum equations. To achieve the temperature solution, use the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,F
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,T
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,TEMP,1.0
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
Command(s): FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,1
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,TEMP,3
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> TEMP Solver CFD
In the above steps, an initial temperature solution is obtained from a solution of the heat conduction
equation.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
45
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
4.6.1. Procedure
The Radiosity Solution method consists of four steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
See Using the Radiosity Solver Method in the Thermal Analysis Guide for a detailed explanation of these
steps.
The example problem described is only one of many possible FLOTRAN analyses. It does not illustrate
every technique you might use in a FLOTRAN analysis, and is intended only to show the kinds of tasks
a FLOTRAN analysis typically requires.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
47
The values you enter in this example via commands or dialog boxes are specific values for this example
only. The characteristics of the individual problem you are solving dictate what values you should specify
for a particular FLOTRAN analysis.
T = 320K
g = 9.81 m/s2
T = 280K
Insulated
L = .03m
Density variations resulting from the temperature difference across the cavity drive the laminar flow. The
Rayleigh number for this flow is 1.01E+05, and is defined as follows:
Ra = g TL3 2Cp/k
The symbols in this equation are:
g = gravitational acceleration
= 1/T
T = THOT - TCOLD
L = cavity length
= density
Cp = specific heat
k = thermal conductivity
= viscosity
Other example analysis conditions are:
48
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Loads: no slip walls (Vx = Vy = 0); left wall of cavity maintained at THOT = 320K; right wall of cavity
maintained at TCOLD = 280K
Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title. The Change Title dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click on OK. You have just instructed the ANSYS program to do a FLOTRAN analysis.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
In the two scrollable lists, highlight (click on) FLOTRAN CFD and "2D FLOTRAN 141."
4.
Click on OK. ANSYS returns you to the Element Types dialog box.
5.
Click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By Dimensions. The Create Rectangle by Dimensions dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Click on OK. The square area you have just created will appear in the Graphics Window.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. Under the Size Controls section
of the MeshTool, click Lines,Set. The Element Size on Picked Lines picking menu appears.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
49
Click Pick All. The Element Size on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
3.
4.
Click on OK.
5.
In the MeshTool, select Areas from the Mesh drop down menu. Then click Quad and Free. Then click
MESH. The Mesh Areas picking menu appears.
6.
7.
8.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Velocity>
On Nodes. The Apply V on Nodes picking menu appears.
5.
On the picking menu, click on Pick All. The Velocity Constraints on Nodes dialog box appears.
6.
7.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On Nodes. The Apply TEMP on Nodes picking menu appears.
2.
Click on Box. Doing this enables you to select the nodes to which you are applying loads by drawing
a box around them.
3.
Press and drag your left mouse button to draw a box around the nodes on the left edge of the meshed
area.
4.
Click on OK.
5.
In the Apply TEMP on Nodes dialog box, enter 320 as the temperature value.
6.
Click on OK.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On Nodes. The Apply TEMP on Nodes picking menu appears.
8.
On the menu, click on Box. Doing this enables you to select the nodes to which you are applying loads
by drawing a box around them.
9.
Press and drag your left mouse button to draw a box around the nodes on the right edge of the
meshed area.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options. The FLOTRAN
Solution Options dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State
Control Settings dialog box appears.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties. The Fluid
Properties dialog box appears.
2.
Set the "Density," "Viscosity," "Conductivity," and "Specific heat" fields to AIR-SI.
3.
4.
5.
Read the information about how coefficients will be calculated, then click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Gravity.
The Gravity Specification dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> PRES Solver
CFD. The PRES Solver CFD dialog box appears.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
51
Choose TDMA.
3.
4.
Make sure that the value of the "No. of TDMA sweeps for pressure" field is 100. If so, click on OK.
5.
6.
7.
Wait for the solution to finish, then review the information in the ANSYS Output Window. Click Close
in the Solution is done window.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General PostProc> Read Results> Last Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu. The
Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears.
3.
4.
5.
Click on OK. The Graphics Window shows you the following contour plot:
Choose menu path Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu. The
Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Click on OK. The Graphics Window shows you the following contour plot:
52
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Device Options. The Device Options dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Result> Vector Plot> Predefined. The
Vector Plot of Predefined Vectors dialog box appears.
5.
Verify that the items "DOF solution" and "Velocity" are highlighted. If so, click on OK. The display in
the Graphics Window now looks similar to the one below.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
53
Choose menu path Utility Menu> WorkPlane> WP Settings. The WP Settings dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click on OK.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Defi Trace Pt.
8.
Using your mouse, pick five or six points anywhere within the upper half of the problem domain.
9.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Plot Flow Trace.
The Plot Flow Trace dialog box appears.
11. In the scrollable list, click on (highlight) "Temperature TEMP".
12. Click on OK. The Graphics Window shows a plot that resembles the plot shown below. Your plot may
look different, depending on the location of the points you picked. If a warning message appears telling
you that the maximum number of loops has been exceeded, review it and click Close. For the purposes of
this problem, the particle trace is stuck in a loop by definition, so you can ignore this message.
54
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General PostProc> Plot Results> Flow Trace> Plot Flow Trace.
The Plot Flow Trace dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK. The plot shown in the Graphics Window is now contoured by velocity magnitude. How
your plot looks will depend on the location of the points you picked. If you receive another warning
message about the maximum number of loops being exceeded, click Close.
4.
If you wish, you can use animation to enhance your analysis of particle flow. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Particle Flow. When the Animate Flow Trace dialog box appears,
enter the desired animation data and click OK. (To animate particle flow, you must have at least one
trace point defined. To complete the sample analysis, simply take the defaults and click on OK.)
5.
When you are done viewing the animation, click Stop and then Close in the Animation Controller. If
additional warning messages appear, close them.
6.
To exit ANSYS, click Quit on the ANSYS Toolbar. Choose an exit option and then click on OK.
See Section 5.10, Doing the Sample Analysis (Command Method), for an example problem.
55
56
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
57
58
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
59
Meaning
User Specified Time Step
-1
Advection Limit
-2
-3
-4
Conduction Limit
The advection limit prevents a particle of fluid from passing completely through a finite element during a
time step.
The pressure wave limit means the time step is chosen small enough to prevent a pressure wave from
passing all the way through a finite element during a single time step. This option is active only if you choose
the compressible solution algorithm.
The choice of -3 (again valid only for compressible analyses) means that the more restrictive (that is, smaller)
time step criterion will be imposed.
The conduction limit is calculated to prevent the conductive diffusion of a parcel of energy completely
through an element during a time step. The limit applies only to problems that include conduction, and is
valid for problems with both fluid and non-fluid elements.
FLOTRAN must execute global iterations to converge within a time step. The time step terminates when
either of the following happens:
The maximum number of global iterations allowed per time step executes.
60
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Meaning of Value
STEP,APPE,n
61
Meaning of Value
TIME,APPE,x
STEP,SUMF,n
TIME,SUMF,x
STEP,OVER,n
TIME,OVER,x
If you wish to control the output based on time, you must first defeat the default controls which set APPE
and SUMF to ten steps.
62
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Caution
FLOTRAN has no record of boundary conditions at earlier times. That is, if you want to restart
from an earlier point in time and simulate a ramped boundary condition it is necessary to apply
the boundary condition appropriate for the beginning of the ramp, make it an old condition via
the FLOCHECK command, and then apply the condition at the end of the ramp.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
63
64
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Caution
You should avoid using quadrilateral elements with only one node on the inflow or outflow
boundary.
The following VOF topics are available:
6.1. VFRC Loads
6.2. Input Settings
6.3. Postprocessing
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
65
A fraction equal to the element area within the geometry for elements intersected by the boundary of
the geometry
Currently, there are two valid geometries: circle (CIRC) and ellipse (ELPT). For a circle or ellipse, VAL1 and
VAL2 are the x and y coordinates of the center, respectively. For a circle, VAL3 is the radius and VAL4 is not
used. For an ellipse, VAL3 and VAL4 are the x and y semiaxes, respectively.
To display the initial volume fraction loads, use the following:
Command(s): /PICE,VFRC,,KEY
GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols
The /PBF and /PSF commands override the /PICE command.
66
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
67
68
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
6.3. Postprocessing
6.3. Postprocessing
The volume fraction is stored as a non-summable miscellaneous record in the element data section of the
results file. If you want to view the volume fraction, issue the command:
Command(s):
PLESOL,NMISC,1
Since the volume fraction is essentially an element based quantity, it is discontinuous across elements. If
you wish to see a smooth and continuous volume fraction, you should first store the results in an element
table, using one of the following:
Command(s): ETABLE,VFRC,NMISC,1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Define Table
You can then plot the results with an averaging operation, using one of the following:
Command(s): PLETAB,VFRC,1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Plot Elem Table
However, instead of using the foregoing commands, you can use one of the following:
Command(s): PLVFRC,CONT
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
69
70
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
nsel,s,loc,x,0.0,1.0
nsel,r,loc,y,0.0,2.0
esln,s,1
ice,all,vfrc,1.0
alls
ic,all,vx,0
ic,all,vy,0
save
fini
/solu
!!!! FLOTRAN input
acel,0.0,grav,0
FLDA,NOMI,DENS,1.0e3
FLDA,NOMI,VISC,1.0d-3
FLDA,SOLU,FLOW,T
FLDA,SOLU,TRAN,T
FLDA,SOLU,turb,F
flda,solu,vof,t
flda,time,glob,5
flda,time,numb,70
flda,time,step,0.01
flda,time,appe,0.1
flda,advm,mome,supg
flda,relx,vx,0.5
flda,relx,vy,0.5
flda,relx,pres,1.0
solve
fini
exit,nosa
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
71
72
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
73
2 = [8 - (5 / Re) 2 ]
R F3
where is the density, is the surface tension coefficient, and RF is the radius of the drop at its equilibrium
state. Here, Re is the Reynolds number given by:
Re =
74
R F
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
6.6.2. Results
where is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid.
When the oscillation is fully damped by the viscosity, the droplet takes a spherical shape and the droplet
pressure is given by:
Ptheory =
2
RF
The droplet analyzed here is initially elliptical with major and minor semiaxes of 24.69 mm and 18 mm, respectively. This corresponds to a final radius of RF of 20 mm. The time increment, t, is set to 2 x 10-4 ms.
The material properties of the droplet are:
= 109 mg/(m)3
= 106 mg/(m)(ms)
= 0.073 mg/(ms)2
6.6.2. Results
Figure 6.1: Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.001 ms (p. 76) and Figure 6.2: Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.012 ms (p. 76) show the instantaneous pressure distributions at 0.001 ms and 0.012 ms, respectively. Rather than a pressure jump across the interface, the pressure is observed to vary smoothly in a thin
transition region near the interface. Initially, the maximum pressure occurs at the top and bottom portion
of the droplet due to a high local curvature. The resulting pressure gradient forces the fluid inward and redirects it to the sides. As the droplet moves, the pressure starts to rise at the sides due to the increasing
local curvature. This slows down the movement of the droplet and eventually forces the fluid back inward
from the sides. The pressure distribution controls the droplet oscillation by balancing the kinetic energy and
the potential energy due to the surface tension. The simulation produces a free surface profile every 5 time
steps. The frequency is 42.6 kHz (two cycles occur in 0.047 ms). This agrees quite well with the 43.0 kHz
predicted by the Prosperetti formula. The oscillation amplitude decreases with time and damps out at 0.2
ms due to viscosity. Averaging the pressure values on interior nodes attached to only full elements gives
the numerical droplet pressure. The difference between the numerical and the analytical pressure is approximately 1%. There are some noises in the velocity field near the interface due to the so-called parasitic currents
inherent in the CSF formulation.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
75
76
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
RY geometry
nsel,s,loc,x,0
d,all,vx,0.0
! symmetry condition
alls
icvf,elpt,0.0,0.0,aRad,bRad
ic,all,vx,0
ic,all,vy,0
save
fini
! initial VFRC
! initial velocity
/solu
flda,solu,tran,t
flda,solu,vof,t
flda,solu,sfts,t
flda,nomi,sfts,sigm
flda,nomi,dens,rho
flda,nomi,visc,mu
flda,time,glob,10
flda,time,numb,NDT
flda,time,step,DELT
flda,advm,mome,supg
flda,mir,mome,1.0
flda,relx,pres,1.0
flda,time,appe,APPT
solve
fini
/post1
set,last
PLVFRC,0
ANDATA,0.1, ,2,1,51,1,0.0,1
set,last
*GET,VFAdvU,FLDA,VFTO,VOFU
VFAdvU=1.0-VFAdvU
alls
*get,elmmax,elem,0,count
*get,elmi,elem,0,num,min
*get,vfval,elem,elmi,nmis,1
*IF,vfval,LE,VFAdvU,then
esel,u,,,elmi
*ENDIF
!
!
!
*do,ilop,2,elmmax
! Loop over selected elements
*get,elmn,elem,elmi,nxth
! Get the next higher elem number in the set
*get,vfval,elem,elmn,nmis,1 ! Get the VFRC for the element
*IF,vfval,LE,VFAdvU,then
esel,u,,,elmn
! Remove elmn from the active set
*ELSE
elmi=elmn
*ENDIF
*enddo
nsle,s,all
nsel,u,ext
!
!
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
77
/go
*vwrite
(9x,'DelX/Rad ', 3x, 'PRES / Pexact ',3x,'Prms ')
*vwrite,DELX/RadF,pavg/pexact,prms
(3(4x,1pe12.5))
fini
exit,nosa
78
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
The top plate begins to oscillate about its centerline setting the fluid in motion. The ALE formulation allows
the fluid domain to change with time and the finite element mesh to move to satisfy the boundary conditions
at the moving plate. Figure 7.2: Torsional Mirror at t = 2.5 Seconds (p. 80) and Figure 7.3: Torsional Mirror at t
= 7.5 Seconds (p. 80) show the finite element mesh at later times.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
79
To perform a transient analysis employing the ALE formulation, you must activate the ALE formulation and
the transient solution algorithm. To activate the ALE formulation, you use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,ALE,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
To activate the transient algorithm, you use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TRAN,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
For more information on transient analyses and the transient algorithm, see Chapter 5, FLOTRAN Transient
Analyses (p. 59).
80
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Fluid
Moving solid
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
81
Slip[1]
Stick[1]
Displacement
Dn = d n
3-D
Dn = d n
Dn = d n
D = d
D = d 1
or Dx; Dy
D = d 2
2
or Dx; Dy; Dz
Velocity
Inviscid Flow
Viscous Flow
Vn = n
3-D
Vn = n
Vn = n
V =
V = 1
1
or Vx; Vy
V = 2
2
or Vx; Vy; Vz
1.
The time derivative of the normal displacement must be equal to the normal velocity, dDn/dt = Vn.
Slip or stick boundary conditions can apply for displacement. For velocity, slip boundary conditions apply
for inviscid flow and stick boundary conditions apply for viscous flow. In all cases, the time derivative of the
normal displacement must be equal to the normal velocity. In FLOTRAN, only stick boundary conditions are
currently valid.
To set displacement or velocity boundary conditions at nodes, you can use either of the following:
Command(s): D
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or
Velocity)> On Nodes
82
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
You cannot check for morphing failure in advance if the time step size depends on the fluid flow variables
or the problem involves a free surface.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
83
Pure hexahedrals, pure tetrahedrals, pure pyramids, pure wedges, or any combination for FLUID142
Sometimes mesh morphing produces poor quality elements (for example, when a fluid domain is extremely
squeezed by a moving wall). The birth and death feature can then be useful. To implement this feature, you
assign a birth/death tolerance to the candidate elements using the real constant BDTOL. A node is automatically deactivated if the distance from it to the center of any element face on the wall becomes less than
the assigned BDTOL. A element is deactivated if all of its nodes are deactivated. Conversely, a node is reactivated if the distance from it to the center of the closest element face on the wall becomes greater than or
equal to the assigned BDTOL. A element is reactivated if all of its nodes are reactivated.
Setting the MMFAC (mesh morphing multiplier) real constant on the FLUID141 or FLUID142 elements can
affect mesh morphing. If the real constant set number defaults to zero in a third-party mesher, the default
value for the multiplier is set to 0.0. In this case, you will need to either set the real constant set number or
the MMFAC real constant explicitly if you are not satisfied with the 0.0 default value.
7.3. Remeshing
Large fluid domain changes can produce poor quality elements and mesh morphing failure. To avoid element
failure, you must remesh.
To accomplish remeshing, issue one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA39,REMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Remesh Ctrl
FLDATA39,REMESH will automatically remesh the fluid elements and linearly interpolate the nodal solution
from the old mesh to the new mesh. Use it to specify one of the following three ways of remeshing:
Remesh all defined fluid elements if the quality of the worst defined element falls below any specified
quality requirement listed in Table 7.2: Element Qualities (p. 84).
Whole domain remeshing is suitable when the moving boundary affects all of the fluid elements (all
the fluid elements may become distorted during solution).
Remesh defined fluid elements that have a quality below any specified quality requirement.
Partial domain remeshing is suitable when the distorted elements are locally distributed and the location
of the distorted elements is not known before solution or it changes during solution.
Remesh all grouped fluid elements with a specified component name if the quality of the worst selected
element falls below any specified quality requirement.
Selected component remeshing is suitable when the distorted elements are locally distributed, but the
location of the distorted elements is known before solution and it does not change during solution.
There are three maximum allowable element qualities that you need to specify for remeshing: aspect ratio,
change of element size, and change of element aspect ratio.
Triangles
2
AR = ((lavg) / A) / 2.3
Tetrahedrons
AR = ((lavg)3 / V) / 8.48
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
7.3. Remeshing
Element Quality
Triangles
Tetrahedrons
VOCH = exp | log (V(t) / V(0)) |
where:
lavg = average length of the element edges
A = element area
V = element volume
A(t) and V(t) = element area and volume at time t
A(0) and V(0) = element area and volume at time 0
You may also specify the following remeshing inputs:
Elements Excluded
You can exclude all elements connected to boundary nodes from remeshing. For a fluid-structure interaction analysis, you can exclude the elements connected to fluid-solid interfaces.
Element Size
The element remeshing size defaults to 0. The element size at the nearest boundary is then used for
remeshing.
Checkpoints
You can specify element quality checkpoints in three ways: every time step, every Nth time step, or at
a single time point. The fluid elements will automatically remesh if any quality requirement is not met
at a checkpoint.
After each remesh, new databases and results files are written with the extensions .rfl0n and .dbn, where
n is the remesh file number (Jobname.rfl01, Jobname.rfl02, ... and Jobname.db01, Jobname.db02,...). Use the ANMRES command to create an animation across the results files.
Note
The original database file is Jobname.db0. The Jobname.db01, Jobname.db02, ... files have
elements that are detached from the solid model.
You can use the FLOTRAN remeshing capability in a pure fluid flow analysis or a fluid-solid interaction analysis. For information on fluid-solid interaction analyses, see "Load Transfer Coupled Physics Analysis" and
"The ANSYS Multi-field (TM) Solver - MFS Single-Code Coupling" in the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
85
Description
Elements
Area/Volume
Changes
Domains
2-D problems can have multiple domains; 3-D problems require a single
domain. Do not allow two separate domains without distance (e.g.,
when solving a FSI problem with a beam or shell element, at least one
side elements connected to the beam or shell elements must be excluded from remeshing).
Loads
Remeshing can treat nodal loads on the boundary, but it cannot treat
body loads applied to interior nodes. Fluid-solid interaction is the only
valid element based load.
Boundary Nodes
7.4. Postprocessing
For postprocessing, you can use the following contour and vector command sequence for the reference
domain or the current deformed domain:
set,load step,substep
/dscal,,1.0
plns,pres,,0
plve,v,,,,,,,1
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
To produce an animated sequence of the results, issue the ANTIME macro with the above commands.
Note
The displacements of non-structural elements are mesh (or grid) displacements to avoid mesh
distortion but have no physical meaning except at the interface between the fluid and the
structure.
86
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Ho = Yo = H
Initial position of
oscillating plate
(at t = 0)
Y
X
Fixed plate
LX
87
Note
As approaches 0, UX approaches 0 and UY approaches R.
Differentiating displacements gives the following velocity equations:
= R sin
UX = UX
= R cos
VY = UY
Note
U = U(x,t)
V = V(x,t)
Dx = Dx (x,t)
Dy = Dy (x,t)
p = po
ho
h = h(x,t)
p = po
Y
X
L
Fixed plate
U=V=0
Dx = Dy = 0
Assuming the flow is 2-D and neglecting inertia terms, the Navier-Stokes equation reduces to the Reynolds
equation for incompressible flow:
3 p
h x = 6 x ( hU) + 12 V
where: h = h (x,t) is the gap height and U and V are the velocity components of the moving plate.
88
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
V R
R x
Substituting these values in the Reynolds equation and assuming that U variations with x are small gives:
3 p
h x = 12 V = 12 x
Integrating gives:
p = 6
x2
h3
dx +
C1
h3 dx + C 2
p =
6 x 3
h 3 3
o
C x
+ 13 + C 2
ho
po =
3
C L
2 L
+ 1 + C2
h 3o 2
h 3o 2
po = -
3 C
2 L
1
2 - 3
3
ho
ho
L
2 + C2
C1 = 2 (L/2)2
Substituting the C1 and C2 values into the pressure equation gives:
2
p = po +
2 3 2 L
x x
h 3o
h 3o 2
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
89
L
x x 2 -
2
h 3o
(p - po ) =
Thus, the force and moment on the torsional mirror are given by:
L/2
Fp =
(p - p o ) dx = 0
- L/2
L/2
Mp =
( p - po ) xdx = -
- L/2
1 L5
60 h3o
U ( x,y,t ) =
1 p
y ( y - h)
2 x
U
h p
=
=
2 x
y y = h
h o2
L
2
3x -
Fs =
- L/2
U
dx = 0
y y = h
L/2
Ms =
- L/2
U
xdx = 0
y y = h
90
!
!
!
!
!
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Fluid density
Fluid viscosity
number of time steps
total simulation time
time step size
append results every time step
angles are in radians
adjust angular amplitude << 1
complete 1 cycle in given time
pivot point x-coord
pivot point y-coord
! use function builder/tables (refer to "Using the Function Tool" in the Basic Analysis Guide)
! for displacements/velocities of oscillating plate
*DIM,UXTAB,TABLE,6,4,1
UXTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX, 0.0, 0.0
UXTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17
! Radius = XR - X0
UXTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
UXTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 ,-1
! Radius*cos(Angle)
UXTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-3 , 2 ,-1
! Radius*cos(Angle)-Radius
*DIM,UYTAB,TABLE,6,3,1
UYTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX, 0.0, 0.0
UYTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17
! Radius = XR - X0
UYTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
UYTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,99 , 9, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 ,-1
! Radius*sin(Angle)
*DIM,VXTAB,TABLE,6,5,1
VXTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX,OMEGA*AMAX, 0.0
VXTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0,-1.0 , 27 , 1 , 17
! -Radius = -(XR-X0)
VXTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
VXTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10,OMEGA, 1, 3 , 19
! Angle speed=
! amax*omega*cos(omega*t)
VXTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,-4 , 9, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 , -1
! -Radius*sin(angle)
VXTAB(0,5,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-4 , 3 , -3 !-Radius*sin(angle)*angle speed
*DIM,VYTAB,TABLE,6,5,1
VYTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX,OMEGA*AMAX, 0.0
VYTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17
!Radius = XR - X0
VYTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
!Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
VYTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10,OMEGA, 1, 3 , 19
!Angle speed=
!amax*omega*cos(omega*t)
VYTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,-4 , 10, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 , -1
!Radius*cos(angle)
VYTAB(0,5,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-4 , 3 , -3 !Radius*cos(angle)*angle speed
/PREP7 $smrt,off
et,1,141
keyopt,1,4,1
esha,2
rect,,LX,,H
lesize,1,,,NDX,
lesize,3,,,NDX,
lesize,2,,,NDY,-10
lesize,4,,,NDY,-10
alls
amesh,all
! 2-D XY system
! allow disp. DOFs
! Quad elements
lsel,s,,,3
nsll,s,1
d,all,VX,%VXTAB%
d,all,VY,%VYTAB%
d,all,enke,-1
d,all,ux,%UXTAB%
d,all,uy,%UYTAB%
lsel,s,,,2
lsel,a,,,4
nsll,s,1
d,all,pres,POUT
lsel,s,,,1
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
91
!
!
!
!
!
Nominal density
Nominal viscosity
Output wall shear stress
increased quadrature for deformed
elements
! Turn ALE on
92
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
93
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Left
Moving Free Surface
Wall
LX
Right
Stationary
Wall
Liquid
= 1.0
= 1.0
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Left
Free Surface
Wall
Stationary
Right
Wall
Stationary
Liquid
LX
t=0
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Free Surface
LXF
t = 0.125 * Time
Steady
Solution
Liquid
t = Time
94
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
UX
LX-LXF
0.125 * Time
Time
VX
0.125 * Time
10 -6
(LX-LXF)
0.125 * Time
Time
7.6.2. Results
The initial fluid volume is 1/2 H times LX. Since H and LX are both equal to 1, the initial fluid volume is
0.500000000. The calculated final fluid volume is 0.499999673.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
95
! 2-D XY system
! enable disp DOFs
! Quad elements
lsel,s,,,4
nsll,s,1
d,all,VX,%timvtab%
d,all,VY,
d,all,enke,-1
d,all,ux,%timutab%
d,all,uy,0.0
lsel,s,,,1
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
! bottom wall
lsel,s,,,3
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
! top
lsel,s,,,2
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx,
d,all,vy,
d,all,ux,0.0
d,all,uy,0.0
wall
alls
nsel,s,loc,y,0,0.5*H
esln,s,1
ice,all,vfrc,1.0
allsel
fini
/SOLU
FLDA,NOMI,DENS,RHO
FLDA,NOMI,VISC,MU
acel,,9.8
flda,step,sumf,1
flda,solu,tran,t
flda,time,step,delta
flda,time,numb,nts
flda,time,tend,time
flda,time,glob,25
flda,time,appe,appf
flda,solu,ale,t
flda,solu,vof,t
save
SOLVE
fini
! Nominal density
! Nominal viscosity
! Apply gravity loading
! Ale on
! Vof on
96
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
FLDATA39,REMESH,Label,Value Command
FLDATA39,REMESH,ARMA,5.0
FLDATA39,REMESH,VOCH,3.0
FLDATA39,REMESH,ARCH,3.0
FLDATA39,REMESH,ELEM,ALL sets the remeshing to all defined fluid elements if the quality of the worst
defined element falls below any quality requirement. The total analysis time is 44 seconds.
UX = 0, UY = 0, VY = 0
VX = 1.0
UX = t
= 1.0
= 1.0
y
x
12.5
UX = 0
UY = 0
P=0
UX = 0, UY = 0, VY = 0
47.5
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
97
7.7.2. Results
The ten results files are file.rfl01 through file.rfl10. They were created when one of the remeshing criteria
were met. The following figures display the remeshed elements at 0, 22, and 44 seconds.
98
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
*DEL,_FNCNAME
*DEL,_FNCMTID
*DEL,_FNC_C1
*SET,_FNCNAME,'DIS'
*DIM,_FNC_C1,,1
*SET,_FNC_C1(1),1.0
! /INPUT,force.func
*DIM,%_FNCNAME%,TABLE,6,3,1
!
! Begin of equation: a*{TIME}
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,0,1), 0.0, -999
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(2,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(3,0,1), %_FNC_C1(1)%
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(4,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(5,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(6,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,1,1), 1.0, -1, 0, 1, 17, 3, 1
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,2,1), 0.0, 99, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,3,1),
0
! End of equation: a*{TIME}
!-->
RECTNG,0,l1,0,h,
RECTNG,l1,l2,0,h,
RECTNG,l2,l3,0,h,
aglue,all
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,45,r1,135
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,135,r1,225
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,225,r1,315
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,315,r1,405
asel,s,,,2
asel,a,,,3
asel,a,,,6
asel,a,,,7
allsel,below,area
aglue,all
allsel
FLST,3,4,5,ORDE,3
FITEM,3,2
FITEM,3,8
FITEM,3,-10
ASBA,
4,P51X
aplot
et,1,141
KEYOPT,1,4,1
type,1
mat,1
asel,s,,,1
esize,.5
mshape,1,2d
mshkey,0
amesh,all
et,2,141
KEYOPT,2,4,1
type,2
mat,1
asel,s,,,3
esize,.5
mshape,1,2d
mshkey,0
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
99
! ALE solution
FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,CONSTANT
FLDATA8,NOMI,DENS,1.0
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,CONSTANT
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,1.0
!FLDA,BULK,BETA,1.0e5
FLDA,TIME,STEP, 2.0
!
!!! Newmark method
!
FLDATA,OUTP,TAUW,T
FLDATA,TIME,METH,NEWM
FLDATA,TIME,DELT,0.5
100
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
101
102
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
C=
RT
For 2-D compressible analyses, meshes using quadrilateral elements are highly recommended. Hexagonal
elements are recommended for 3-D cases. For more information, see Structured vs. Unstructured Mesh (p. 105).
The following compressible analysis topics are available:
8.1. Property Calculations
8.2. Boundary Conditions
8.3. Structured vs. Unstructured Mesh
8.4. Solution Strategies
8.5. Example of a Compressible Flow Analysis
8.6. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (GUI Method)
8.7. Doing the Example Compressible Flow Analysis (Command Method)
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
103
To = Tstatic +
V2
2Cp
This relationship is sometimes useful when cast in terms of the Mach number (M):
To = T (1 +
1 2
M )
2
You must specify the specific heat and the ratio of specific heats . (To enter this ratio, use one of the following:)
Command(s): FLDATA17,GAMM,COMP,
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
The ANSYS program uses the resulting static temperature and the absolute pressure to calculate the density
from the equation of state.
Note
Unlike incompressible analyses, where freezing the density calculation for the early global iterations
can be an advantage, compressible analyses automatically involve the variable density option.
Another difference between these types of analysis is that for compressible analyses, initial
properties are calculated from the calculated static temperature, not from the nominal temperature.
104
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
(a) Quadrilateral mesh, (b) Triangular mesh with a random pattern, (c) Triangular mesh with
a symmetrical pattern
In 2-D compressible analyses, mesh (a), the quadrilateral mesh, produces the most accurate results. Mesh
(b) yields 2-D, not 1-D results, and mesh (c) yields 1-D results.
Similarly, in a 3-D compressible analysis, a hexagonal mesh (the equivalent of quadrilateral mesh in 2-D)
produces the best results. A tetrahedral mesh with a random pattern (the 3-D equivalent of mesh (b)) yields
only 3-D results, not 1-D. And a tetrahedral symmetric mesh, the 3-D equivalent of mesh (c), gives you 1-D
results.
105
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Choose Utility Menu> File> Change Title. The Change Title dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click on OK.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
In the two scrollable lists, highlight (click on) "FLOTRAN CFD" and "2D FLOTRAN 141."
4.
Click on OK. ANSYS returns you to the Element Types dialog box.
5.
Click on Close.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In Active CS. The Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.
2.
In the "Keypoint number (NPT)" field enter 1 and in the "Location in active CS (X and Y)" fields enter
0 and 2.432, respectively. Click on Apply.
3.
Repeat the previous substep for the following sets of keypoint numbers and (X, Y) locations: 2 (0, 0),
3 (1, 2.432), 4 (1, 0), 5 (2, 2.232), 6 (2, 0), 7 (5, 0), 8 (5, 0.7), 9 (6, 0), 10 (6, 0.5), 11 (14, 0), 12 (14, 0.8).
After entering each set, click on Apply. After entering the last set, click on OK.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box appears.
2.
Click the button for "Line Numbers (LINE)" to "On" and click OK.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
107
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> In Active Coord. The Lines
in Active Coord picking menu appears.
4.
5.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the following sets of keypoint numbers: 3 and 4; 1 and 3; 1 and 2; and 5 and
8. After entering each set, click on Apply. After entering the last set, click on OK.
6.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Tan to 2 Lines. The Line
Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu appears.
7.
Pick line number 3 and click on Apply. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu reappears.
8.
Pick keypoint number 3 and click on Apply. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu reappears.
9.
Pick line number 5 and click on Apply. The Line Tangent to 2 Lines picking menu reappears.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbitrary> Through KPs. The Create
Area thru KPs picking menu appears.
2.
3.
Repeat the previous substep for the following sets of keypoint numbers: (4, 6, 5, 3), (6, 7, 8, 5), (7, 9,
10, 8), and (9, 11, 12, 10). After entering each set, click on Apply. After entering the last set, click on
OK.
4.
Choose Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box appears.
2.
Type in the parameter values shown below. (Press ENTER after entering each value.)
ntran = 24
rtran = 10
na = 10
108
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> Picked Lines. The Element Size
on Picked Lines picking menu appears.
2.
Pick line number 4 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
3.
In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter ntran, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter
rtran. Click on Apply.
4.
5.
Pick line number 13 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
6.
In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter ntran, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter
1/rtran. Click on Apply.
7.
Repeat steps 5 and 6 for line numbers 14, 15, and 16.
8.
Pick line number 1 and click on Apply. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
9.
In the "No. of element divisions (NDIV)" field, enter na, and in the "Spacing ratio (SPACE)" field enter
1. Click on Apply.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
109
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Numbering Ctrls> Compress Numbers. The Compress Numbers
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
Choose "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," then click on OK. A Select Lines picking menu appears.
3.
4.
5.
Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
6.
Choose "Nodes" and "Attached to," click on Lines, all, and then click on OK.
7.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Velocity> On Nodes.
The Apply V on Nodes picking menu appears.
8.
Click on Pick All. The Velocity Constraints on Nodes dialog box appears.
9.
10. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
11. Choose "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," then click on the Sele All button. Click on OK. The Select Lines
picking menu appears.
12. Pick line number 4 and click on OK.
13. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
14. Choose "Nodes" and "Attached to," click on Lines, all, and then click on OK.
15. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Pressure DOF> On
Nodes. The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears.
16. Click on Pick All. The Pressure Constraint on Nodes dialog box appears.
17. In the "Pressure value (PRES)" field, enter 6.13769e+6, and click on OK.
18. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities.
19. Choose "Lines" and "By Num/Pick," then click on the Sele All button. Click on OK. The Select Lines
picking menu appears.
20. Pick line numbers 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 and click on OK.
21. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities.
22. Choose "Nodes" and "Attached to," click on Lines, all, and then click on OK.
23. Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Velocity> On Nodes.
The Apply V on Nodes picking menu appears.
24. Click on Pick All. The Velocity Constraints on Nodes dialog box appears.
25. In the "Velocity component (VX)" field and in the "Velocity component (VY)" enter 0, and click on OK.
26. Choose Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
110
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties. The Fluid Properties dialog
box appears.
3.
Set the "Density (DENS)," "Viscosity (VISC)," "Conductivity (COND)," and "Specific heat (SPHT)" fields to
AIR-CM.
4.
5.
6.
Read the information about how coefficients will be calculated, and click on OK.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions. The
Reference Conditions dialog box appears.
2.
Set the "Reference pressure (REFE)" field to 1.01325e+6 and the "Nominal temperature (NOMI)" and
"Stagnation (total) temperature (TTOT)" fields to 550, and then click on OK.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options. The FLOTRAN Solution
Options dialog box appears.
2.
Set the "Laminar or turbulent (TURB)" field to Turbulent and the "Incompress or compress (COMP)"
field to Compressible. Click OK.
3.
Choose Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> PRES Solver CFD. The
PRES Solver CFD dialog box appears.
4.
5.
Click on OK. The Semi Direct Solver Options for Pressure dialog box appears.
6.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation. The Property
Relaxation dialog box appears.
2.
111
Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> MIR Stabilization. The Modified
Inertial Relaxation (MIR) dialog box appears.
4.
Set the MIR values for the momentum and turbulence equations to 0.2
5.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability
Parameters dialog box appears.
6.
Set the "Momentum inertia" field to 1.0, the "Pressure inertia" field to 1.e-4, and the "Artificial viscosity"
field to 10, and then click on OK.
7.
Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings
dialog box appears.
8.
9.
10. After 20 iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu> Solution>
FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box appears.
11. Set the "Artificial viscosity" field to 1 and click on OK.
12. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
13. Repeat the previous 3 substeps and continue to reduce the "Artificial viscosity" to .1, .01, .001, .0001,
and .00001.
14. After 140 total iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu>
Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box
appears.
15. Set the "Artificial viscosity" field to 0 and click on OK.
16. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings
dialog box appears.
17. Set the "Global iterations (EXEC) field to 160 and click on OK.
18. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
19. After 300 total iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu>
Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box
appears.
20. Set the "Momentum inertia" field to 10, the "Pressure inertia" field to 1.e-2, and then click on OK.
21. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings
dialog box appears.
22. Set the "Global iterations (EXEC) field to 100 and click on OK.
23. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN.
24. After 400 total iterations finish, the Solution is done message appears. Close it. Choose Main Menu>
Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Stability Parms. The Stability Parameters dialog box
appears.
25. Set the "Momentum inertia" field to 1e+15, the "Pressure inertia" field to 1.e+15, and then click on OK.
26. Choose Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl. The Steady State Control Settings
dialog box appears.
27. Set the "Global iterations (EXEC) field to 400 and click on OK.
28. Choose Main Menu> Solution> Run FLOTRAN. When the Solution is done message appears, close
it.
112
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
113
114
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
115
116
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
117
Units
Thermal Conductivity
energy/length-temperature-time
Specific Heat
energy/mass-temperature
Heat Flux
energy/length2-time
energy/length3-time
energy/length2-temperature-time
Except for incompressible flow analyses including viscous heating, you can use any energy unit as long as
you use the same unit for all thermal quantities. The metric and English property types defined below use
joules and BTUs, respectively, as the energy unit for thermal conductivity and specific heat. For an incompressible analysis including viscous heating, you must use the energy unit for the system as shown in the
following table:
Table 9.2 Energy Units for Incompressible Analyses with Viscous Heating
System
Energy Unit[1]
SI (meter-kg-sec)
Joule
CGS (cm-g-sec)
Erg
mm-g-sec
Centi-erg
U. S. Customary (ft-slugsec)
lbf-ft
PSI
lbf-in
1.
118
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Units
meter-kg-sec
AIR-SI
AIR-CM
AIR-MM
AIR-FT
AIR-IN
meter-kg-sec
cm-g-sec
Pascals
Pascals
dynes/cm
mm-g-sec
ft-slug-sec
2
Pressure Units
in-(lbf-s /in)-sec
Pascals
lbf/ft
psi
Density Units
Viscosity Units
kg/m
kg/m-sec
kg/m
kg/m-sec
g/cm-sec (poise)
g/cm
g/mm
slugs/ft
g/mm-sec
3
lbf-sec /in
slug/ft-sec
4
lbf-s/in2
ANSYS automatically supplies for you, in the property database, the relevant input for the AIR property types.
119
Temperature (TEMP)
Pressure (PRESSURE)
Time (TIME)
X-coordinate (X)
Y-coordinate (Y)
Z-coordinate (Z)
Velocity (VELOCITY)
The valid labels used by the *DIM command are shown in parentheses.
If you need to specify a variable other than one of the primary variables listed, you can do so by defining
an independent variable. To specify an independent variable, define an additional table for the independent
variable. That table must have the same name as the independent variable and can be a function of either
a primary variable or another independent variable.
120
Argument
CONSTANT
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Argument
Gas properties
GAS
Liquid properties
LIQUID
TABLE
AIR or AIR-SI
AIR_B or AIRSI_B
AIR-CM
Air properties in units of cm-g-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure AIR-CM_B
for the evaluation of density
Air properties in units of mm-g-sec
AIR-MM
Air properties in units of mm-g-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure AIR-MM_B
for the evaluation of density
Air properties in units of fl-slug-sec
AIR-FT
Air properties in unites of fl-slug-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressureAIR-FT_B
for the evaluation of density
Air properties in units of in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec (results in units of psi for pressure) AIR-IN
Air properties in units of in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec (results in units of psi for pressure), AIR-IN_B
with pressure set to the reference pressure for the evaluation of density
Power Law non-Newtonian viscosity type
POWL
CARR
BING
CMIX
User-programmable via subroutines:UserVisLaw for viscosityUserSpht for specific heatUserDens for densityUserCond for conductivityUserSfts for surface
tension
USER
A variation of ideal gas law based on species mass fractions. Available for
density only.
CGAS
Once you choose property types, you do not need to specify any coefficients for the properties. If the characters _B are added to these property types (as in the AIR types listed above), the pressure in the ideal gas
law calculation is at a constant density corresponding to atmospheric pressure. The length and time units
of conductivity and specific heat must be consistent with the rest of the properties. The energy units in
these quantities are unrestricted.
If using property types CONSTANT, GAS, or LIQUID, you must specify property coefficients. To do so, either
issue the commands shown below or choose one of the following menu paths:
Command(s): FLDATA8,NOMI,Label,Value FLDATA9,COF1,Label,Value FLDATA10,COF2,Label,Value FLDATA11,COF3,Label,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
If you use the commands, you enter the property in the Label field of each command and enter the value
itself in each command's Value field.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
121
9.1.7. Density
If the property type choice is CONSTANT, then set the constant value of the property using the FLDATA8,NOMI
command or the equivalent menu path. For example, you set the density to 1.205 via:
Command(s):
FLDATA8,NOMI,DENS,1.205
If the property type is GAS, the ideal gas law is used for the density. You specify density for this choice as:
Density = NOMI * (P/COF2) / (T/COF1)
If the choice is LIQUID, then a second order polynomial as a function of temperature is used for density.
Density = NOMI + COF2*(T - COF1) + COF3*(T - COF1)2
If the property type is CMIX, then:
N
Density = Yi i
i=1
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species,
and i is the density of the ith species.
If the property is CGAS, then:
Density =
P
N
RT ( Yi /Mi )
i
In the CGAS equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith
species, Mi is the molecular weight of the ith species, R is the universal gas constant, and P is the absolute
pressure.
If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the
MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
122
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
9.1.8. Viscosity
If the choice is USER, the density is computed in the user-programmable subroutine UserDens. The four
coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
9.1.8. Viscosity
If the property type choice is CONSTANT, then set the constant value of the property using the FLDATA8,NOMI
command or the equivalent menu path. For example, you set the viscosity to 1.205 via:
Command(s):
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,1.205
If the choice is GAS, Sutherland's law for gases is used for viscosity. You can enter the parameters NOMI,
COF1, and COF2.
The ideal gas constant R is defined as (COF2/NOMI*COF1)
Viscosity ("Property"):
Property/NOMI = (T/COF1)1.5 * (COF1 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
As an example of using this relationship, suppose that there are two data points available for the calculation
of viscosity as a function of temperature:
Viscosity = 4.18 x 10-5 at T = 760
Viscosity = 5.76 x 10-5 at T = 1010
Consider the first data point as the nominal value. This means that NOMI = 4.18 x 10-5 and COF1 = 760. Using
these in the Sutherland relationship yields:
Property/4.18 x 10-5 = (T/760)1.5 (760 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
Use the remaining data point to calculate COF2 by setting "Property" to 5.76 x 10-5 and T = 1010. Thus, the
constants are calculated from the data points.
If the choice is LIQUID, then Sutherland's liquid law is used for the viscosity.
Viscosity ("Property"):
Property/NOMI = EXP{COF2*(1/T - 1/COF1) + COF3(1/T - 1/COF1)2}
If the choice is POWL, then the non-Newtonian Power Law model is used for the viscosity:
NOMI*COF2*D(COF3-1)
Viscosity =
(COF3-1)
NOMI*COF2*COF1
,D>COF1
,D COF1
If the choice is BING, then the non-Newtonian Bingham model is used for the viscosity:
COF1
NOMI+ D
Viscosity =
COF2
,D
,D<
COF1
COF2 NOMI
COF1
COV2 -NOMI
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
123
Viscosity = Yi i
i=1
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species,
and i is the viscosity of the ith species.
If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the
MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
If the choice is USRV or USER, then the viscosity is computed in the user programmable subroutine UserVisLaw.
The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species,
Cp
i is the specific heat of the ith species.
and
If the property type is TABLE, the specific heat is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via
the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Conductivity = Y i K i
i =1
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith species,
and Ki is the conductivity of the ith species.
If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via the
MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
If the choice is USER, then the thermal conductivity is computed in the user programmable subroutine
UserCond. The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
125
2.
126
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
C
C
C
y = C1 + 2 + 3 +
+ n
2
T T
Tn1
Exponential Polynomial ID: 03
In(y) = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + ... + CnTn-1
Exponential Inverse Polynomial ID: 04
C
C
C
In( y ) = C1 + 2 + 3 +
+ n
T T2
Tn 1
Power Law ID: 05
y = C1TC2
Ideal Gas Law ID: 11
y=
C1T
y=
C1T 2
T + C2
C + C2PC3
y= 1
C4 + C5PC6
Non-Newtonian Power Law ID: 16 (applies to viscosity only)
y = C1C3D(C4 1) ,
D > C2
y = C1C3C2(C4 1) , D C2
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
127
where
D=
I2
C
C2
y = C1 + 2 , D
D
C3 C1
y = C3 ,
D<
C2
C3 C1
User-programmable subroutine: 19
y = y (C1, C2, C3, C4)
Because you can use the subroutine to describe property variations, you can use the four coefficients in any
way within the subroutine.
The format of the property database file floprp.ans is provided in the table below:
Description
nLines [I6]
nLines
128
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
The ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv, known as gamma, is a reference property that applies only to compressible problems. Currently it is a constant. Specify this property using one of these methods:
Command(s): FLDATA17,GAMM,COMP,VALUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
File:
Edit the file floprp.ans and set the value of GAMM.
The pressures FLOTRAN calculates are relative pressures. A reference pressure is added to the relative
pressure to calculate the absolute pressure. Rotational and gravitational terms also are added as needed.
For more information, see Chapter 10, FLOTRAN Special Features (p. 133).
To specify the reference pressure, use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA15,PRES,REFE,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
You can use a relative temperature (for example, degrees Fahrenheit rather than degrees Rankine). In
this case, an offset temperature is set so that property calculations include absolute temperatures. This
is necessary, for instance, for calculating densities from the ideal gas law. ANSYS automatically adds the
offset temperature to all of the boundary condition temperatures applied.
To set the offset temperature, use one of the following
Command(s): TOFFST,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
The nominal temperature is that at which the properties initialize. It may be a relative temperature if
you use the TOFFST command or an equivalent menu path. If the viscosity is not stored in the results
file (the default condition) and is now allowed to vary, ANSYS recalculates it when the analysis continues
at the nominal temperature.
To specify the nominal temperature, use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA14,TEMP,NOMI,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
The sign convention of the gravitational acceleration denotes as positive the direction of the reaction force.
129
The Power Law model, useful for modeling polymers, blood, rubber solutions, etc.
The Carreau model, which removes some of the deficiencies associated with the Power Law model. Use
this model when fluid has intermediate values of shear rate but remains bounded for zero/infinite shear
rates.
A user-programmable subroutine UserVisLaw, which gives you greater flexibility in choosing viscosity
models.
Typically, you select one of these models after you have built and meshed the model for your problem and
after you have applied the boundary conditions.
130
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
131
132
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
133
+VZ
Y
Y
X
Z
X
Z
+VZ
(a)
Y-axis axisymmetric
(VZ positive "into the page")
(b)
X-axis axisymmetric
(VZ positive "out of page")
KEYOPT(3)
VX
VY
VZ
Cartesian
radial
axial
swirl
axial
radial
swirl
radial
theta
N/A
radial
theta
axial
For axisymmetric problems, the sign convention for the swirl (VZ) component conforms to positive rotation
about the axis of symmetry, as defined by the right hand rule. Thus, for a model that is axisymmetric about
the Y axis, a nonnegative swirl velocity VZ is considered to be pointing "into the page." Similarly, for a
model that is axisymmetric about the X axis, a nonnegative swirl velocity VZ is considered to be pointing
"out of the page." This should be accounted for when you apply boundary conditions in rotating coordinates.
Note
Based on the definition of directions for the cylindrical coordinate system, gravity is only appropriate for the Z direction when KEYOPT(3) is set to 3.
134
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
135
System rotates at
v=0
v = R
10.3. Swirl
Swirl applies only to axisymmetric problems and refers to motion perpendicular to the X-Y plane. To activate
swirl, choose one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,SWIRL,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Either a moving wall (for instance, a rotating shaft) or a component of swirl at an inlet can cause the motion
in the swirl direction (with velocity component VZ).
In a swirl problem, there are no changes in the "theta" direction since it is axisymmetric.
The swirl component is calculated through solution of the momentum equation in the swirl direction. With
no pressure gradient in the swirl direction, nothing contributes to the swirl velocity directly from the velocity
update step in the segregated solution algorithm. It is thus sometimes useful to accelerate the convergence
of swirl problems by solving the momentum in the swirl direction equation with a relaxation factor of 1.0
for a few global iterations.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
dP
= C1 + C2 V + C3 V 2
ds
In the above equation, V is the velocity through the fan. If the given data is in terms of volumetric flow, you
must know the area of the actual pump. The actual velocity at the outlet of the pump as well as the volumetric flow rate should be preserved. Consistent units must be used, that is, the gravitational conversion
constant must be 1.0. If, for example, the pressure drop is in psi, the velocity units are in/sec.
Generally, you determine the fan or pump coefficients by taking three pairs of pressure-velocity points on
the "fan curve" and solving for the coefficients. If the flow is to be in the negative direction, the signs of all
the coefficients change.
The type 5 model is used for pumps not aligned with one of the coordinate directions. Given V as the velocity
in the S arbitrary direction and the pump constants C1, C2, and C3; the directional coefficients can be calculated.
If x is the angle between the arbitrary direction S and the x coordinate direction, the directional constants
are:
C1x = C1 cos x
C2 x = C2
C3 x =
C3
cos x
Similarly, if y and z are defined as the angles between the fan direction and the y and z coordinate direction
respectively:
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
137
C1y = C1 cos y
C2 y = C2
C3 y =
C3
cos y
C1z = C1 cos z
C2z = C2
C3z =
138
C3
cos z
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2.
"Exact" solvers
The "exact" methods are semi-direct conjugate direction methods that iterate to a specified convergence
criterion.
These methods are:
3.
The Conjugate Residual (CR), Preconditioned Conjugate Residual (PCCR), Preconditioned Generalized
Minimum Residual (PGMR), and Preconditioned BiCGStab (PBCGM) methods for non-symmetric
matrix equations.
The preconditioned conjugate gradient method for the incompressible pressure equation.
You choose the method for each DOF via one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,Label,Value (Label = DOF)
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> PRES Solver CFD
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> PRES Solver CFD
Valid choices are: 1 (TDMA), 2 (conjugate residual), 3 (preconditioned conjugate residual or gradient), 4
(preconditioned generalized minimum residual), 5 (sparse direct), or 6 (preconditioned BiCGStab). A choice
of 0 indicates that the equation set is not to be solved. The preconditioned conjugate gradient method
automatically applies to the incompressible pressure equation for choices 2 or 3.
The default solver (TDMA) for the velocities and the turbulence equations is adequate for virtually every
problem encountered. The number of sweeps (iterations) for the velocity is 1. Do not change this value. Experience has shown that the default number of 10 sweeps for the turbulence equations is most efficient
although you can increase this number to see if better convergence is attained for a particular application.
In general, the solution of the pressure equation must be accurate and conjugate direction methods are
used. However, the TDMA method can be successful for natural convection flows. The sections for the various
types of analyses discuss where to use solvers other than the default choices.
The following FLOTRAN CFD solver topics are available:
11.1.Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm
11.2. Semi-Direct Solvers
11.3. Sparse Direct Method
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
139
Note
You specify the rate of change which leads to termination of the solver by using one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA23,DELT,Label,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver
140
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
141
If the PGMR method stalls, it may be because the problem is ill-conditioned or improperly formulated. If the
problem is ill-conditioned, you can control several parameters to enhance performance. You can increase
the amount of fill-in or the number of search vectors. You can also use inertial relaxation. If the problem is
improperly formulated, there may be an input error or the boundary conditions may be applied incorrectly.
You need to check the input parameters and boundary conditions to ensure that they are accurate.
FLOTRAN does not allow a convergence criterion less restrictive than the default value. You can enter a
higher value, but FLOTRAN issues a warning message and changes it to the default value.
142
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
143
144
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
145
SIMPLEF Algorithm
SIMPLEN Algorithm
Momentum
SUPG
SUPG
Turbulence
SUPG
MSU
Pressure
MSU
MSU
Energy
SUPG
SUPG
Species
SUPG
SUPG
12.1.2. Solver
For the SIMPLEF algorithm, the TDMA solver is the default for the momentum and turbulence equations.
None of the other solvers will improve the overall rate of convergence. Even when exact solutions are obtained
on those individual equations, the overall rate of convergence will not improve. This is due to weak coupling
between the pressure and momentum equations.
For the SIMPLEN algorithm, the overall rate of convergence can be improved considerably when more exact
solutions are obtained for each individual equation. Therefore, when SIMPLEN is activated, FLOTRAN automatically resets the solver option to the preconditioned BiCGStab method (PBCGM) for the momentum,
turbulence and energy equations. Furthermore, it will reset the fill-in parameter for PBCGM to zero for
computational efficiency.
12.2. Performance
Table 12.2: SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results (p. 146) presents results for laminar flow in a 2-D square
cavity. The Reynolds number is 100 based on the length of the cavity side and the velocity at the top. The
uniform grid consists of 322 = 1024 elements.
SIMPLEN
RELX
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.95
0.98
0.99
Iter. No.
325
153
81
66
114
176
CPU (sec)
12.9
7.2
4.0
3.3
5.7
8.9
146
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
12.2. Performance
For the SIMPLEN algorithm , the total number of global iterations and the computational time decrease as
the relaxation factor (RELX) increases from 0.8 to 0.95. As RELX increases above 0.95, the iteration number
and computational time increase. The optimal RELX value is 0.95. At this value, the SIMPLEN convergence
rate is about 4 times faster than SIMPLEF. The SIMPLEN computational time is about 1/4 of the SIMPLEF
computational time.
Results for a finer mesh of 1282 = 16,384 elements show an even better SIMPLEN performance. At an optimal
RELX value of 0.99, the SIMPLEN computational time is about 1/40 of the SIMPLEF computational time.
SIMPLEN significantly improves the rate of convergence if pressure-velocity coupling dominates the convergence. If other factors affect the overall rate of convergence, SIMPLEN will not increase the rate of convergence
as significantly. However, for those problems, SIMPLEN will generally be more robust than SIMPLEF, and it
will usually give a better convergence behavior. For more comparisons, see Wang G., "A fast and robust
variant of the SIMPLE algorithm for finite-element simulations of incompressible flows," Computational Fluid
and Solid Mechanics, vol. 2, pp. 1014-1016, Elsevier, 2001.
Below is the command input listing used to perform this analysis. All text preceded by an exclamation point
(!) is a comment.
/title, Lid driven cavity flow analysis using SIMPLEF/SIMPLEN algorithms
NDL = 32
! Number of line divisions
MU
= 0.010
! Fluid viscosity
RHO = 1.0
L
= 1.0
sL
= 1.0e-8
Vel = 1.000
niter = 10000
/PREP7
et,1,141
esha,2
rect,,L,,L
lesi,all,,,NDL
amesh,1
alls
! Apply Boundary Conditions
nsel,s,ext
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
nsel,r,loc,y,L-sL,L+sL
d,all,vx,vel
d,all,vy
d,all,enke,-1
alls
d,1,PRES
fini
save
/SOLU
flda,iter,exec,niter
flda,nomi,visc,MU
flda,nomi,dens,RHO
flda,term,pres,1.e-6
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,algr,segr,simplen
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
! 2-D XY system
! Quad elements
!top
! SIMPLEF algorithm
! No. of global iterations
! SIMPLEN algorithm
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.9
flda,relx,vy,0.9
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
147
148
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Solid model boundary /initial conditions are not supported for species mass fractions.
Also, you must postprocess multiple species results by issuing commands instead of via the GUI.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
149
P
N
Yi
i =1 Mi
RT
R is the Universal Gas constant. You can set it using one of the following:
Command(s): MSDATA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species
Mi is the molecular weight of the ith species. You set this weight using one of the following:
Command(s): MSSPEC
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Multiple Species
To invoke the composite gas option for the bulk fluid, use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,CGAS
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Fluid Properties
150
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2.
3.
4.
Set properties.
5.
6.
Set relaxation and solution parameters for the solution of the transport equations (if necessary).
Note
The MSDATA command also sets the universal gas constant. Every issuance of the command sets
both numbers.
151
(Dmi Y i)
The value Dmi is the diffusion coefficient, and Yi is the mass fraction being solved.
Sometimes, the available data is expressed as a Schmidt number. The following equality enables expression
of the diffusion portion of transport in terms of laminar viscosity , the density , and the Schmidt number:
Dmi Y i =
Y i
SCi
Note
The input must be in terms of the mass diffusion coefficient, not the Schmidt number. The Schmidt
number relating the diffusion coefficient to the density and viscosity differs from the turbulent
Schmidt number discussed below.
In addition, the flow field may be turbulent. Another representation of the diffusion term, this time including
the effect of the turbulent viscosity , is:
+ t Y i
SCi SCTi
The quantity SCTi is the turbulent Schmidt number, which you specify via one of the following:
152
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
153
Pressure
LY3 specified
on outlet
LY2
Pressure
LY1 and
temperature Y
specified on
inlet
YOFFSET
Pressure
and
temperature
specified on
inlet
Pressure
specified
on outlet
X
Symmetry surface
T
Vy = 0,
=0
y
The sample command stream that follows shows you how to set up the model shown in Figure 13.1: Environment for a Typical Heat Exchanger Analysis (p. 154), apply boundary conditions, set up appropriate properties,
etc. It is important to note that, although two species are defined, the species transport has not been activated.
In addition, all fluid properties must be declared variable so that the initial value (the same in regions 1 and
2) is reset based on the mass fraction.
/BATCH,LIST
/tit,heat exchanger problem
!two different fluids separated by a solid wall
!cartesian geometry, pressure-driven flow
!solve by 2 species
LX
= 10
! Length in X direction
NDX
= 10
! Number of X divisions
LY1
= 2
! fluid 1 width
LY2
= 0.1
! solid width
LY3
= 1.0
! fluid 2 width
NDY1 = 10
NDY2 = 3
NDY3 = 10
YOFFSET = 0
!offset from X-axis
/prep7 $smrt,off
et,1,141
! 2-D XY system
!species
keyopt,1,1,2
! 2 species
!axisymm
154
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
155
Left:
Bottom:
VX = 0
VX = 0.1
VX = 0
VY = -0.1
VY = 0
VY = 0.1
TEMP = 300
TEMP = 400
TEMP = 300
O2 = 1.0
O2 = 0.0
O2 = 0.0
N2 = 0.0
N2 = 1.0
N2 =0.0
H2 = 0.0
H2 = 0.0
H2 = 1.0
The command stream for the example (shown below) shows all the relevant properties and the solution
strategy.
/batch,list
/filename,spec
/com ** Analysis Types Laminar and Turbulent, Incompressible
/com
2-D - quadrilateral and triangular elements
/com ** Features
Thermal, Multiple Species Transport
/com ** Options
Dilute mixtures, composite property types (CGAS, CMIX)
/com ** Variable laminar properties
/com ** Turbulence
/com ** Construction of geometry
/prep7
!!!!!!! Define some dimensions - SI units are used
lenin=.3
156
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
157
158
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
flda,solu,spec,t
! Turn on solution for multiple species transport
msdata,2
! Specify species 2 (N2) as the algebraic species
!
!!!!!!! Species Property Input
msspec,1,o2,31.999
msprop,1,DENS,GAS,1.2998,300,1.01325E+5
msvary,1,dens,t
msnomf,1,.3
msprop,1,VISC,CONSTANT,1.2067E-5
msprop,1,mdif,CONSTANT,2.149E-5
msprop,1,cond,CONSTANT,.02674
mscap,1,1
!
msspec,2,n2,28.018
msprop,2,DENS,GAS,1.1381,300,1.01325E+5
msvary,2,dens,t
msnomf,2,.3
msprop,2,VISC,CONSTANT,1.786E-5
msprop,2,mdif,CONSTANT,1.601E-5
msprop,2,cond,CONSTANT,.02598
mscap,2,1
!
msspec,3,h2,2.016
msprop,3,DENS,GAS,0.0819,300,1.01325E+5
msvary,3,dens,t
msnomf,3,.4
msprop,3,VISC,CONSTANT,8.94E-6
msprop,3,mdif,CONSTANT,4.964E-5
msprop,3,cond,CONSTANT,.1815
mscap,3,1
!
msrelx,1,1.0
msrelx,3,1.0
msmeth,1,3
mssolu,1,,,2,1.e-8
msmeth,3,3
mssolu,3,,,2,1.e-8
alls
!!!!!!! Species boundary conditions
lsel,s,,,7
nsll,,1
d,all,o2,1.0
d,all,n2,0.0
d,all,h2,0.0
lsel,s,,,4
nsll,,1
d,all,o2,0.0
d,all,n2,1.0
d,all,h2,0.0
lsel,s,,,9
nsll,,1
d,all,o2,0.0
d,all,n2,0.0
d,all,h2,1.0
alls
!!!!!!! End of species boundary conditions
flda,iter,exec,20
! Ask for 20 global iterations
flda,conv,outp,land
! Adjust convergence monitor output style
save
finish
/solu
solve
! 20 iterations with species activated
!
!Prepare for energy solution
flda,solu,temp,t
! Achieve a constant flow temperature solution
flda,solu,flow,f
! Freeze the flow field
flda,meth,temp,3
! Activate PCCR solver
flda,conv,temp,1.e-10
! Convergence criterion for PCCR
flda,iter,exec,5
! Need only a few iterations for solution...
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
159
160
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
161
Set the turbulence ratio to a high value of 1 x 106 and the effective viscosity relaxation factor to a low
value of 0.1 using the following commands. These conditions provide the necessary diagonal dominance
until the solution enters the radius of convergence.
Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,RATI,1.0E6
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Model
Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence Model
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence Param
Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,EVIS,0.1
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> Prop Relaxation
Achieve a convergent solution using MSU on all variables. Then, using the following command, perform
a restart employing SUPG or COLG on the momentum variables only. After achieving a convergent
solution, you can perform a restart again employing SUPG or COLG on the turbulence, pressure, temperature and species variables.
Command(s): FLDATA33,ADVM,MOME,SUPG FLDATA33,ADVM,MOME,COLG
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Advection
Although the foregoing techniques might work on a coarse mesh, both may fail on a fine mesh. In this
case, you may have to resort to a transient algorithm which has the necessary diagonal dominance due
to the inertia term.
162
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Underwater acoustics
Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters, mufflers, and many other similar devices.
Geophysical exploration
165
Acoustic elements
(FLUID29, FLUID30),
KEYOPT(2) = 0
Acoustic elements
(FLUID29, FLUID30),
KEYOPT(2) = 1
166
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
If the coordinates (X0, Y0) for the 2-D and axisymmetric cases or (X0, Y0, Z0) for the 3-D case of the center
of the circle or sphere are not specified via real constants, ANSYS assumes the center to be the origin of the
global coordinate system.
r
y
x
SOLID42
(vibrating beam)
FLUID29
(surrounding air)
FLUID129
(absorption surface to
simulate infinite extent of air)
REAL set for FLUID129; R,3,RAD,0,0
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
167
rs
( (
( (
(((
(
(
ts
water
cylindrical shell
vacuum
168
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
circular boundary
2.
Specify FLUID129 as the infinite fluid element type associated with the FLUID29 element.
Command(s): TYPE, REAL
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete
The infinite elements perform well for low as well as high frequency excitations. Numerical experiments
have determined that the placement of the absorbing elements at a distance of approximately 0.2
beyond the region occupied by the structure or source of vibration can produce accurate solutions.
Here = c/f is the dominant wavelength of the pressure waves. c is the speed of sound (SONC) in the
fluid and f is the dominant frequency of the pressure wave. For example, in the case of a submerged
circular or spherical shell of diameter D, the radius of the enclosing boundary, RAD, should be at least
(D/2) + 0.2 . Also, for acoustic analysis in general, the mesh must be fine enough to resolve the
smallest dominant frequency.
3.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
169
rb
NSEL,s,loc,x,rb
ESURF
2.
3.
Note
Be sure to reselect all nodes before solving your analysis.
170
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
SOLID42
(type-1)
y
FLUID29
(type-2)
rst ts
x
Fluid-structure interface
NSEL,s,x,loc,x,(rst ts)
ESLN,s,0
ESEL,r,type,,2
SF,all,FSI
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
171
Category
Cmd Family
GUI Path
Displacement
(UX,UY,UZ),
Constraints
Forces
Surface
Loads
SF
Pressure (PRES)
Force (FX,FX,FZ),
Moment (MX,MY,MZ),
Flow loading
Pressure (PRES)
Impedance boundary
flag (IMPD)
Fluid-structure interaction flag (FSI)
172
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Category
Cmd Family
GUI Path
Inertia Loads
ACEL,
OMEGA,
DOMEGA,
CGLOC,
CGOMGA,
DCGOMG,
IRLF
Solid
Model or
FE
Entity
Displacement,
Pressure
Solid
Model
Keypoints
DK
DKDELE
DKLIST
DTRAN
Solid
Model
Lines
DL
DLDELE
DLLIST
DTRAN
Solid
Model
Areas
DA
DADELE
DALIST
DTRAN
Finite
Elem
Nodes
DDELE
DLIST
DSCALE
Solid
Model
Keypoints
FK
FKDELE
FKLIST
FTRAN
Finite
Elem
Nodes
FDELE
FLIST
FSCALE
FCUM
Solid
Model
Lines
SFL
SFLDELE
SFLLIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
Solid
Model
Areas
SFA
SFADELE
SFALIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
Force, Moment
Pressure, Impedance
boundary flag,
Fluid-Structure
Apply
Delete
List
Operate
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Apply
Settings
DCUM
-
173
Interaction
Flag
Inertia
Solid
Model or
FE
Entity
Apply
Delete
List
Operate
Apply
Settings
Finite
Elem
Nodes
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
SFSCALE
SFCUM ,
SFGRAD
Finite
Elem
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
SFBEAM,
SFCUM,
SFFUN,
SFGRAD
ACEL, CGLOC,
CGOMGA,
DCGOMG,
OMEGA,
DOMEGA,
IRLF
174
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Command
GUI Path
Dynamics Options
Forcing frequency
range
HARFRQ
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
General Options
Number of harmonic
solutions
NSUBST Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
Stepped or ramped
loads
KBC
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
Control of printed
output
OUTPR
Extrapolation of results
ERESX
Output Controls
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
175
Note
By default, the program writes only the last substep of each load step to the results file. If you
want all substeps (the solution at all frequencies) on the results file, be sure to set the FREQ field
on OUTRES to ALL (or 1).
Primary data
Nodal pressures
Nodal displacements
Derived data
Element forces
176
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Ms
T
oR
O U
K s
+
Mf P O
R
K f
U Fs
=
P Ff
The foregoing equation implies that nodes on a fluid-structure interface have both displacement and pressure
degrees of freedom.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
177
178
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
!
!
!
!
Number
Number
Number
Number
of
of
of
of
divisions
divisions
divisions
divisions
along
along
along
along
x-axis
y-axis
z-axis
radius
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
179
!
!
!
!
MP,DENS,3,2.35E-3
MP,SONC,3,1100.0
MP,MU,3,0.0
! (Beta) zero absorption coefficient for interior elements
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0.0
NSEL,R,LOC,X,12,15
ESLN
MAT,2
EMODIF,ALL
! Elements which have the absorbing material on the floor
! Boundary conditions
ALLS
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0.0
NSEL,A,LOC,Y,0.0
NSEL,A,LOC,X,LEN
NSEL,A,LOC,Y,HGT
D,ALL,UX,,,,,UY,UZ! Constrain all displacements to zero at the walls
LOCAL,11,1,27,20
NSEL,A,LOC,X,RAD
ESLN
ESEL,INVE
TYPE,2
MAT,3
EMODIF,ALL
! Interior elements are specified as Type=2 & material=3
ALLS
! Fluid-Structure Interface (FSI)
NSEL,S,LOC,X,RAD
ESLN
SF,ALL,FSI
NROTAT,ALL
D,ALL,UX,.01
D,ALL,UY,,,,,UZ
180
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
! Frequency of excitation = 80 Hz
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
181
182
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Dimens.
Shape or Characteristic
DOF
FLUID136
3-D
Quadrilateral, 4 or 8-node
PRES
FLUID138
3-D
Line, 2-node
PRES
FLUID139
1-D
Line, 2-node
UX or UY or
UZ
185
The FLUID138 element is used to model the pressure drop through holes in a moving structure. Microstructures
are commonly perforated to reduce the damping effects of the fluid layer. FLUID138 elements are used in
conjunction with FLUID136 elements to obtain a consistent pressure distribution, including the effects of
holes.
A squeeze film analysis can be performed on structures with known velocities or unknown velocities. If the
velocity profile is known, you can apply it directly to the fluid elements. If the velocity profile is not known
(or is too complicated), it can be determined from the mode-frequency response of the structure (model
projection method). This section deals with directly applying the velocities. Modal Projection Method for
Squeeze Film Analysis (p. 201) covers the modal projection method.
The following squeeze film analysis topics are available:
16.2.1. Static Analysis Overview
16.2.2. Harmonic Response Analysis Overview
16.2.3.Transient Response Analysis Overview
16.2.4. Flow Regime Considerations
16.2.5. Modeling and Meshing Considerations
16.2.6. Analysis Settings and Options
16.2.7. Loads and Solution
16.2.8. Review Results
16.2.9. Sample Harmonic Analysis
186
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
F
vz
F is the total pressure force at the fluid structure interface and vz is the normal velocity component of the
moving structure. A typical pressure distribution on a rectangular plate is shown in Figure 16.3: Pressure Distribution on a Plate at a Low Driving Frequency (p. 187).
FRe
vz
K=
FIm
vz
FRe is the real component of the pressure force. FIm is the imaginary component of the pressure force. Omega
() is the frequency (rad/sec). The damping and stiffness coefficients are frequency-dependent. Figure 16.4: Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Coefficients vs. Frequency (p. 187) illustrates the frequency dependency
for a typical microsystem application.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
187
L0 P0
p0
Lm(po) is the mean free path of the fluid at the operating pressure P0, and L0 is the mean path at reference
pressure P0. If the fluid is air at atmospheric pressure (1.01325*105), then by definition L0 is approximately
64*10-9 meters (64 m). So, for continuum theory to be directly applicable (without modification) to air at
atmospheric pressure, the gap should be greater than 6.4 m (64*10-9 meters * 100).
The applicability of the continuum theory is generally assessed using the Knudsen number, which is equal
to the mean free fluid path divided by the gap. For continuum theory to be valid, the Knudsen number
should be less than 0.01.
L P
L
Kn = m = 0 0
d
p0 d
For high Knudsen numbers, the continuum theory is not valid. However, the dynamic viscosity can be adjusted
to simulate the high Knudsen number flow regime. The default flow regime for FLUID136 and FLUID138 is
continuum theory (KEYOPT(1) = 0). Set KEYOPT (1) = 1 to specify the high Knudsen number flow regime.
For FLUID136, set KEYOPT(1) = 2 to specify the high Knudsen number flow regime with surface accommodation factors.
The type of reflection of the gas molecules at the wall interface is specified using accommodation factors.
Squeeze film models assume diffuse reflection of the gas molecules at the wall interface (accommodation
factor = 1). This assumption is valid for most metals, but is less accurate for micromachined surfaces, particularly those fabricated from silicon. Materials such as silicon cause specular reflection. Typical accommodation
factors for silicon are between 0.80 and 0.90. For more information on accommodation factors, see Flow
Between Flat Surfaces in the Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2.
Align the FLUID138 element at the center of the hole. The element should extend through the depth
of the hole and have a length equal to the depth of the hole.
3.
Assume the pressure at the center of the hole (flush with the plate surface in the thin film region) is
at the same pressure as the nodes modeled at the periphery of the hole. Couple the nodes of the
FLUID136 element at the whole periphery with the node of the FLUID138 element as shown in Figure 16.5: Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element (p. 189).
Figure 16.5: Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138
Element
FLUID138 element
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
189
Note
Velocity body loads (FLUE) are the velocities of the moving wall in a direction normal to the wall.
They are not in-plane velocities of the fluid.
Type
ANSYS Label
Pressure
Nodal DOF
PRES
Normal Velocity
Body Load
FLUE
The recommended equation solvers for the fluid elements are the Sparse Direct Solver (SPARSE), the Jacobi
Conjugate Gradient Solver (JCG) and the Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient Solver (ICCG).
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
K=abs(Fim*omega/velo)
C=abs(Fre/velo)
190
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Results
/com, ** Equivalent damping coefficient **
*stat,C
2.
Holes modeled with finite resistance (FLUID138 elements modeled, pressure set to zero on fluid node
at top of plate).
3.
Holes modeled with infinite resistance (no pressure specification at hole location, no FLUID138 elements).
Case 1 is typical for large diameter holes compared to the hole depth. Case 3 is typical for very high flow
resistance, which happens in the case of narrow and long holes. Case 2 is the most accurate case where the
fluid pressure drop is taken into account by the FLUID138 elements.
Results
Table 16.3: Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes (p. 191) lists the damping and squeeze coefficient
results. Figure 16.6: Pressure Distribution (Real Component) (p. 192) and Figure 16.7: Pressure Distribution (Imaginary
Component) (p. 192) illustrate the real and imaginary pressure distribution. The input file for case 2 is listed.
Hole option
Damping Coefficient
150
Infinite resistance
2.016e-5
1.201
150
Finite resistance
1.325e-5
.5465
150
No resistance
1.165e-5
.4607
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
191
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below for the finite-resistance Case 2
/batch,list
/PREP7
/title, Damping and Squeeze film stiffness calculations for a rigid
/com,
plate with holes
/com
uMKS units
ET, 1,136,1
ET, 2,138,1
s_l=100
s_l1=60
s_w=20
s_t=1
c_r=3
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
velo=2000
freq=150000
pi=3.14159
omega=2*pi*freq
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Frequency (rad/sec)
Reference pressure (MPa)
mean free path (um)
Knudsen number
mp,visc,1,visc
mp,visc,2,visc
192
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Command Listing
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
r,2,c_r,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
! Plate domain
! Hole domain
allsel
bfe,all,flue,,velo
fini
finish
/solu
antyp,harm
harfrq,freq
solve
finish
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
193
K=abs(Fim*omega/velo)
C=abs(Fre/velo)
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below.
/PREP7
/title, Simplified Transient Analysis
/com
uMKS units
ET, 1,136,1
keyop,1,3,2
et,2,138,1
ET,3,45
!
!
!
!
s_l=20
s_w=20
s_t=10
c_r=6
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,visc,1,visc
mp,visc,2,visc
mp,ex,3,79e3
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
194
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Command Listing
r,2,c_r,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
block,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w,0,s_t
cyl4,0,0,c_r,,c_r,,s_t
vsbv,1,2
numcmp,all
type,3
mat,3
real,3
mshape,1,3d
esize,,3
vmesh,1
! SOLID45 mesh
nsel,s,loc,z,0
esln,s
TYPE, 1
MAT, 1
real,1
esurf
allsel
! FLUID136 mesh
! FLUID138 mesh
!esel,s,type,,1
!nsle,s,1
!nsel,u,cp,,1
!cm,FLUN,node
!allsel
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
nsel,s,loc,z,s_t
sf,all,pres,1.e+1
allsel
fini
/solu
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
195
/post26
nl=node(c_r,0,0)
nsol,2,nl,uz
nsol,3,nl,pres
prvar,2,3
fini
/post1
set,last
esel,s,type,,1
etable,_gap,nmisc,2
pretab,_gap
fini
196
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Results
Results
Figure 16.8: Applied Voltage
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
197
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below.
/batch,list
/title, Complex Transient Analysis
!/nerr,,,-1
/PREP7
/title, Complex Transient Analysis
/com
uMKS units
ET, 1,136,1
keyop,1,3,2
keyop,1,4,0
keyop,1,5,2
keyop,1,6,1
et,2,185
ET,3,185
s_l=100
s_w=20
s_t=1
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
mingapf=1e-2
mech_mingapf=1e-2
app_volt=23.281
app_pres=0
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,visc,1,visc
mp,ex,3,79e+3
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
! Structural element
Half Plate length (um)
Plate width
Plate thickness
Gap
ambient pressure (MPa)
viscosity kg/(um)(s)
Reference pressure (MPa)
mean free path (um)
Knudsen number
Minimum gap for real constanst on element 136
Mechanical minumum gap for real constant on element 136
Applied voltage
Applied pressure at boundaries
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
! Real constants - gap
rmore,pref,mfp,0,0,1,mech_mingapf
rmore,mingapf,1.e+18,0.e-2,-4.e+0,-0.e-2,1.e-0
!
mingapf,penpar,deadpres,deadspr,deaddam,deadeps
198
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Command Listing
!top plate
block,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w,0,s_t
lsel,s,line,,4,5,1
lsel,a,line,,2,7,5
lesize,all,,,19,-.1
lsel,s,line,,1,8,7
lsel,a,line,,3,6,3
lesize,all,,,11,-.1
lsel,s,line,,9,12,1
lesize,all,,,2
type,3
mat,3
real,3
!mshape,1,3d
mshape,1,3d
cyl4,0,0,s_w/50,,,,s_t+1
vsbv,1,2
numcmp,volu
vmesh,1
!hole
n,10000,0,0,0
n,10001,0,0,s_t
et,6,138,1,,0
r,10,s_w/200,,,pamb,
rmore,pref,mfp
type,6
real,10
mat,1
e,10000,10001
lsel,s,line,,13,16
nsll,s,1
nsel,a,node,,10000
cp,next,pres,all
d,10001,pres,0
allsel
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
nsel,s,loc,z,s_t
sf,all,pres,app_pres
allsel
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
199
fini
/solu
antype,trans
kbc,1
time,11.e-5
!autots,on
deltim,1.e-5,
nsubst,10,1000,2
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,2
outres,rsol,2
outres,esol,2
cnvtol,pres,,5.e-6
cnvtol,u
,,5.e-6
nropt,full
neqit,500
save
solve
time,20e-5
nropt,full
neqit,100
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,2
outres,rsol,2
outres,esol,2
cnvtol,pres,,5.e-6
cnvtol,u
,,5.e-6
solve
cmsel,s,trun
d,all,volt,1.5
allsel
time,20.4e-5
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,20
outres,rsol,20
outres,esol,20
cnvtol,pres,,5.e-6
cnvtol,u
,,5.e-6
cnvtol,pres,,1.e-4
cnvtol,u
,,1.e-4
autots,on
deltim,.005e-5,0.001e-5,1e-5
solve
time,30e-5
autots,on
deltim,.5e-5,0.02e-5,1e-5
solve
fini
!Pulldown stage
!Contact time.
!Reduce number of equilibrium iterations to save time.
/POST1
allsel
GG=node(0,-0.4,0)
SET,LIST,999
SET,,, ,,, ,30
!*
!*
PLESOL, NMISC,13, 0,1.0
presol,nmisc,13
200
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
201
kri = K ii / i2
Where mi is the modal mass and i the eigenfrequency. The damping ratio can be used to compute ALPHAD
and BETAD parameters for Rayleigh damping (see ABEXTRACT command), or to specify constant and
modal damping by means of the DMPRAT or MDAMP commands.
The squeeze to stiffness ratio represents the relative stiffening of the mechanical system due to fluid compression and resonance shift. If the squeeze-to-stiffness ratio is small (e.g., <.02), then the squeeze stiffness
affects the structural stiffness by less than 2%, which may be negligible. At higher frequencies, the ratio can
be much larger, indicating a significant stiffening of the structure.
The stiffness and damping coefficients may be strongly frequency-dependent. Figure 16.12: Damping and
Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate (p. 202) shows a typical frequency dependency of the
squeeze and damping forces on a flat plate, and the resulting stiffness and damping constant. The frequency
where the forces intersect is known as the cut-off frequency. Below this frequency, structures may be accurately characterized by a constant damping coefficient, and stiffness effects can be ignored. Structures which
operate far above the cut-off can be described by a constant stiffness coefficient, and damping effects can
be ignored.
Figure 16.12: Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate
16.3.2. Steps in Computing the Damping Parameter Using the Modal Projection
Technique
The basic steps in performing the analysis are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Steps 4-7 have been automated using the DMPEXT command macro. Step 8 is available through the MDPLOT
command macro.
202
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
16.3.2. Steps in Computing the Damping Parameter Using the Modal Projection Technique
Use the Block Lanczos, Supernode, or PCG Lanczos (if applicable) method (MODOPT command).
2.
3.
The expanded eigenmodes will compute the necessary eigenvectors required for the modal projection
technique. Note: The thin-film fluid elements may be left active in the model when performing the modal
analysis. These elements will not contribute to the modal solution.
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
203
Damping parameter extraction can be selected over a desired frequency range or at the eigenfrequencies
of the structure. Damping results are computed and stored in an array parameter.
Computed damping ratios may be used in subsequent dynamic structural analyses. A constant damping
ratio can be applied using DMPRAT for a subsequent harmonic or mode-superposition transient analysis.
Mode damping ratios may be applied using the MDAMP command for use in mode-superposition harmonic
and transient analyses. Note: Subsequent structural analysis using these damping parameters do not require
the thin-film fluid elements in the model.
The command macro ABEXTRACT (like DMPEXT) extracts alpha and beta damping parameters for use in
the ALPHAD and BETAD commands. These commands define Rayleigh damping and can be used in timetransient structural analysis to model damping effects. The damping parameters are computed from two
modes defined by the user.
The command macro MDPLOT may be used to display the frequency-dependent damping parameters.
Modal Damping
Coefficient
Stiffness
Ratio
55294
67419
.2758e9
.9703e-1
.2285e-2
157497
83123
.3568e10
.4200e-1
.3644e-2
204
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
s_l=100
s_l1=60
s_w=20
s_t=1
c_r=3
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
mp,visc,1,visc
! Dynamic viscosity gap
mp,visc,2,visc
! Dynamic viscosity holes
mp,ex,3,79e3
! Gold
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
r,2,c_r,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
! Plate domain
! Hole domain
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
205
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
nsel,a,loc,y,-s_w
nsel,a,loc,y,s_w
nsel,r,loc,z,-1e-9,1e-9
d,all,pres
! Fix pressure at outer plate boundary
nsel,all
esel,s,type,,2
nsle,s,1
nsel,r,loc,z,s_t
d,all,pres,0
dlist,all
esel,s,type,,1
nsle,s,1
nsel,u,cp,,1,5
cm,FLUN,node
allsel
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
fini
/solu
antype,modal
modopt,lanb,2
eqslv,sparse
mxpand,2
solve
fini
! Modal analysis
! Extract lowest two eigenmodes
! Expand lowest two eigenmodes
/post1
RMFLVEC
fini
! Extract eigenvectors
/solu
abextract,1,2
finish
A transient dynamic analysis on the switch can be performed using the extracted damping parameters. The
following input illustrates a coupled electrostatic-structural time-transient solution. The electrostatic field is
assumed to be normal to the plate in the gap, and fringing effects are ignored. TRANS126 elements are used
to model the coupled electrostatic-structural interaction with the switch. The EMTGEN command is used to
generate the transducer elements. A step voltage pulse is applied over a short duration (65 micro-seconds)
then released. Rayleigh damping parameters, when used, are applied to the global mass (ALPHAD parameter)
and stiffness (BETAD parameter) matrices. We want to apply these only to the mass and stiffness matrix of
the SOLID45 elements, and not the TRANS126 elements, because doing so may overdamp the system. The
TRANS126 elements produce a damping matrix and a stiffness matrix only. Hence, we can use the ALPHAD
parameter for the global mass matrix since there is no contribution from the TRANS126 elements. To isolate
206
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
! Structural element
s_l=100
s_l1=60
s_w=20
s_t=1
c_r=3
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,ex,3,79e3
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
mp,damp,1,1.829e-8
! Build the model
! Gold
rectng,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w
pcirc,c_r
agen,3,2,,,-s_l1/3
agen,3,2,,,s_l1/3
ASBA, 1, all
! Plate domain
! Hole domain
TYPE, 1
MAT, 1
smrtsize,4
AMESH, all
esize,,2
type,3
mat,3
real,3
vext,all,,,,,s_t
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
aclear,all
save
nsel,s,loc,z
cm,base,nodes
emtgen,'base',,,'uz',-d_el
allsel,all
nsel,s,loc,z,-d_el
d,all,uz,0
d,all,volt,0
cmsel,s,base
d,all,volt,10
allsel,all
fini
/solu
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
207
Create real constant table entries for every selected FLUID136 element (large signal case).
Update an existing real constant table according to structural displacements for every FLUID136 element
(large signal case).
This option allows you to check the dependence of the damping parameters over the deflection range of
the structure.
208
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2 d2
where is the fluid density, the dynamic viscosity and d the gap separation.
Couette flow does not occur at high frequencies, because inertial effects are important and viscous friction
is only able to accelerate a thin fluid layer near the moving surface. The penetration depth is given by
=
Moving Wall
Plate velocity
Couette flow:
FD =
A
p
High frequencies:
Moving Wall
Plate velocity
Stokes flow:
FD ( ) =A
sinh
cosh
( ) + sin( )
( ) - cos( 2 )
2d
2d
2d
FLUID139 models the effect of viscous flow in the thin film with a series of mass-damper elements, as shown
in Figure 16.16: Viscous Slide Film Element FLUID139 (p. 211). Couette flow is modeled using a two-node option.
Stokes flow is modeled using a 32-node option. In the 32-node option, the end nodes (node 1 and 32) are
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
209
dA
(un ui )
du
AREA is the initial overlap area, DADU is the change in the overlap area with respect to the surface displacement, and un and ui are the location of the interface nodes (1 and 32). Note: For a constant surface area,
DADU is the width of the overlap surface.
FLUID139 may be used for a prestress static analysis in conjunction with a prestress harmonic analysis, as
well as a full transient analysis. Prestress analysis is required if the plate area changes due to the structural
displacement. A typical command sequence for a prestress harmonic analysis would include the following:
/solu
antyp,static
pstress,on
.
.
solve
fini
/solu
antyp,harmonic
pstress,on
.
.
solve
finish
KEYOPT(3) specifies the continuous flow options. For a no-slip assumption at the wall, use the continuum
theory (KEYOPT(3) = 0). For slip flow where the Knudsen number is much less or much greater than 1.0, use
the first order slip flow condition (KEYOPT(3) = 1). For slip flow with a Knudsen number of approximately
1.0, use the extended slip flow option (KEYOPT(3) = 2).
210
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
First wall
TK
Node I
Node J
Second wall
TK
I+1
I+2
I+3
I+29
I+30
I+31
Node I
I+32
Node J
I+32 = J
First wall
TK
I
I+1
I+2
I+3
I+29
I+30
I+31
Node I
I+32
Node J
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
211
/prep7
/title Comb drive resonator with FLUID139 Couette damping
!
!
!
!
!
!
212
DRIVE COMB
|
|
CRAB LEG SPRING --- CENTRAL MASS --- CRAB LEG SPRING
|
|
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
PICK-UP COMB
! Reference:
! "Microelectromechanical Filters for Signal Processing",
! Lin, L., Howe, R.T., J. Microelectromechanical Systems,
! VOL 7, No. 3, Sept 1998
! beam parameters (uMKS units)
E = 190e3
d = 2.33e-15
hb = 2
wb = 2
Lb = 100
k = 5.699
!Young modulus
! density
! beam thickness
! beam width
! beam length
! mechanical stiffness
! comb parameter
n= 9
np=n*2
x0= 10
L0= 26
L=20
gi= L0-x0
w= 4
h= hb
gp=3
g= 3
Mr = 1.96563e-11
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
number of finger
number of finger pairs
initial finger overlap
finger length (stator comb)
finger length (moving comb)
initial gap
finger width
finger thickness
finger gap (lateral)
comb gap (vertical)
mass
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
14
0.97857e-2
15
0.96669e-2
16
0.95445e-2
17
0.94185e-2
18
0.93384e-2
! Voltage conditions
Vi = 40
Vo = 60
Vac = 10
! input dc bias
! output dc bias
! input ac bias
! Damping parmeters
nu=18.3e-12
! dynamic viscosity
po=0.1
! reference pressure
dens=1.17e-18
! density
fc=nu/(2*3.14159*dens*(g**2))
! cutoff frequency
daduv=w*n
! change in plate area - vertical
dadul=h*np
! change in plate area - lateral
! Model
n,1,0
n,2,0
n,3,0
n,4,0
et,1,126,,0,1
!Trans126, UX-Volt DOF
r,1,,,gi,,
rmore,x1,cx1,x2,cx2,x3,cx3
rmore,x4,cx4,x5,cx5
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
213
e,1,2
e,2,3
et,2,21,,,4
r,2,Mr
type,2
real,2
e,2
! Mass element
et,3,14,,1
r,3,k
type,3
real,3
e,2,4
! Lateral dampers
et,4,139
! Slide-film damper, Couette flow, Continuum theory
mp,visc,4,nu
mp,dens,4,dens
r,4,g,areal,-dadul,po
type,4
mat,4
real,4
e,1,2
e,2,3
! Vertical dampers
r,5,g,areav,-daduv,po
real,5
e,1,2
e,2,3
d,1,ux,0
d,3,ux,0
d,4,ux,0
d,2,uy,0
d,2,volt,0
! Prestress static analysis
/solu
d,1,volt,Vi
d,3,volt,Vo
pstres,on
solve
fini
! Harmonic Frequency Sweep
fr0=60000
fr1=120000
/solu
antyp,harm
d,1,volt,Vac
d,3,volt,0
pstres,on
harfrq,fr0,fr1
nsubs,60
outres,all,all
kbc,1
solve
/post26
nsol,2,2,u,x,ux2
esol,3,2,,nmisc,24,ir
esol,4,2,,nmisc,25,ii
/axlab,x,Frequency (Hz)
plcplx,0
/axlab,y, Displacement (um)
214
! label of x axis
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
! plot displacement
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
215
216
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Index
A
acceleration, 129
ACEL command, 43, 129
acoustic analysis, 165
load step options, 175
loads for, 172
reviewing results from, 176
acoustics, 165
absolute pressure, 165
absorbing boundary condition, 167
amplitude, 172
applications of, 165
axisymmetric cases, 167
boundary admittance, 167
circular or spherical boundary (RAD), 167
compressible fluid, 165
coupled acoustic analysis, 165
coupling matrix, 177
definition of, 165
density, 167
far-field problems, 177
fluid load, 177
fluid-structure interaction, 165, 177
fluid-structure interface, 170
forcing frequency, 172
harmonic acoustic analysis, 166
infinite acoustic elements, 167
inviscid fluid, 165
mean pressure, 165
meshing the model, 168
modal analysis, 165
outgoing pressure wave, 167
particle velocity, 165
pressure changes, 165
pressure gradient, 165
sample fluid-structure acoustic analysis (batch), 177
sample room acoustic analysis, 179
solving acoustics problems, 165
sound-absorption material, 179
speed of sound (SONC), 167
standing wave pattern, 179
transient acoustic analysis, 165
uncoupled acoustic analysis, 165
unsymmetric matrices, 171
wavelength, 169
adiabatic boundaries, 40
advection limit, 60
advection term, 161
ambient radiation, 40
amplitude, 172
analysis options
acoustics, 171
analysis type
acoustics, 165
Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis, 79
boundary conditions, 81
mesh updating, 83
remeshing, 84
arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis
example problems, 87
artificial viscosity, 105
axis of rotation, 135
B
backward time integration method, 59
Bingham viscosity model, 119, 123, 131
boundary conditions, 104
FLOTRAN analysis, 11
laminar and turbulent flow, 33
thermal analysis, 40
transient analysis, 62
bulk temperature, 42
buoyancy, 43
C
Carreau viscosity model, 119, 123, 130
CGLOC command, 135
CGOMEGA command, 135
collocated Galerkin approach, 46, 161
compressible flow analysis, 4, 23, 103
compressible fluid, 165
conduction limit, 60
conductivity matrix algorithm, 44
conjugate heat transfer, 4, 44
convergence, 60, 140
coordinate systems, 133
Couette flow, 208
coupled acoustic analysis, 165
coupling algorithms, 145
cross-talk, 203
D
D command, 33, 81, 136, 153
DA command, 33, 81
database
backing up, 176
density, 39, 119
displacements, 174
distributed resistance, 136
divergence, 105
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
217
Index
DL command, 33, 81
drag, 38
E
effective viscosity, 24
elements
FLOTRAN, 7
example problems
arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis, 87
compressible flow, 106
incompressible flow, 38
modal projection method, 204
multiple species, 154
slide film, 211
squeeze film, 191
thermal analysis, 47
volume of fluid analysis, 70
F
files
Jobname.RST, 176
FLDATA1 command, 25, 39, 59
FLDATA10 command, 120
FLDATA11 command, 120
FLDATA12 command, 126, 131
FLDATA13 command, 43, 126
FLDATA14 command, 42, 103, 126
FLDATA15 command, 129
FLDATA17 command, 103, 129
FLDATA18 command, 44, 139
FLDATA19 command, 140
FLDATA20 command, 140141
FLDATA21 command, 140
FLDATA22 command, 140
FLDATA23 command, 140
FLDATA24 command, 25, 33, 36, 161
FLDATA25 command, 43, 161
FLDATA31 command, 36
FLDATA33 command, 161
FLDATA34 command, 36, 161
FLDATA35 command, 68
FLDATA36 command, 67
FLDATA37 command, 44, 145
FLDATA38 command, 59
FLDATA4 command, 61, 69
FLDATA4A command, 5960
FLDATA7 command, 117, 119, 130, 150
FLDATA8 command, 120
FLDATA9 command, 120
FLOCHECK command, 62
FLOTRAN analysis
applications, 3
218
artificial viscosity, 16
boundary conditions, 11
characterizing flow, 25
compressible flow, 4, 103
compressible flow analysis, 10
convergence, 13, 17
convergence and stability tools, 15
coordinate systems, 7
divergence, 20
DOF capping, 16
domain file, 14
element characteristics, 7
element limitations, 8
evaluating, 20
examining results, 12
files, 12
flow regime, 10
fluid properties, 117
free surface, 4
global iterations, 17
graphical solution tracking, 17
incompressible flow, 4
inertial relaxation, 15
laminar flow, 4
meshing, 11
modified inertial relaxation, 15
multiple species transport, 4
nodal residuals file file, 13
non-Newtonian fluid flow, 4
overview, 10
overwrite frequency option, 12
print file, 13
problem domain, 10
quadrature order, 16
relaxation factors, 15
residuals, 13
restart file, 13
restarting, 14
results file, 12
setting parameters, 11
solvers, 139
solving, 11
special features, 133
stopping, 19
thermal analysis, 4, 39
transient analysis, 59
turbulence model, 10, 17
turbulent flow, 4
types, 3
verifying results, 20
flow regime
thin film, 188
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Index
fluid analyses
acoustics (see acoustics)
slide film, 208
squeeze film, 185
thin film, 185
fluid properties
initializing and varying, 126
specifying, 117
tables, 120
user-defined file, 118, 126
user-programmable subroutines, 118, 131
fluid property types, 117
fluid-structure interaction, 165, 174, 177
fluid-structure interface, 170
forced convection, 4, 43
forces, 174
forcing frequency, 172
free convection, 43
free surface analysis, 4
G
generalized symmetry boundary conditions, 33, 81
global iterations, 60, 140
gravitational acceleration, 129
H
harmonic acoustic analysis, 166
harmonic acoustic analysis guidelines, 166
heat balance, 4647
heat fluxes, 40
heat transfer (film) coefficients, 40
hydraulic diameter, 24
I
IC command, 150
ICE command, 66
ICVFRC command, 66
impedance, 174
incompressible flow analysis, 4, 23
boundary conditions, 33
difficult problems, 36
example problem, 38
meshing requirements, 32
inertial relaxation, 106
infinite acoustic elements, 167
inlet parameters, 25
inlet values, 33
intersections, 33
INTSRF command, 38
K
KEYOPT command, 133, 151
Knudsen number, 188
L
laminar flow, 4, 23, 25
large signal cases, 208
lift, 38
load step options
acoustics, 175
loads, 40, 171
M
mass imbalances, 33
mass types, 59
material model interface, 4
meshing, 32, 39
FLOTRAN analysis, 11
mixture types, 149
modal projection method, 201
modified inertial relaxation, 153
moments, 174
monotone Streamline Upwind approach, 46
monotone streamline upwind approach, 161
moving wall, 33
MP command, 39, 117
MSADV command, 161
MSCAP command, 153
MSDATA command, 150151
MSMETH command, 153
MSNOMF command, 150
MSPROP command, 152
MSRELAX command, 153
MSSOLU command, 153
MSSPEC command, 149150, 152
multiple species transport, 4, 149
N
natural convection, 4
Newmark time integration method, 59
non-fluid properties, 39, 117
non-Newtonian fluid flow analysis, 4, 129
non-Newtonian viscosity models, 119, 123
P
particle velocity, 165
PERI command, 33
periodic boundaries, 33
/PICE command, 66
PLVFRC command, 69
power law viscosity model, 119, 123, 130
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
219
Index
preconditioned bicgstab solver, 143
preconditioned generalized minimum residual solver,
141
pressure gradient, 165
pressure surface loads, 174
pressure wave limit, 60
property calculations, 103
property types, 117, 120
R
radiosity solver method, 47
ratio of specific heats, 103, 129
reference pressure, 129
reference properties, 129
relaxation factors, 43, 153
reviewing results
acoustics, 176
Reynolds number, 24
rotating reference frames, 135
rotational speeds, 135
S
sample acoustic analysis
batch method, 177
search directions, 140
semi-direct solvers, 140
SFE command, 67
SFL command, 67
SIMPLEF algorithm, 145
SIMPLEN algorithm, 145
slide film, 185, 208
solution, 171
Solvers, 139, 171
sparse direct solver, 143, 171
species mass fractions, 150
specific heat, 39, 103, 118, 124
specified flow, 33
specified pressure, 33
squeeze film, 185
squeeze film analysis
harmonic analysis, 187
static analysis, 187
transient analysis, 188
squeeze stiffness effect, 185
stationary wall, 33
stepped or ramped loads, 175
Stokes flow, 208
streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin approach, 46, 161
surface tension coefficient, 65, 117, 119, 125
surface-to-surface radiation, 40, 47
Sutherland's law, 123
swirl, 136
220
symmetry boundary, 33
T
temperature equation, 39
temperature field algorithm, 44
temperature load, 40
temperature offset, 126
thermal analysis, 4
example problems, 47
loads and boundary conditions, 40
property specifications, 39
thermal boundary conditions, 40
thermal conductivity, 39, 119, 124
thin film analysis, 185
Couette vs. Stokes flow, 208
cross-talk, 203
flow regime, 188
large signal cases, 208
modal projection method, 201
slide film, 208
squeeze film, 185
time steps, 60
TOFFST command, 126, 129
total temperature, 103
transient analysis, 59
boundary conditions, 62
settings, 60
terminating, 61
tri-diagonal matrix algorithm, 140
turbulence model, 2425
turbulence ratio, 25, 36
turbulent flow, 4, 23
turbulent kinetic energy, 25, 33
U
uncoupled acoustic analysis, 165
units, 117
unspecified boundary, 33
V
variable density option, 43
velocity capping, 36
viscosity, 39
Bingham model, 119, 123, 131
Carreau model, 119, 123, 130
effective, 24
power law model, 119, 123, 130
viscous heating, 43
volume of fluid analysis, 65
boundary conditions, 67
example problems, 70
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Index
input settings, 67
loads, 66
postprocessing, 69
W
wall roughness, 33
wall static contact angle, 117, 119, 125
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
221
222
Release 12.0 - 2009 SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.