IS:875 (Part 3) - 1987

( Renfficd 1997 )

Indian Standard

CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS
(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)
FORBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND COADS

( Second Revision /
Sixth Reprint NOVEMBER 1998

UDC 624-042-41

@J Copyright 1989

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr I4 Febfuafy 1989
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

CONTENTS
Page
0. FOREWORD ... .. . ... 3
1. SCOPE ... ... ... 5
2. NOTATIONS .. . .. . .. . 5
3. TERMINOLOGY ... ... 6
4. GENERAL ... .. . 7
5. WIND SPEEDAND PRESSURE .. . .. . 7
5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere .. . ... 7
5.2 Basic Wind Speed ... . .. 8
5.3 Design Wind Speed ( V, ) ... .. . ... 8
5.3.1 Risk Coefficient ( kr Factor ) ... .. . ... 8
53.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor ( kt Factor ) ... 8
5.3.3 Topography ( kS Factor ) ... . .. .m. 12
5.4 Design Wind Pressure .. . . . . 12
5.5 Off-Shore Wind Velocity .. . .-. . . . 13
6. WIND PRESSURES
ANDFORCESON BUILDXNCSISTRUCTURES 1.. 13
6.1 General ... ... . . .
13
6.2 Pressure Coefficients .. . ... . . .
13
6.2.1 Wind Load on Individual Members ,.. ... . . .
13
6.2.2 External Pressure Coefficients . .. .. . . . .
13
6.2.3 Internal Pressure Coefficients .. . . . . .
27
6.3 Force Coefficients .. . ... . . .
36
6.3.1 Frictional Drag .. . ... . . . 37
6.3.2 Force Coefficients for Clad Buildings ._. .. . ,.. 37
6.3.3 Force Coefficients for Unclad Buildings __. .. . . . 38
7. DYNAMICEP~ECTS ... .. . . . .
47
7.1 General 1.. .. . . . .
47
7.2 Motion Due to Vortex Shedding ... .. . . . .
48
7.2.1 Slender Structures ... . . . . . 48
4. Gust Factor ( GF ) or Gust Effectiveness Factor ( GEF] Method . . . 49
8.1 Application .. . .. . ... 49
8.2 Hourly Mean Wind ... .. . ... 49
8.2.1 Variation of Hourly Me‘an Wind Speed with Height ... 49
8.3 Along Wind Load ... ... l .. 49
APPENDIK A BASICWIND SPEEDAT 10 m HEIGHTFOR SOME IMPORTANT
Crrrxs/TowNs .. . ... ... ... .. . 53
APPENDIX B CHANGESIN TERRAIN CATEGORIES i.. .. . . .. 54
APPENDIX C EFFECT OF A CLIFF OR ESCARPMENTON EQUIVALENT
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND( k3 FACTOR) ... ... 55
APPENDIX D WIND FORCEON CIRCULARSECTIONS. . . .. . . .. 57
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

Indian Standard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS
(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)
FORBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND LOADS

( Second Revision)

6). FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part 3 ) ( Second sheeted roofs, both curved and sloping were
Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian modified; seismic load provisions were deleted
Standards on 13 November 1987, after the draft ( separate code having been prepared ) and metric
finalized by the Structural Safety Sectional Com- system of weights and measurements was adopted.
mittee had been approved by the Civil Engineer-
ing Division Council. 0.3.1 With the increased adoption of this Code,
a number of comments were received on provi-
0.2 A building has to perform many functions sions on live load values adopted for. different
satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the occupancies. Simultaneously, live load surveys
utility of the building for the intended use and have been carried out in America and Canada to
occupancy, structural safety, fire safety and com- arrive at realistic live loads based on actual deter-
pliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and mination of loading ( movable and immovable )
daylight standards. The design of the building is in different occupancies. Keeping this in view and
dependent upon the minimum requirements other developments in the field of wind engineer-
prescribed for each of the above functions. The ing, the Structural Safety Sectional Committee
minimum requirements pertaining to the structural decided to prepare the second revision of IS : 875
safety of buildings are being covered in loading in the following five parts:
codes by way of laying down minimum design
loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, Part 1 Dead loads
imposed loads, wind loads and other external
loads, the structure would be required to bear. Part 2 Imposed loads
Strict conformity to loading standards, it is. hoped,
will not only ensure the structural safety of the Part 3 Wind loads
buildings and structures which are being designed
and constructed in the country and thereby Part 4 Snow loads
reduce the hazards to life and property caused by
unsafe structures, but also eliminate the wastage Part 5 Special loads and load combinations
caused by assuming unnecessarily heavy loadings
without proper assessment. Earthquake load is covered in a separate
standard, namely, IS : 1893-1984* which should
be considered along with the above loads.
0.3 This standard was first published in 1957 for
the guidance of civil engineers, designers and
architects associated with the planning and design 0.3.2 This Part ( Part 3 ) deals with wind
of buildings. It included the provisions for the loads to be considered when designing buildings,
basic design loads ( dead loads, live loads, wind structures and components thereof. In this
loads and seismic loads ) to be assumed in the revision, the following important modifications
design of the buildings. In its first revision in have been made from those covered in the 1964
1964, the wind pressure provisions were modified version of IS : 875:
on the basis of studies of wind phenomenon and
its effect on structures, undertaken by the special a) The earlier wind pressure maps ( one
committee in consultation with the Indian Mete- giving winds of shorter duration and an-
orological Department. In addition to this, new other excluding winds of shorter duration )
clauses on wind loads for butterfly type structures *Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
were included; wind pressure coefficients for (fourlh recision ).

3
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
have been replaced by a single wind map
giving basic maximum wind speed in m/s
( peak gust velocity averaged over a short
time interval of about 3 seconds duration ).
The wind speeds have been worked out
for 50 years return period based on the up-
to-date wind data of 43 dines pressure
tube ( DPT ) anemograph stations and
study of other related works available on
the subject since 1964. The map and
related recommendations have been provi-
ded in the code with the active coopera-
tion of Indian Meteorological Department
( IMD ). Isotachs ( lines of equal velocity )
have not been given as in the opinion of
the committee, there is still not enough
extensive meteorological data at close
enough stations in the country to justify
drawing of isotachs.
b) Modification factors to modify the basic
wind velocity to take into account the
effects of terrain, local topography, size of
structure, etc, are included.
4 Terrain is now classified into four catego-
ries based on characteristics of the ground
surface irregularities.
d) Force and pressure coefficients have been
included for a large range of clad and
unclad buildings and for individual struc-
tural elements.
4 Force coefficients ( drag coefficients ) are
given for frames, lattice towers, walls and
hoardings.
f 1 The calculation of force on circular sections
is included incorporating the effects of
Reynolds number and surface roughness.
g) The external and internal pressure coeffi-
cients for gable roofs, lean-to roofs, curved
roofs, canopy roofs ( butterfly type struc-
tures ) and multi-span roofs have been
rationalised.
h) Pressure coefficients are given for combined
roofs, roofs with sky light, circular siIos,
cylindrical elevated structures, grandstands,
etc.
3 Some requirements regarding study of
dynamic effects in flexible slender structures
are included.
W Use of gust energy method to arrive at the
design wind load on the whole structure is
now permitted.
0.3.3 The Committee responsible for the
revision of wind maps while reviewing available
meteorological wind data and response of struc-
tures to wind, felt the paucity of data on which to
base wind maps for Indian conditions on statisti-
cal analysis. The Committee, therefore, recomm-
ends to all individuals and organizations
responsible for putting-up of tall structures to
,provide instrumentation in. their existing and
new structures ( transmission towers, chimneys,
cooling towers, buildings, etc ) at different eleva-
tions ( at least at two levels ) to continuously
measure and monitor wind data. The instruments
are required to collect data on wind direction,
wind speed and structural response of the struc-
ture due to wind ( with the help of accelerometer,
strain gauges, etc ). It is also the opinion of the
committee that such instrumentation in tall struc-
tures will not in any way affect or alter the
functional behaviour of such structures. The data
so collected will be very valuable in evolving more
accurate wind loading of structures.
0.4 The Sectional Committee responsible for the
preparation of this standard has taken into
account the prevailing practice in regard to load-
ing standards followed in this country by the
various authorities and has also taken note of the
developments in a number of other countries.
In the preparation of this code, the following
overseas standards have also been examined:
a) BSCP 3 : 1973 Code of basic data for
design of buildings: Chapter V Loading,
Part 2 Wind loads.
b) AS 1170, Part 2-1983 SAA Loading code
Part 2 - Wind forces.
c) NZS 4203-1976 Code of practice for
general structural design loading for
buildings.
d) ANSI A58.1-1972 American Standard
Building code requirements for minimum
design loads in buildings and other
structures.
e) Wind resistant design regulations, A World
List. Association for Science Documents
Information, Tokyo.
0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a parti-
cular requirement of this standard is complied
with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be
rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960*. The
number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of
the specified value in this standard.
*Rules for roundingoff numerical values ( rcoiscd).
4
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

1. SCOPE IS : 802 ( Part 1 )-I977 Code of practice for

use of structural steel in overhead transmi-
1.1 This standard gives wind forces and their ssion line towers: Part 1 Loads and permissi-
effects ( static and dynamic ) that should he ble stresses ( smmd revision )
taken into account when designing buildings,
structures and components thereof. IS : 11504-1985 Criteria for structural design
1.1.1 It is believed that ultimately wind load of reinforced concrete natural draught cool-
estimation will be made by taking into account ing towers
the random variation of wind speed with time
NOTE 1 - This standard does not apply to build-
but available theoretical methods have not ings or structures with unconventional shapes, unusual
matured sufficiently at present for use in the code. locations, and abnormal environmental conditions that
For this season, static wind method of load have not been covered in this code. Special investiga-
estimation which implies a steady wind speed, tions are necessary in such cases to establish wind loads
and their effects. Wind tunnel studies may aiso be
which has proved to be satisfactory for normal, required in such situations.
short and heavy structures, is given in 5 and 6.
However, a beginning has been made to take NOTE2 - In the case of tall structures with
unsymmetrical geometry, the designs may have to be
account of the random nature of the wind speed checked for torsional effects due to wind pressure.
by requiring that the along-wind or drag load on
structures which are prone to wind induced osci-
llations, be also determined by the gust factor 2. NOTATIONS
method ( see 8 ) and the more severe of the two
estimates be taken for design. 2.1 The following notations shall be followed
unless otherwise specified in relevant clauses:
A large majority of structures met with in
practice do not however, suffer wind induced A= surface area of a structure or part of
oscillations and generally do not require to be a Structure;
examined for the dynamic effects of wind, includ- Ae - effective frontal area;
ing use of gust factor method, Nevertheless, there Ar, = an area at height z;
are various types of structures or their components
such as some tall buildings, chimneys, latticed b = breadth of a structure or structural
towers, cooling towers, transmission towers, guyed member normal to the wind stream
masts, communication towers, long span bridges, in the horizontal plane;
partially or completely solid faced antenna dish, Cl = force coefficient/drag coefficient;
etc, which require investigation of wind induced
oscillations. The use of 7 shall be made for i.denti-
Cl, = normal force coefficient;
fying and analysing such structures. tit - transverse force coefficient;
c’f - frictional drag coefficient;
1.1.2 This code also applies to buildings or
other structures during erection/construction and c, = pressure coefficient;
the same shall be considered carefully during C PB = external pressure coefficient;
various stages of erection/construction. In loca- CPl = internal pressure coefficient;
tions where the strongest winds and icing may d- depth of a structure or structural
occur simultaneously, loads on structural members, member parallel to wind stream;
cables and ropes shall be calculated by assuming
an ice covering based on climatic and local D = diameter of cylinder;
experience. F force normal to the surface;
1.1.3 In the design of special structures, such Fa 1 normal force;
as chimneys, overhead transmission line towers, transverse force;
Ft -
etc, specific requirements as specified in the
respective codes shall be adopted in conjunction F' = frictional force;
with the provisions of this code as far as they are h X height of structure above mean
applicable. Some of the Indian Standards avail- ground level;
able for the design of special structurers are: h, = height of development of a velocity
IS : 4998 ( Part 1 )-1975 Criteria for design profile at a distance x down wind ’
of reinforced concrete chimneys: Part 1 from a change in terrain category;
Design criteria ( jirst revision )
multiplication factors;
IS : 6533-1971 Code of practice for design and
construction of steel chimneys
multiplication factor;
IS : 5613 ( Part l/Set 1 )-I970 Code of prac-
tice for design, installation and maintenance length of the member or greater hori-
zontal dimension of a building;
of overhead power lines: Part 1 Lines up to
and including 11 kV, Section 1 Design Pd - design wind pressure;

5
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

pz = design wind pressure at height <; 3.1.5 l$+ffective Frontal Area - The projected
external pressure; area of the structure normal to the direction of
Pe - the wind.
Pi - internal pressure;
R, = reynolds number; 3.1.6 Element of Surface Area - The area of
surface over which the pressure coefficient is taken
s w strouhal number; to be constant.
vb - regional basic wind speed;
3.1.7 Force Coeficient - A non-dimensional
v, = design wind velocity at height 2; coefficient such that the total wind force on a
rz = hourly mean wind speed at height c; bbdy is the product of the force coefficient, the
W 3 lesser horizontal dimension of a dynamic pressure of the incident design wind
building, or a structural member; speed and the reference area over which the force
is required.
w’ - bay width in multi-bay buildings;
X= distance down wind from a change NOTE - When the force is in the direction of the
incident wind, the non-dimensional coefficient will be
in terrain category; called as ‘drag coefficient’. When the force is perpendi-
e s wind angle from a given axis; cular to the d&ection of incident wind, the ndn-dimen-
sional coefficient will be called as ‘lift coeficient’.
a - inclination of the roof to the hori-
zontal; 3.1.8 Ground Roughness - The nature of the
B = effective solidity ratio; earth’s surface as influenced by small scale obstruc-
tions such as trees and buildings ( as distinct
shielding factor or shedding frequency;
9” from topography ) is called ground roughness.
+- solidity ratio;
3.1.9 Gust - A positive or negative departure
t= a height or distance above the
of wind speed from its mean value, lasting for not
ground; and more than, say, 2 minutes over a specified inter-
c- average height of the surface rough- val of time.
ness.
Peak Gust - Peak gust or peak gust speed is
the wind speed associated with the maximum
3. TERMINOLOGY amplitude.

3.1 For the purpose of this code, the following Fetch Length - Fetch length is the distance
definitions shall apply. measured along the wind from a boundary at
which a change in the type of terrain occurs.
3.1.1 Angle of Attack -Angle between the direc- When the changes in terrain types are encounte-
tion of wind and a reference axis of the struc- red ( such as, the boundary of a town or city,
forest, etc ), the wind profile changes in charac-
ture,
ter but such changes are gradual and start at
3.1.2 Breudth - Breadth means horizontal ground level, spreading or penetrating upwards
dimension of the building measured normal to the with increasing fetch length.
direction of wind. Gradient Height- Gradient height is the height
above the mean ground level at which the gradi-
NOTE - Breadth and depth are dimensions measu- ent wind blows as a result of balance among
red in relation to the direction of the wind, whereas
length and width are dimensions related to the
pressure gradient force, coriolis force and centri-
plan. fugal force. For the purpose of this code, the
gradient height is taken as the height above the
3.1.3 Depth - Depth means the horizontal mean ground level, above which the variation of
dimension of the building measured in the direc- wind speed with height need not be considered.
tion of the wind. Mean Ground Level - The mean ground level
is the average horizontal plane of the area enclos-
3.1.4 Developed Height - Developed height is
ed by the boundaries of the structure.
the height of upward penetration of the velocity
profile in a new terrain. At large fetch lengths, Pressure Coeficient - Pressure coefficient is the
such penetration reaches the gradient height, ratio of the difference between the pressure acting
above which the wind speed may be taken to be at a point on a surface and the static pressure of
constant. At lesser fetch lengths, a velocitv profile the incident wind to the design wind pressure,
of a smaller height but similar to that of the fully where the static and design wind pressures are
developed profile of that terrain category has to determined at the height of the point considered
be taken, with the additional provision that the after taking into account the geographical loca-
velocity at the top of this shorter profile equals tion, terrain conditions and shielding effect. The
that of the unpenetrated earlier velocity profile at pressure coeSicient is also equal to [ 1 - ( VD/Pz)2],
that height. where Vv is the actual wind speed at any point

6
-..,, ._..,
___+.
.__.
on the structure at a height corresponding to that
of vz.
NOTE - Positive sign of the pressure coefficient
indicates pressure acting towards the surface and nega-
tive sign indicates pressure acting away from the
surface.
Return Period - Return period is the number
of years, ‘the reciprocal of which gives the proba-
bility of e.xtreme wind exceeding a given wind
speed in any one year.
Shielding E$ect - Shielding effect or shielding
refers to the condition where wind has to pass
along some structure(s) or structural element(s)
located on the upstream wind side, before meet-
ing the structure or structural element under
consideration. A factor called ‘shielding factor’
is used to account for such effects in estimating the
force on the’ shielded structures.
Suction - Suction means pressure less than the
atmospheric ( static ) pressure and is taken to act
away from the surface.
Solidity Ratio - Solidity ratio is equal to the
effective area ( projected area of all the individual
elements ) of a frame normal to the wind direc-
tion divided by the area enclosed by the boundary
of the frame normal to the wind direction.
NOTE - Solidity ratio is to be calculated
vidual frames.
Y?-eerrain
Category - Terrain category means the
characteristics of the surface irregularities of an
area which arise from natural or constructed
features. The categories are numbered in increas-
ing order of roughness.
The variation of the horizon-
Velocity Profile -
tal component of the atmospheric wind speed at
different heights above the mean ground level is
termed as velocity profile.
Tokography - The nature of the earth’s
surface as influenced the hill and valley confi-
gurations.
4. GENERAL
4.1 Wind is air in motion relative to the surface
of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced
to earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial
radiation. The radiation effects are primarily
responsible for convection either upwards or
downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal
to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical
components of atmospheric motion are relatively
small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively
the horizontal wind, vertical winds are always
identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed
with the aid of anemometers or anemographs
which are installed at meteorological observa-
tories at heights generally varying from 10 to
30 metres above ground.
4.2 Very strong winds ( greater than 80 km/h )
are generally associated with cyclonic storms,
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
thunderstorms, dust storms or vigorous monsoons.
A feature of the. cyclonic storms over the Indian
area is that they rapidly weaken after crossing
the coasts and move as depressions/lows inland.
The influence of a severe storm after striking the
coast does not, in general exceed about 60 kilo-
metres, though sometimes, it may extend even up
to 120 kilometres. Very short duration hurricanes
of very high wind speeds called Kal Baisaki or
Norwesters occur fairly frequently during summer
months over North East India.
4.3 The wind speeds recorded at any locality are
extremely variable and in addition to steady wind
at any time, there are effects of gusts which may
last for a few seconds. These gusts cause increase
in air pressure but their effect on stability ofthe
building may not be so important; often, gusts
affect only part of the building and the increased
local pressures may be more than balanced by a
momentary reduction in the pressure elsewhere.
Because of the inertia of the building, short period
gusts may not cause any appreciable increase in
stress in main components of the building
although the walls, roof sheeting and individual
cladding units ( glass panels ) and their support-
ing members such as purlins, sheeting rails and
glazing bars may be mqre seriously affected.
Gusts can also be extremely important for design
for indi- of structures with high slenderness ratios.
4.4 The liability of a building to high wind press-
ures depends not only upon the geographical
location and proximity of other obstructions to
air flow but also upon the characteristics of the
structure itself.
4.5 The effect of wind on the structure as a whole
is determined by the combined action of external
and internal pressures acting upon it. In all cases,
the calculated wind loads act normal to the
surface to which they apply.
4.6 The stability calculations as a whole shall be
done considering the combined effect, as well as
separate effects of imposed loads and wind loads
on vertical surfaces, roofs and other part of the
building above general roof level.
4.7 Buildings shall also be designed with due
attention to the effects of wind on the comfort of
people inside and outside the buildings.
5. WIND SPEED AND PRESSURE
5.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere - In
general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary
layer increases with height from zero at ground
level to a maximum at a height called the gradi-
ent height. There is usually a slight change in
direction ( Ekman effect ) but this is ignored in
the code. The variation with height depends
primarily on the terrain conditions. However, the
wind speed at any height never remains constant
and it has been found convenient to resolve its
instantaneous magnitude into an average or mean
value and a fluctuating component around this
7
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
average vaiue. The average value depends on
the averaging time employed in analysing the
meteorological data and this averaging time
varies from a few seconds to several minutes. The
magnitude of fluctuating component of the wind
speed which is called gust, depends on the aver-
aging time. In general, smaller the averaging
interval, greater is the magnitude of the gust
speed.
5.2 Basic Wind Speed - Figure 1 gives basic
wind speed map of India, as applicable to 10 m
height above mean ground level for different zones
of the country. Basic wind speed is based on peak
gust velocity averaged over a short time interval
of about 3 seconds and corresponds to mean
heights above ground level in an open terrain
( Category 2 ). Basic wind speeds presented in
Fig. 1 have been worked out for a 50 year return
period. Basic wind speed for some important
cities/towns is also given in Appendix A.,
5.3 Design Wind Speed ( V, ) - The basic
wind speed ( V, ) for any site shall be obtained
from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the
following effects to get design wind velocity at
any height ( V, j for the chosen structure:
a) Risk level;
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of struc-
ture; and
c) Local topography.
It can be mathematically expressed as follows:
v, =
vb kl k~ ks
where
V, = design wind speed at any height
z in m/s;
kl =probability factor ( risk coeffi.
cient ) ( see 5.3.1 );
ks = terrain, height and structure size
factor ( see 5.3.2 ); and
ks = topography factor ( see 5.3.3 ).
NOTE - Design wind speep up to IO m height from
mean ground level shall be considered constant.
5.3.1 Risk Coej’icient ( kI Factor ) - Figure 1
gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as
applicable at 10 m above ground level based on 50
years mean return period. The suggested life
period to be assumed in design and the corres-
ponding kl factors for different class of structures
for the purpose of design is given in Table 1. In
the design of all buildings and structures, a
regional basic wind speed having a mean return
period of 50 years shall be used except as specifi-
ed in the note of Table 1.
5.3.2 Terrain, Height and Structure Size
( k, Factor )
5.3.2.1 Terrain - Selection of terrain cate-
gories shall be made with due regard to the effect
of obstructions which constitute the ground sur-
face roughness. The terrain category used in the
design of a structure may vary depending on the
direction of wind under consideration. Wherever
sufficient meteorological information is available
about the nature of wind direction, the orientation
of any building or structure may be suitably
planned.
Terrain in which a specific structure stands
shall be assessed as being one of the following
terrain categories:
4 Category 1 - Exposed open terrain with
few or no obstructions and in which the
average height of any object surrounding
the structure is less than 1.5 m.
NOTE - This category includes open sea-coasts
and flat treeless plains.
b) Category 2 - Open terrain with well scatt-
ered obstructions having heights generally
between I.5 to 10 m.
NOTE - This is the criterion for measure-
ment of regional basic wind speeds and includes
airfields, open parklands and undeveloped spar-
sely built-up outskirts of towns and suburbs. Open
land adjacent to sea coast may also be classified as
Category 2 due to roughness of large sea waves at
high winds.
Cl CategoTy 3 - Terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstructions having the size of
building-structures up to 10 m in height
with or without a few isolated tall struc-
tures.
NOTE 1 - This category includes well wooded
areas, and shrubs, towns and industrial areas full
or partially developed.
NOTE 2 - It is likely that the next higher
category than this will not exist in most design
situations and that selection of a more severe
category will be deliberate.
NOTE 3 - Particular attention must be given
to performance of obstructions in areas affected by
fully developed tropical cyclones.Vegetation which
is likely to be blown down or defoliated cannot be
relied upon to maintain Category 3 conditions.
Where such situation may exist, either an inter-
mediate category with velocity multipliers midway
between the values for Category 2 and 3 given in
Table 2, or Category 2 should be selected having
due regard to local conditions.
d) Category 4 - Terrain with numerous large
high closely spaced obstructions.
NOTE - This category includes large city cen-
tres, generally with obstructions above 25 m and
well developed industrial complexes.
5.3.2.2 Variation of wind speed with height for
di@erent sizes of structures in different terrains ( k,
Factor factor ) - Table 2 gives multiplying factors ( lir )
by which the basic wind speed given in Fig. 1
shall be multiplied to obtain the wind speed at
different heights, in each terrain category for
different sizes of buildings/structures.
8
As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1387

The buildings/structures are classified into the
following three different classes depending upon
their size:
Class A - Structures and/or their components
such as cladding, glaxing, roofing, etc, having
maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or
vertical dimension ) less than 20 m.
Class B - Structures and/or
ponents such as claddinp, glazing, roofing,
etc, having maximum dimension’ ( greatest
horizontal or vertical dimension ) between 20
and 50 m.
c1a.U C - Structures and/or their components
such as cladding, glazing, roofing, etc, having
maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or
their com- vertical dimension ) greater than 50 m.

TABLE 1 RISK COEF’FICIENTS.FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF STRUCTURES IN

DIFFERENT WIND SPEED ZONES
( Clause 5.3.1 )

CLASS OF STRUCTWZE MEAN PROBABLE k, FACTOR BOB BASIC WIND SPEED

DESIGN LIFE OF (m/s ) 0~
STRUCTURE IN r-------- ---_--__7
YEARS 33 39 44 47 50 55
All general buildings and structures 50 -1.0 1’0 1.0 1’0 1.0 1’0

Temporary sheds, structures such as 5 0.82 0.76 0.73 0’71 0.70 0’67
those used during construction
operations ( for example, form-
work and falsework ), structures
during construction stages and
boundary walls

Buildings and structures presenting 25 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0’90 0’89
a low degree of hazard to life and
property in the event of failure,
such as isolated towers in wooded
areas, farm buildings other than
residential buildings

Important buildings and structures 100 1’05 I ‘06 1’0’: 1’07 I ‘08 1.08
such as hospitals communication
buildings / towers, power plant
structures
NOTE - The factor kt is based on statistical concepts which take account of the degree of reliability required
and period of time in years during which these will be exposure to wind, that is, life of the structure. Whatever
wind speed is adopted for design purposes, there is always a probability ( however small ) that it may be exceeded
in a storm of exceptional violence; the greater the period of years over which these will be exposure to the wind,
the greater is the probability. Higher return periods ranging from 100 to 1 000 years ( implying lower risk level ) in
association with greater periods of exposure may have to be selected for exceptionally important structures, such
as, nuclear power reactors and satellite communication towers. Equation given below may be used in such cases
to estimate k, factors for different periods of exposure and chosen probability of exceedance ( risk level ). The
probability level of 0’63 is normally considered sufficient for design of buildings and structures against wind effects
and the values of k, corresponding to this risk level are given above.

XN, P
*-L+*{-+ql-P$J
kl = z----
x5O, 0.63 A + 4B
where
N = mean probable design life of structure in years;
PN - risk level in N consecutive years ( probability that the design wind speed is exceeded at least once in
N successive years ), nominal value = 0’63;
X N,P = extreme wind speed for given values of Nand PN; and
= extreme wind speed for N = 50 years and PN = 0’63.
x5O, 0’63
A and B are coefficients having the following values for different basic wind speed zones:

Zone A B
33 m/s 83’2 9’2
39 m/s 84’0 14’0
44 m/s 88,O 18’0
47 m/s 88.0 20’5
50 m/s 88’8 22’8
55 m/s 90.8 27.3

11
LL. ._ ._ _ _ .-. .-

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 2 k, FACTORS TO OBTAIN DESIGN WIND SPEED VARIATION WITH HEIGHT IN

DIFFERENT TERRAINS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
( ClaUJC
5.3.2.2 )

HEIGHT TEBRAIN CATEQORY 1 TERRAIN CATEC+ORY2 TEERAIN CATEQO~Y 3 TEP.BAIN CATECJORP

4
CLASS CLbSS CLASS CLASS
I---_*--1 r---_h-_--~ c--_-~--_-~ t-_-*---~
m A B c A B c A B c A B c
(1) (2) (5) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (131
IO 1’05 1’03 0.99 1’00 0.98 0.93 0’91 0’88 0’82 0.80 0.76 0’67
1.09 1’07 1’03 1’05 1’02 0.97 0’97 0% 0’87 0.80 0’76 0.67
:o” 1’12 1.10 1’06 1.07 1’05 1’01 0’91 0.80 0’76 0’67
30 1’15 1’13 1’09 1’12 1’10 ::z 1’06 :%* 0’96 O’Y7 0’93 0’83
50 1-20 1’18 1’14 1’17 1’15 1’10 1’12 1’09 1.02 1’10 1’05 0’95
100 1’26 1’24 1’20 1’24 1’22 1.17 1’20 1’17 1’10 1’20 1’15 1’05
150 1’30 1.28 1’24 1’28 1.25 1.21 1’24 1’21 1’15 1’24 1’20 1.10
200 1’32 1’30 1’26 1’30 1’28 1’24 1’27 1.24 1’18 1’27 1’22 1’13
250 1’34 1’32 1’28 1’32 1’31 1’26 1’26 1’20 1’28 1.24 1’16
300 1’35 1’34 1’30 1.34 1 32 1.28 x 1.28 1’22 1’30 1’26 I.17

350 1’37 1’35 1’31 1’36 1’34 1’29 1’32 1’30 1’24 1.31 1.27 1’19
400 1’38 1’36 1.32 1’37 1’35 1’30 1’34 1’31 1.25 1.32 1.28 1’20
459 1’39 1’37 1’33 1’38 1’36 1’31 1’35 1’32 1’26 1.33 1’29 1’21
500 1’40 1.38 1’34 1’39 1’37 1’32 1~36 1’33 1.28 1’34 1.30 1’22
NOTE 1 - Se6 5.3.2.2 for definitions of Class A, Class B and Class C structures.
NOTE 2 - Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation, if desired, It is permissible to assume
constant wind speed between 2 heights for simplicity.

5.3.2.3 Terrain categories in relation to the direc-

tion of wind - The terrain category used in the TABLE 3 FETCH AND DEVELOPED HEIGHT
RELATIONSHIP
design of a structure may vary depending on the
( C1UUS6
5.3.2.4 )
direction of wind under consideration. Where
sufficient meteorological information is available, DEVELOPEDHEIGHT, hx IN METRES
the basic wind speed may be varied for specific FE?: (x) ,--__--h_ ----y
Terrain Terrain Terrain Terrain
wind direcion.
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
5.3.2.4 Changes in terrain categories - The (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
velocity profile for a given terrain category does 0’2 12 20 35 60
not develop to full height immediately with the 0’5 20 30 35 9.5
commencement of that terrain category but
1 25 45 80 130
develop gradually to height ( h, ) which increa-
2 35 65 110 190
ses with the fetch or upwind distance (x).
5 60 100 170 300
a) Fetch and develobed height relationship - The
10 80 140 25C 450
relation between the developed height (h,)
20 120 200 350 500
and the fetch (x) for wind-flow over each
50 180 300 400 500
of the four terrain categories may be taken
as given in Table 3.
b) For structures of heights greater than the 5.3.3.1 The effect of topography will be
developed height (h,) in Table 3, the significzt at a site when the upwind slope (6) is
velocity profile may be determined in greater than about 3”, and below that, the value
accordance with the following: of ks may be taken to be equal to 1-O. The value
i) The les3 or least rough terrain, or of ks is confined in the range of 1-O to 1.36 for
slopes greater than 3”. A method of evaluating the
ii) The method described in Appendix B.
value of ks for values greater than 1.0 is given in
5.3.3 Tojography ( ks Factor ) - The basic Appendix C. It may be noted that the value of
wind speed Vb given in Fig. 1 takes account of ks varies with height above ground level, at a
the general level of site above sea level. This does maximum near the ground, and reducing to 1.0
not allow for local topographic features such as at higher levels.
hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which
5.4 Design Wind Pressure - The design wind
can significantly affect wind speed in their vici-
pressure at any height above mean ground level
nity. The effect of topography is to accelerate wind
shall be obtained by the following relationship
near the summits of hills or crests‘of cliffs, escarp-
between wind pressure and wind velocity:
ments or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys
or near the foot of cli%, steep escarpments, or pz = 0.6 r-i
ridges.

12
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

where NOTE 1 - The coefficients given ’

pz = design wind pressure in N/ms at
height z, and
v, - design wind velocity in m/s at
height 2.
NOTE - The coefficient 0’6 (in SI units ) in the
above formula depends on a number of factors aod
mainly on the atmospheric pressure and air tempera-
ture. The value chosen corresponds to the average
appropriate Indian atmospheric conditions.
5.5 Off Shore Wind Velocity - Cyclonic
storms form far away from the sea coast and
gradually reduce in speed as they approach the
sea coast. Cyclonic storms generally extend up to
about 60 kilometres inland after striking the coast.
Their effect on land is already reflected in basic
wind speeds specified in Fig. 1. The influence of
wind speed off the coast up to a distance of about
200 kilometres may be taken as 1.15 times the
value on the nearest coast in the absence of any
definite wind data.
6. WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
6.1 General - The wind load on a building
shall be calculated for:
a) The building as a whole,
b) Individual structural elements as roofs and
walls, and
c) Individual cladding units including glazing
and their fixings.
6.2 Pressure Coefficients - The pressure
coefficients are always given for a particular sur-
face or part of the surface of a building. The wind
load acting normal to a surface is obtained by
multiplying the area of that surface or its appro-
priate portion by the pressure coefficient (C,) and
the design wind pressure at the height of the sur-
face from the ground. The average values of these
pressure coefficients for some building shapes are
given in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3.
Average values of pressure coefficients are
given for critical wind directions in one or more
quadrants. In order to determine the maximum
wind load on the building, the total load should
be calculated for each of the critical directions
shown from all quadrants. Where considerable
variation of pressure occurs over a surface, it has
been subdivided atid mean pressure coefficients
given for each of its several parts.
In addition, areas of high local suction
( negative pressure concentration ) frequently
occurring near the edges of walls and roofs are
separately shown. Coefficients for the local effects
should only be used for calculation of forces on
these local areas affecting roof sheeting, glass
panels, individual cladding units including their
fixtures. They should not be used for calculating
force on entire structural elements such as roof,
walls or structure as a whole.
different tables have k!ey?%tained mainly from me;
gurements on models in wind- tunnels, ahd the great
majority C.of data available has been obtained in con-
ditions of ielatively smooth flow. Where sufficient field
data exists as in the case of rectangular buildings,
values have been obtained to allow for turbulent flow.
NOTE 2 - In recent years, wall glazing and clad-
ding design has been a source of major concern. Although
of less consequence than the collapse of main struc-
tures. damage to glass can be hazardous and cause
considerable financial losses.
NOTE 3 - For pressure coefficients for structures
not covered here, reference may be made to specialist
literature on the subject or advise may be sought from
specialists in the subject.
6.2.1 Wind Load on Individual Members - When
calculating the wind load on individual strcutural
elements such as roofs and walls, and individual
cladding units and their fittings, it is essential to
take account of the pressure difference between
opposite faces of such elements or units. For clad
structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the
internal pressure as well as the external pressure.
Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction
ON
normal to the individual structural element or
cladding unit is:
F=(G~---C~~)AP~
where
c De = external pressure coefficient,
c Di = internal pressure- coefficient,
A = surface area of structural element
or cladding unit, and
Pd = design wind pressure.
NOTE 1 - If the surface design pressure varies with
height, the surface areas of the structural element may
be sub-divided so that the specified pressures are taken
over appropriate areas.
NOTE 2 - Positive wind load indicates the force
acting towards the structural element and negative
away from it.
6.2.2 External Pressure Coeficients
6.2.2.1 Walls - The average external
pressure coefficient for the walls of clad buildings
of rectangular plan shall be as given in Table 4.
In addition, local pressure concentration coeffi-
cients are also given.
6.2.2.2 Pitched rbofs of rectangular clad build-
ings - The average external pressure coefficients
and pressure concentration coeecients for pitched
roofs of rectangular clad building shall be as
given in Table 5. Where no pressure concentration
coefficients are given, the average coefficients
shall apply. The pressure coefficients on the under -
side of any overhanging roof shall be taken in
accordance with 6.2.2.7.
NOTE 1 - The pressure concentration shall be
assumed to act outward ( suction pressure ) at the
ridges, eaves, cornices and 90 degree corners of roofs
( see 6.2.2.7 ).
NOTE 2 - The pressure concentration shall not be
included with the net external pressure when comput-
ing overall loads.

13
km.“_._. _____.__... _...~._

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cpe ) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR

CLAD BUILDINGS
( clause 6.2.2.1 )
- -
BUILDINU
HEIGHT
BUILDING
PLAN
ELEVATION PLAN WIND
ANGLE
I Cpe FOR SURFACE
- --
/ LOCAL
.-
Cpe

RATIO RATIO 0 A B D
I
_- - -- --
degrees

a
c
7 0 +0.7 -0.2 -0’5 -0’5 I
I3
A
81 c -0’8
,’
30 -0.5 -0’5 i-0.7 -0’2 I
-i
D

+<+ - .-
C
-I- -

1
I 0 +0.7 -0.25 -0.6 -06
3 e&5 1
g<;<4
-.El A 0
30 -0’5 -0.5 +0.7 -0’1 :
-1.0

--
0
-- -i_ -- -- .-

-iI_Cl
0 +0.7 -0’2 -0’6 -0.6 -l
> -1'1
I<‘<;
w ‘/
cl?-* 0 90 -0’6 -0’6 +0*7 -0’2 5j J
I

’ <hd I!
_j. --

u
I w2
C

0 +0*7 - 0.3 -0’7 -0.7 -I

ec?& 0 } -1’1
$.<.$<4 90 -0’5 -0.5 +0.7 -0.1 J

D -- -_ _- -_

Cl
l<;C+ b 0 + 0.8 --02 -0.8 -0% 7
- A 0
> - 1’2
90 -0’8 -0.8 +0’8 -02 15 J
D

3
z_< h<6
w C
-- .-

p,+
ti*

1 0
e
0

90
l-o.7

-0’5
-0’4

-0’5
-0’7

+0’8
-0’7

-0’1
-I
J
} - 1.2

( Continued )

14
 l!3:875(Part3)-1987

TABLE 4 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( Cpe ) FOR WALLS OF RECTANGULAR

CLAD BUILDINGS - Contd

Cpe FOR SUX~FACE LOCAL cpe

BUILDING BUILDING ELEVATION PLAN WIND
HEIGHT PLAN ANGLE
I
RATIO RATIO 8 A B C D
pggg?z

I 3 0 +0’951 -1’85 -0’9 -0’9 -I

-a- ) -1’25
w 2
90 -0’8 -0’8 +0’9 -0’85 J

0 +0’95 -1.25. -0.7

A I3 90

NOTE - h is the height to caves or parapet, 1 is the greater horizontal dimension of a building and w IS the lesser
horizontal dimension of a building.

6.2.2.3 Monoslope roofs of rectangular clad build-
ings - The average pressure coefficient and
pressure concentration coefficient for monoslope
( lean-to ) roofs of rectangular clad buildings
shall be as given in Table 6.
6.2.2.4 Canoby roofs with $4:
( of the position of maximum blockage the coeffi-
I< &<3 - The pressure coefficients
>
given in Tables 7 and 8 separately for mono-
pitch and double pitch canopy roofs such as
open-air parking garages, shelter areas, outdoor
areas, railway platforms, stadiums and theatres.
The coefficients take account of the combined
effect of the wind exerted on and under the roof
for all wind directions; the resultant is to be taken
normal to the canopy. Where the local coefficients
overlap, the greater of the two given values should
be taken. However, the effect of partial closures
of one side and or both sides, such as those due to
trains, buses and stored materials shall be foreseen
and taken into account.
The solidity ratio 4 is equal to the area of
obstructions under the canopy divided by the
gross area under the canopy, both areas normal
to the wind direction. 4 = 0 represents a canopy
with no obstructions underneath. $ - 1 repre-
sents the canopy fully blocked with contents to
the downwind eaves. Values of C, for intermedi-
ate solidities may be linearly interpolated between
these two extremes, and apply upwind of the
Q 1 and position of maximum blockage only. Downwind
cients for 4 = 0 may be used.
are
In addition to the pressure forces normal to
the canopy, there will be horizontal loads on the
canopy due to the wind pressure on any fascia
and to friction over the surface of the canopy.
For any wind direction, only the greater of these
two forces need be taken into account. Fascia
loads should be calculated on the area of the
surface facing the wind, using a force coefficient
of l-3. Frictional drag should be calculated using
the coefficients given in 6.3.1.
NOYE - Tables 9 to 14 may be used to get internal
and external pressure coefficients for pitches and troug-
hed free roofs for some specific cases for which aspect
ratios and roof slopes have been specified. However,
while using Tables 9 to 14 any significant departure
from it should be investigated carefully. No increase
shall be made for local effects except as indicated.

15
 TABLE 5 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( cp, ) FOR PITCHED ROOFS OF RECTANGULAR CLAD BUILDINGS

( Clause 6.2.2.2 )

ik;Il>lD1N0 RlX!F WIND ANGLE 8 WIND ANQLE O LOCAL COEFFICIENTS

HEIGHT AKaLE 0” 900
RATIO CL

EF GH EG FH

- 0’8 -0’4 -0’8 -0.4 -2’0 -

-0’9 -0’4 - 0’8 -0’4 - 1’4 -1’0
-1’2 -0.4 -0’8 -0’6 -1’4 -1’2
-0‘4 -0’4 -0’7 -0’6 - 1’0 - 1’2
0 -0.4 -0.7 -0.6 -0’8 - 1’1
+0*3 -0.5 -0’7 -0’6 -1’1
+0*7 -0.6 -0’7 -0.6 - 1’1
I

n-
k---W -_1
0 -0‘8 -0’6 -1’0 -0’6 -2’0

-1’1 -0.6 -0’8 -0’6 -2’0 -2.0 -1’5 -1’2

I -0’7
-09 -0’5
-0.6 -0’8
-0.9 -0’6
-06 --2’0
1’5 - 1’5
-2’0 -1’5 -I.0
- 1’0
I 30
_ I -0’2 -0.5 I -0’8 -0.a I -I’0 l_pp___m / -_ / -1’0
+o 2 -0’5 -0.8 -0’8 -
+0’6 -0’5 -0’8 -0’8

-- - .-

0 I -.0.7 -0’6 -0.9 -0.7 -9.n -3.n -9.n

10
5 -0.7 -0%
-0’6 -0’8 -0’8 Ii.! 1 l$;; / -;.; _:vJ
-7’fl -1.5 -1’2
_.3 , h ,. -0’8 -0.6 -0’8 -0’8 - 1’5 -1.5 __i. 5
r‘5;;<0 -1’2
I I IL - 1’0 -0.5 -0’8 -0.7 -1.5 I _~ __ I_.
--oi -0.7 -;.;
-0’8 -0’7
-0’8 -0.7
18:875(Part3)-1987

TABLE 6 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( C,, ) FOR MONOSLOPE ROOFS FOR

RECTANGULAR CLAD BUIILDINGS WITH $ < 2
( Clause 6.2.2.3 )

y = h or 0’15 W, whichever
is the lesser.

NOTE - Area Hand area L refer to the whole quadrant.

ROOF WIND ANQLE 13 LOCAL Cpe

AIGQLE
OL
0” 45O 90” 135O 180”

Degree H L H L H&LH&L H L H L Hi Hs Lz Ls He Le
em*
3%
%g %$
.I& o, .L .5!
a -z E;
a%*
<:93 4:
5 -1’0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.9 -1’0 -0’5 -0.9 -1.0 -0’5 -1’0 -2.0 __1’5 -2’0 -1’5 -2’0 -2’0
10 -1’0 -0.5 -1.0 -0.8 -1.0 -0 5 -0.6 -1.0 -0.4 -1.0 -2’0 v-1.5 -2.0 -1.5 -2’0 -2.0
15 -o-,9 -0.5 -1’0 -0’7 - 1.0 1 -0’5 -0.6 -1.0 -0’3 - 1’0 - 1’8 -0’9 -1’8 - 1.4 -2’0 -2’0

20 -0.8 -0.5 -1.0 -0.6 -0.9 ‘-0.5 -0.5 -1.0 -0’2 -1.0 -1.8 -0’8 -1’8 -1.4 -2.0 -2’0
25 -0’7 -0.5 -1’0 -0.6 -0 8. -0.5 -0.3 -0.9 -0.1 -0.9 -1’8 -0.7 -0.9 -0.9 -2.0 -2’0
30 -0’5 -0’5 -1’0 -0.6 -0 8 -0’5 -0.1 -0’6 0 -0’6 -1’8 -0-j -0.5 -0.5 -2.0 -2.0
J
NOTE 2 h is the height to eaves at lower side, I is the greater horizontal dimension of a building and UJ is the
lesser horizontal dimension of a building.

18
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 7 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR MDNOSLOPE FREE RQOFS

( Clause 6.2.2.4 )

1
MAXINUY ( LARQEST + VE ) AKD MINIMTJIU( LARGEST - VE ) PRESSURE
Rooy ANGLE SOLIDITY RATIO
COEFFICIENTS
( DECUUUES)

Overall Local Coefficients

Coefficients

1 BzzzB N -

0 +0-z +0*5 +1*8 +1-l

5 +0*4 +0’8 +2-l +I’3
10 +0*5 +1*2 +2’4 +I’6
All values of
15 +0*7 + 1’4 +2’7 +1’8
d
20 -l-O’8 +1*7 +2*9 +2*1
25 +1-o +2-o +3*1 +2’3
30 +1-z f2’2 +3’2 +2’4
- -.
0 d=O -0’5 -0’6 -1’3 - 1’4
4-l -1’0 -1’2 - 1’8 -1’9

5 4-O -0.7 - 1.1 - 1’7 - 1.8

4-l -1’1 -1.6 -2.2 -2’3

4=0 -0.9 -1’5 -2.0 -2.1

10
4=1 -1’3 -21 -2.6 -2.7

4-o -1.1 -1’8 -2’4 -2’5

15
4-I -1’4 -2’3 -2.9 -3’0

b-0 -1.3 -2’2 -2’8 -2’9

20
4-l -1.5 -2’6 -3’1 -3’2

25 4-o -1.6 -2’6 -62 -3’2

4-l -1’7 -2’8 -3.5 -3’5

30 4-o -1’8 -3.0 -3.8 -3’6

4=1 - 1’8 -3’0 -3’8 -3.6

NOTE - For monopitch canopies the centre of pressure should be taken to act at 0’3 UJ from the windward
edge.

19
KS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 8 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR FBEE STANDING DOUBLE SLOPED ROOFS

( Clause 6.2.2.4 )

-c,
10
-CP .-Cn I F

-‘I

-ve ROCF ANGLE +ve ROOF ANGLE

I
-
Roos Xsa~n 1 SOLIDITY MAXIMOX ( LAB~EST+VE ) AYDMINI~X ( LARGEST - VE ) Pn~aacnn
: DEc;lIEZ% ) 1 RATIO CO~FFI~~~NTS

! 1 Overall Local Coefficients

Coefficients
!

I / liz%@zl
/
--“Cl +0*7 -i-O% +I’6 / +0’6 +1*7
-15 +0.5 +06 +1.5 + 0’7 +I’4
- 10 $-O-4 +0’6 +I’4 +0’8 +I’1
-5 +0’3 +1*5 i-0.8 +0’8
7-5 +0.3 :x’,’ . + 1’8 +1*3 +0’4
f 10 j Ail values of +0.4 +0*7 +I’8 +1*4 +0*4
! +0*4 +0.9 +1.9 +1’4 +0*4
+15 I 9
i20 +0’6 +1*1 +1*9 +1*5 +0.4
3’ ! +I’2 +1*9 f1’6 -!-0’5
:3; :x:; +I’3 +1*9 +1’6 +0*7
/
I I$=0 -0.7 - -0.9 -1’3 -1’6 -0’6
-20 +=1 -0’9 - 1’2 -1’7 -1’9 -_1’2

o-0 -06 I -0’8 -1’3 -1’6 -0’6

--:5 / 4-l -0.8 -1.1 -1’7 -1’9 - 1’2

“,y_ * -0’6 1 -08 j_ -1.3 -1.5 -0.6

-10 I -0.8 -1’1 -1’7 ’ -1’9 -1:3

$10 ! -0.5 -0’7 -1’3 -1.6 -0.6

-5 : -0’8 ; -1’5 -1’7 -1’9 -1’4
/ -
I -0’6 / -0.6 -1.4 1 -1’4 -1’1
+5 K:, -0’9 -1’3 -1’8 -1.8 -2’1

-0.7 -0’7 -1’5 Al.4 -1.4

+ 10 f=i= -1.4 -2’0 -1.8 -2’4
/ _ -l’l 1 1
/ -0’8 -0.9 - 1’7 -1’4 -1’8
+ 15 / =
f=Y ; -1’2 j - 1’5 -2’2 -1.9 -2%

-0’9 -1’ -1’8 - 1.4 -2’0

i20 $I:, -1’3 / -1.7 -2’3 -1.9 -3’0
I
1 $w& 1 -1.0 1 -1.4 i -1’9 - 1’4 -2’0
i-25 I -1’4 I_L___-!‘9 -_ ;
-2’4 -2’1 -3’0
---.-_
-1’0 -1-4 -1’4 -2’0
i30 $1; 1 I::? -2’2
- 1’4 -2’1 _b -3.0

Each slope of a duopitch canopy should he able to withstand forces using both the maximum and the mmimurn
oefficients, and the whole canopy should be able to support forces using one slope at the maximum coefficient with the
Ither slope at the minimum coeffictent. For duopitch canopies the cenrre of pressure should be taken to act at the centre
‘Peach slope.

20
 YS : 875 ( Pars 3 ) - Y987

TABLE 9 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PXTCHED ROOFS, a +e 3tP

( &uw 6.2.2.4 )

-T 1 T
i 1 E 1 Roof sIope a 0 30’
e - 0’ - 450, D, D’, E, E’ :x1:
I length
9 = 90”, D, D’, E, E’ prr !engzh
i b’, thereafter Cp = 0

I__ L;----
G _____: z
J

I c

-- 7

9 , ----I

1 1 End Surfaces
D 1 D E -7

I ) E’ j c j c’ / c; I
G’
-I I
I -05
I
-0.3
/
j
I
1
- .j_

0 0’6 ! -1’0 / !
-0’6 / -0.3 i / I
45O 0.1 ; -0.3
-0.3 1 -0.4 I1 -0*3 / 0.8 /
9o” -0’3 j -C’4 : I 0’3
_-A- j_ I

45” I Forj : Cp top = -i’O; Cp bottom = -0.2

90”
I-
I Tangentially acting friction: ROOo ip 0’05 pdbd

21
 IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1387

TABLE 10 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCHED FREE ROOFS,
a = 300 WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MA’I’BRIALS

( Clause 6.2.2.4 )

Roof slope LY= 300

! -
, Efftctz of trains or stored
b:5C materials:
0 a 0” -45”, or 135” -180”,
I D, D’. E, F’ full lqngth
I E 6 - ;;,.$, D , E, E part
I
b’, thereafter
!
& = 0

.I-. _G__ L
- --_
I c
&d --I

PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS,cp
cl
“/
End Surfaces
D D’ E E’
c c G G’

0” 0’1 0’8 -0’7 0’9

45O -0’1 0’5 -0’8 0’5

90” -0’4 -0’5 -0’4 -0’5 -0’3 0’8 0’3 -0’4

180” -0’3 -0’6 0’4 -0’6

i -
45” Forj : Cp top = - 1’5; C, bottom Q 0’5

go0 Tangentially acting friction: &a” = 0’05 pdbd

.-

22
-a.-%“---_-_-_“_... _. _

IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 11 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (TOPANDBOTTOM)FORPlTCHEDF~~ BOOFS,am 10"

( Clause
6.2.2.4)

f
b’=d

b=Sd

Roof slope (L = IO”

8 = 0” - 45”, D, D’, E, E’ full length
0 = 90°, D, D’, E, E’ par1 length b’,
thereafter Cp = 0

PRESSURECOEFFICIENTS, CD

e End Surfaces

D D’ E E’
c C G 1 G
-~. I
--

00 -1.0 03 -0.5 0.2 ,

45" -0'3 0.1 -0'3 0’1
90” -0.3 0 -0.3 0 -0'4 0.8 09 -0.6
-
0" Forf: Cp top = -11’0; Cp bottom = 0’4
0” - 90° Tangentially acting friction, RIO’ = O”1 pdbd

23
 TABU I2 PRESSURE COEFFICIFiNTS (*OP AND BOTTOM ) FOR PITCRBD FBE ROOFS
ir - 10” WITH EFFECTS OF TRAIN OR STORED MATJZItIAL8
( CIaw 6.2.2.4 )

-T
h’=O$th
_A_

i
i

Roof slope m - IO0

EAacts of trains or stored materials:
e-o.=- 45’,or 135’ - 180°,
D, D’, E, E’ full length
0 = 90*, D, D’, E, E’ part length b’,
thereafter CD = 0

G G’
i

1
I
/
-0’4 0.8 0’3 -0%
1
!
I i
I
I 0” ’ ForJ: I;, top = -15; Cp bottom = 0.9
0” - I!$” / Tangentially acting friction: R,o” .= 0.1 p&j
i

24
 1sr875(Part3)-1987

TABLE 13 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFTZCXENTS FOR TROUGHED FRER ROOPS, a = IO”

( Clause 6.2.2.4 )

Roof slope a - 10”

9 = 0” -45”, D. D’, E. E’ full
iength
A = 90*, D,_ D’, E, E’ Fatt length
b’, thereafter Cp I 9

P&EssUnE cOEFFICIEK?K3, cp

D D’ 1 E / E’
, I
/
I !
0” 0’3 -0’7 0’2 -0’9
I
,
4Y 0 -0’2 0’1 j -0’3
/
I
90” -0’1 0.1 -0’1 0‘1

0” Forf : CD top = 0’4; Cp bottom = - i-1

0” -90 Tangentially acting friction Rgo” = G’i &bi

25
ISr875( Part3)-1987

TAtWE 14 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( TOP AND BOTTOM ) FOR TROUGHED FREE ROOFS,
a = IO” WITH EFFECTS OF TRAINS OR STORED MATERIALS
( Clause 6.2.2.4 )

b= 5d

f
Lm
T Roof slope (I = 10”
Effects
materials:
of trains or

13= 0” - 450, or 135” - 180”,

D, D’, E, E’ full length
13= go”, D, D’, E, E’, part
length b’ thereafter
stored

Cp = 0

i------i

PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Cp
e

D D’ E E’

00 -0’7 0’8 -0’6 0’6

45O -0’4 0’3 -0’2 0’2

90° -0.1 0’1 -0’1 0’1

180” -0’4 -0.2 -0.6 - 0’3

0” Forf: Cp top = - 1’1; CD bottom = 0’9

O”- 180’ Tangentially acting friction: &,o’ = 0’1 pabd

26
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

6.2.2.5 Curved roofs - For curved roofs, the The total resultant load (P) acting on the roof
external pressure coefficients shall be as given in of the structure is given by the following formula:
Table 15. Allowance for local effects shall be
-made in accordance with Table 5. P = 0.785 D’ ( _!q - C,, pa)

6.2.2.6 Pitched and saw-tooth roofs of multi- The resultant of Pfor roofs lies at 0.1 D from
span buildings - For pitched and saw-tooth the centre of the roof on the windword side.
roofs of multi-span buildings, the external average
pressure coefficients and pressure concentration 6.2.2.10 Combined roofs and roofs with a sky
coefficients shall be. as given in Tables 16 and 17 light - The average external pressure coefficients
respectively. provided that all spans shall be equal for combined roofs and roofs with a sky light is
and the height to the eaves shall not exceed the shown in Table 20.
span.
6.2.2.11 Grandstands - The pressure coeffi-
NOTE- Evidence on multi-span buildings is cients on the roof ( top and bottom ) and rear
fragmentary; any departure given in Tables 16 and 17
should be investigated separately. wall of a typical grandstand roof which is open
on three sides is given in Table 21. The pressure
6.2.2.7 Pressure coeficients on overhangs from coefficients are valid for a particular ratio of
roofs - The pressure coefficients on the top over- dimensions as specified in Table 21 but may be
hanging portion of the roofs shall be taken to be used for deviations up to 20 percent. In general,
the same as that of the nearest top portion of the the maximum wind load occurs when the wind is
non-overhanging portion of the roofs. The pressure blowing into the open front of the stand, causing
coefficients for the underside surface of the over- positive pressure under the roof and negative
hanging portions shall be taken as follows and pressure on the roof.
shall be taken as positive if the overhanging
portion is on the windward side: 6.2.2.12 Upper surface of round silos and
tanks - The pressure coefficients on the upper
a) 1.25 if the overhanging slopes,
surface of round silos and tanks standing on
b) 1.00 if the overhanging isShorizontal, and ground shall be as given in Fig. 2.
c) 0.75 if the overhanging slopes upwards.
6.2.2.13 Spheres - The. external pressure
For overhanging portions on sides other than coefficients for spheres shall be as given in
the windward side, the average pressure coeffi- Table 22.
cients on adjoining walls may be used.
6.2.3 Internal Pressure Coejicients - Internal air
6.2.2.8 Cylindrical structures - For the pur- pressure in a building depends upon the degree
pose of calculating the wind pressure distribution of permeability of cladding to the flow of air.
around a cylindrical structure of circular cross- The internal air pressure may be positive or
section, the value of external pressure coefficients negative depending on the direction of flow of
given in Table 18 may be used provided that the air in relation to openings in the buildings.
Reynolds number is greater than 10 000. They
may be used for wind blowing normal to the axis 6.2.3.1 In the case of buildings where the
of cylinders having axis normal to the ground claddings permit the flow of air with openings not
plane ( that is, chimneys and silos ) and cylinders more than about 5 percent of the wall area but
having their axis parallel to the ground plane where there are no large openings, it is necessary
( that is, horizontal tanks ) provided that the to consider the possibility of the internal pressure
clearance between the tank and the ground is not being positive or negative. Two design conditions
less than the diameter of the cylinder. shall be examined, one with an internal pressure
coefficient of +0.2 and another with an internal
h is height of a vertical cylinder or length of a
horizontal cylinder. Where there is a free flow of pressure coefficient of -0.2.
air around both ends, h is to be taken as half the
The internal pressure coefficient is algebrai-
length when calculating h/D ratio.
cally added to the external pressure coefficient
In the calculation of the resultant load on the and the analysis which indicates greater distress of
periphery of the cylinder, the value of C,t shall the member shall be adopted. In most situations
be taken into account. For open ended cylinders, a simple inspection of the sign of external pressure
C,i shall be taken as follows: will at once indicate the proper sign of the inter-
nal pressure coefficient to be taken for design.
a) 0.8 where h/D is not less than 0.3, and
b) 0.5 where h/D is less than 0.3. NOTE - The term normal permeability relates t*
the flow of air commonly aft‘orded by claddings not
6.2.2.9 Roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated only through open windows and doors, but also through
the slits round the closed winc’ows 2nd doors and thro-
structures - The external pressure coefficients for
ugh chimneys, ventilators and through the joints bet-
roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated structures ween roof coverings, the total open area being less than
shall be as given in Table 19 ( see also Fig. 2 ). 5 percent of area of the walls having the openings.
TABLE 15 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR CURVED ROOFS

( Clause 6.2.2.5 )

l------~-----l Values of C, Cl and C2

a) Roof springing from ground level
c2

-CL_

0'1 -0’8 +0*1 -0’8

_-
0.2 -0’9 +0*3 -0.7
___- .~
03 -1.0 +0*4 -0.3
p_-- jp
0’4 -1’1 +06 +0*4
-- -~
0.5 -1’2 +0.7 i-o.7

NOTE - fihen the wind is blowing

normal to gable ends, Cpe may be
-0.6 taken as equal to -0.7 for the full
width of the roof.over a length of l/2
from the gable ends and -0.5 for the
remaining portion.

b) Roof on elevated structure

rCENTRAL HALF (Cl

GUARTE R
4 i

fiGkIfCiN OF ROOF EEL

THIS LINE TO BE
TREAIED AS AN
EXTENSION of
VERTICAL SUPPORTS

c) Doubly curved roofs

--7 0 0.6
 ..___I.__

ISr875(Part3)-19a7

TABLE 16 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS ( C b i’OR PlTCHED ROeFS OP

MULTISPAN BUILDINGS (ALL SPANS EQ&lp, WITH h > w’
( Ckusc 6.2.2.6 )

I w’ J_
I-
w’ J_
-l-
w’ _1_
I-
w’ _I_ w’ I w* 1
y=h or 0-1~
ROOF PLAN
WHICHEVER IS LESS
h,= h,=h

I i

SECTION

ROOF WIND FIRST SPAN FIRST OTHER END SPAN LOCAL ~RFPIOUNT
ANR LE ANQLE INT~YIcDIATE INT~R~~EDIATE
SPAN SPAN
c----t
a e --74 -- C d -- m n x 2

degrees degrees

5 0 -0’9 -0.6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0’3 -0.3 -0’3 I

10 -1’1 -0.6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0.3 -0’3 -0’4 I

20 -0’7 -0’6 -0’4 -0’3 -0’3 -0’3 -0.3 -0.3 \ -2’0 -1’5

30 -0.2 -0’6 -0.4 -0’3 -0.2 -0’3 -0’2 -0’5 )

45 +0*3 -0.6 -0.6 -0’4 -0’2 -0.4 -0’2 -0.5 J

Distance
r---- -- h-P---- __-
Roof Wind hx ha h3
Angle Angle
d;reea 8
degrees
up to 45 90 -0’8 -0’6 -0’2
Frictional drag: When wind angle 0 - O’, horizontal forces due to frictional drag are allowed for in the aboye
values; and
when wind angle 0 = 90°, allow for frictional drag in accordance with 6.3.1.
NOTE - Evidence on these buildings is fragmentary and any departure from the casu given should ba
investigated reparately.

29
L_ .._ . ._.-

IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 17 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS C,e FOR SAW-TOOTH ROOFS OF MULTI-

SPAN BUILDINGS (‘ALL SPANS EQUAL ) WITH h > w’
( Clause 6.2.2.6 )

ROOF PLAN
Y =hor 0’1 UI which-
ever is the less
hl=hB = h

SECTION

WIND FIRST SPAN FIRST OTHER END SPANS LOCAL COEFFICIENT

ANC+LE INTER~~~EDIATE INTERMEDIATE
e SPAN SPANS
c----Y r--hw-y r---h_-~ C--h--7
a b c d m R x t

degrees

0 +0’6 -0.7 -0’7 -0.4 -0.3 -0’2 -0.1 -0’3 1

-2’0 -1’5
180 -0’5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.6 -0’6 -0’1 J

DISTANCE
c------------ -+.L----_-----~
WIND h ha ha
ANGLE 0
degrees
90 -0.8 -0% -0’2

210 Similarly, but handed

Frictional drag: When wind angle 0 = O’, horizontal forces due to frictional drag are allowed for in the above
values; and
when wind angle 8 I 90”, allow for frictional drag in accordance with 6.3.1.

NOTE - Evidence on these buildings is fragmentary and any departures from the cases given should be investigated
separately.

30
 18:875(P8rt3)-1987

TABLE I8 EXTERNAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION COEFPICIENTS AROuN6 CTLiNDkWWL

sTRucTURm3 ’
( CIaucs6.2.2.8 )

-
POSITION OF PRESSUI~E COEFFICIENT,Cm
PEBIPHERY, 0 -
IX DEQREEB
h/D = 25 h/D = 7
I h/D = 1

0 1’0 1.0 1’0

15 O-8 0’8 0’8

30 0.1 0’1 0’1

45 -0’9 -0’8 -0’7

60 -1’9 -1’7 -1;2

75 -2’5 -2.2 - 1.6

90 -2’6 -2’2 -1’7

105 - 1.9 -1’7 -1.2

120 -0’9 -0’8 -0.7

135 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5

150 -0’6 -0.5 -0’4

165 -06 -0’5 -0’4

180 -0.6 -0.5 -0’4

-- I

31
IS -I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

T-LB 19 =TBRNAL PRESSURE COE@FICIENTS FOR ROOFS AND BOTTOMS OF

CYLINDRICAL BUILDINGS
( Clause6.2.2.9 )

P
OIREC?TION
Of WIN0

(bl

(cl

COS~FICIE~ OF EXTERXAL PREBSURE, Cps

STRUCTURE ACCOBDIITGTO SEAPE

a,budc d

HID Roof (z/H) -1 Roof Bottom

0’5 -0.65 1’00 -0’75 -0’8

130 -1’00 1’25 -0’75 -0.7

_
2.00 - 1’00 1’50 -0’75 -0.6
I -
Total force acting on the roof of the structure, P 1 0’785 Da ( pi - CpePd )
The resultant of P lier ecceotricdly, # a O’ID

32
 IS:875(Part5)-1987

TABLE 28 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, Cw FOR COMBINED ROOFS AND ROOF’S

WITH A SKY LIGHT
( Clause 6.2.2.10 )

a) Combined Roofs

-0.8

VALUE0 OP cpe

POETION DIRECTION 1 DIRECTION 2

a From the Diagram

Cpe = -0’5, - < 1’5 -0’4

hr
b
Cpe = -0’7, _!!!_ > I.5
he

I candd See Table 5

see 6.2.2.7

( Confinurd)

33
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 20 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS, -Cpe FOR COMBINED ROOFS AND ROOFS
WITH A SKY LIGHT - Contd

b) .Roofs with a Sky Light

WIN0

b; ; b, bl < bs

PORTION 0 b a and b
---

Ge -0.6 $0’7 See Table for combined roofs

I

34
 IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 21 PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS AT TOP AND BOTTOM ROOF OF GRAND STANDS

OPEN THREE SIDES ( ROOF ANGLE UP TO 5” )
( Clause 6.2.2.11 )
( A : b : I= 0.8 : 1 : 2’2 )
FRONT AND BACK OF WALL
--
8 3 x L M
---
0* -l-O’9 -0.5 +0.9 -0.5
-
45” +0.8 -0’6 +0*4 -0’4

KM
135O - 1’1 +0’6 - 1.0 +0*4
777
-_

180~ -0.3 co.9 -0’3 +0.9

-

60” ‘Mw’ - CpofK= -1’0

7 60” ‘Mw’ - c, Of.3 = + 1’0

Mw

G 1
I
0H

i-----b4
( Shaded area to scale )
TOP AND BOTTOM OF ROOF
-
1

0 B c D E
-- -.-

0” +0*9 -1.0 +0.9 -0.7 +0’9 CO’7 f0’9

* ~- --

45O $0’7 -0’7 -CO’4 -0.5 +0’8 -0’5 f0’3

135” -1.1 -0’7 -1’0 -0.9 -0.9 -1’0

N_ --.-

180”
i
-0.6 -0’3 -0.6 -0.3 -0’6 -0’6 -0’3

/
45O ‘MR’ - cp ( top ) = -2.0
-

45” ‘MB’ - Cp ( bottom ) = + 1’0

35
 T-
I8 : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

1.5 j.0 a 0.5

tand c 0.2
0.20 <h <30
h

/I I,,, , ,, , , ,,

SECTION
0
_,
, ,,.,

AA
._.
, ,,,

---I
, ,

PLAN
( For Force Coefficient Corresponding to Shell Portion, see Table 23 ).

FIQ. 2 EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT ON THE UPPER ROOF SURFACEOF SINQULAR ChtCr;t~~
STANDINGON ‘1:HE GROUND

6.2.3.2 Buildings with medium
ojenings - Buildings with medium and large
openings may also exhibit either positive or
negative internal pressure depending upon the
direction of wind. Buildings with medium open-
ings between about 5 to 20 percent of wall area
shall be examined for an internal pressure coeffi-
Fient of +0*5 and later with an internal pres-
sure coefficient of -0.5, and the analysis which
produces greater distress of the members shall be
adopted. Buildings with large openings, that is,
openings larger than 20 percent of the wall area
shall be examined once with an internal pressure
coefficient of $-O-7 and again with an internal
pressure coefficient of -0.7, and the analysis
which produces greater distress on the members
shall be adopted.
Buildings with one open side or opening
exceeding 20 percent of wall area may be assu-
med to be subjected to internal positive pressure
or suciion similar to those for buildings with large
openings. A few examples of buildings with one
sided openings are shown in Fig. 3 indicating
values of internal pressure coefficients with respect
to the direction of wind.
6.2.3.3 In buildings with roofs but no walls,
the roofs wiilbe subjected to pressure from both
inside and outside and the recommendations shall
be as given in 6.2.2.
and large 6.3 Force Coefficients - The value of force
coefficients apply to a building or structure as a
whole, and when multiplied by the effective.
frontal area A, of the building or structure and by
design wind pressure, pd gives the total wind load
on that particular building or structure.
F - Ci A, ~a
where F is the force acting in a direction
specified in the respective tables and Ci is the
force coeficient for the building.
RiOTE 1 - The value of the force coefficient differs
for the wind acting on different faces of a building or
structure. In order to determine the critical load, the
total wind load should be calculated for each wind
direction.
NOTE 2 - If surface design pressure varies with
height, the surface area of the building/structure mav
be sub-divided so that specified pressures are taken over
appropriate areas.
NOTE3 - In‘tapered buildinq/structures, the force
coefficients shall be applied aiier sub-dividing the
building/structure into suitable number of strips and the
load on each strip calculated individually, taking the
area of each strip as Ae.
NOTE 4 - For force coefficients for structures not.
covered above, reference may be made to specialist
literature on the subject or advise may be sought from
specialists in the subject.

36
 iS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TARLE !Z2 =TRRNAL PRESSURE DISTRIRUTION COEFFICIENTS AROdND

SPHERICAL STRUCTURES
( Chse 6.2.2.13 )

-
1- REMAIIKS

0 4-1'0 Ct = 0.5 for Dl;d < 7

15 +0.9 = 0.2 for DVa > 7

30 -to*5
45 -0’1

60 -0.7

75 --I’1

90 - 1.2

105 - 1’0

120 -0.6

135 -0.2

150 +0*1

165 +0*3

180 +0*4

6.3.1 Frictional Drag - In certain buildings of
special shape, a force due to .frictional drag shall
be taken into account in addition to those loads
specified in 6.2. For rectangular clad buildings,
this addition is necessary only where the ratio
d d
- or F is greater than 4. The frictional drag
h
force, F’, in the direction of the wind is given by
the following formulae:
Ifh< b,F’=C,‘(d-4h)b@,
s Cr’ ( d - 4h ) 2 hi&, and
if A > b, F’ - “;‘&-j 4b ) bjd
- 4b ) 2 h&.
The first term in each case gives the drag on
the roof and the second on the walls. The value
of Cr’ has the following values:
C,‘ - 0.01 for smooth surfaces without corru-
gations or ribs across the wind direction,
C,’ - 0.02 for surfaces with corrugations
across the wind direction, and
Cf’ = 0.04 for surfaces with ribs across the
wind direction.
For other buildings, the frictional drag has
been indicated, where necessary, in the tables of
pressure coefficients and force coefficients.
6.3.2 Force Corficients for Ciad Buildings
6.3.2.1 Clad buildings of uniform section -
The overall force coefficients for rectangular clad
b ur‘ld’mgs of uniform section with Aat roofs in
uniform flow shall be as given in Fig. 4 and for
other clad buildings of uniform section ( without
projections, except-where otherwise sho& ) shall
be as given in Table 23.

37
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

(C) For F = I, use average values

Arrows indicate direction of wind.

FIG. 3 LARGE OPENINQ IN-BUILDINGS( VALUES OF COEFFICIENTSOF INTERNAL PRESXJRE )
WITM TOP CLOSED
6.3.2.2 Buildings of circular shajcs - Force surface varying linearly from a maximum of l-7’
coefficients for buildings circular cross-section Cr at the up wind edge to 044 Ci at the down
shapes shall be as given in Table 23. However, wind edge.
more precise estimation of force coefficients for The wind load on appurtenances and supports
circular shapes of infinite length can be obtained for hoardings shall be accounted for separately by
from Fig. 5 taking into account the average using the appropriate net pressure coefficients.
height of surface roughness E. When the length Allowance shall be made for shielding effects of
is finite, the values obtained from Fig, 5 shall be one element or another.
reduced by the multiplication factor K ( see also
Table 25 and Appendix D ). 6.3.2.4 Solid circular shajes mounted on a
surface - The force coefficients for solid circular
6.3.2.3 Lox walls and hoardings - Force shapes mounted on a surface shall be as given in
coefficients for low walls and hoardings less than Fig. 6.
15 m high shall be as given in Table ‘21 provided
the height shall be measured from the ground to 6.3.3 Force Coejicients for Unclad Buildings
the top of the walls or hoarding, and provided 6.3.3.1 General - This section applies to.
that for walls’ or hoardings above ground the permanently unclad buildings and to frameworks
clearance between the wall or hoarding and the of buildings while temporarily unclad. In the case
ground shall be not less than 0.25 times the verti- of buildings whose surfaces are well rounded, such
cal dimension of the wall or hoarding. as those with elliptic, circular or ovoid cross-
To allow for oblique winds, the design shall sections, the total force can be more at wind
also be checked for net pressure normal to the speeds much less than the maximum due to
38
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

ztransition in the nature of boundary layer OII them. obstructed, the ratio l/b shall be taken as
Although this phenomenon is well known in the infinity for the purpose of determining K_
case of circular cylinders, the same phenomenon
b) Flat-sided members - Force coefficients’ for
exists in the case of many other well-rounded wind normal to the longitudinal axis of
:structures, and this possibility must be checked. flat-sided structural members shall be as
given in Table 26.
6.3.3.2 Individual members
The force coeficients are given for two
a) The coefficients refer to the members of
infinite length. For members of finite length, mutually perpendicular directions relative
to a reference axis on the structural mem-
the coefficients should be multiplied by a
factor K that depends on the ratio I/b ber. They are designated as CI, and Cft,
give the forces normal and transverse,
where 1 is the length of the member and
5 is the width across the direction or wind. respectively to the relerence plane as shown
Table 25 gives the required values of K. in Table 26.
The foliowing special cases must be noted Normal force, F, = C,, pd A’1 b
while estimating K. Transverse force, Ft = Cft pa K 1 b
i) Where any member abuts onto a plate or c) Circular sections - Force coefficients for
wall in such a way that free flow of air members of circular section shall be as
around that end of the member is pre- given in Table 23 ( seealso Appendix D ).
vented, then the ratio of l/b shall be
d) Force coefficients for wires and cables shall
doubled fat the purpose of determining be as given in Table 27 according to the
K; and diamater (D), the design wind speed ( f’ti)
ii) When both ends of a member are so and the surface roughness.

h
-_=a a
b
\\I 701 i I I

t
cf

a/b -
4A Values of Cr versus -I for $ 2 1

4B Values of Cc versus -: for -a < 1

‘FI~J. 4 FORCE COEFFICIENTBFOR RECTANGULAR CLAC BUILDINGSIN UNIPBRM FLO~V

39
d _-_ . ..-. -.-. --

‘IS:873(Part3)-1987

TABLE 23 FORCE COEFFICIENTS Cf FOR CLAD BUILDINGS OF UNIFORM SECTION

( ACTING IN THE DIRECTION OF WIND )
[ Clauses 6.3.2.1,6.3.2.2 and 6.3.3.2(c) ]

-i- Cr POX HEIOET/BEEADTH RATJO

-
1 3pro1/2j 1 2 I 5
!
10 f 20 T
- 1.
oa

All surfaces <6

,! i--
I
-,-
I
-
I

_-;
I I
0'7 0-i 0’7 0’8 0’9 I 1’2
Rough or with 1
projections >6 I
j.
Ij- I
I

, !

See aim Apppendix c Snzooth >6

1
o-5 , 0.5 0’5
I’ 0’6
r
- i- _j -- .I.

--- 1,
_I.

, !
I
< 10 I 0’5 I 0’5 I
0’5
!
c-5 j 0.6 i 0.6 0'7
I
I
-I-- / --
> 10 0’2 j- O-2
-1 0.2

.j- -!

<a 0.8 / 0’8 ’ i.3 1’7

Ellipse
b/d - 2
_ _-
o-9 1’0

I
1-l
i
>8 0’8 u-8 0’9 1’0 1’1 1.3 1’5

I--- --_/___
(4 0’6 ’ 0’6 0’6 0’7 0.8 ) 0’8
r b/d = 1 --_ -- -_
r/b i= l/3
34 0.4 0.4 0’4 0’4 O-5 0’5 0.5
-0
-- --

< 10 0.7 0:8 0’8 0.9 1‘0 1’3

b/d = 1 -- ---
r\e - lJ6
> 10 0.5 0’5 0’5 0.5 0’6
i Ia0
/ 0% )_ G.6
-- -1.
<3 0’3 I 0.3 0.3 @3 0’3 i 0.3 0’4
-- I
i
>s 0.2 , 0.2 0.2 0.2

--

b/d = l/2 All

r/b = l/6 values 0’5 0’5 0’5 0.5 0.6 0’6 0’7

._
-]-
d
t
i b/d - 2 All
values 1.0 ; 1’1
d rib = l/12 0.9 o-9
-n
I
I!
--
( Chlintrcd )

40
 IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

TABLE 23 FORCE COEFFICIENTS Ci FOR CLAD BUILDINGS OF UNIFORM SECTION

( ACTING IN THE DIRECTION OF WIND’) - Contd

P~ax SRAPE Vdb Cf FOR HEIGHT/BREADTH RATIO

!
-
--I
m2;s p to 1;2 1 2 5 10 20 ICC /

. I- _/--.-J-_-____
, I
I I !

/ I
<6 0.7 0’8 0.8 0.9 1’0 I 1’2 1 1’6 1
b/d = 2
r/b - l/4
- - -_ _- .I_ __...+__/-I

>6 0’5 0.5 0’5 0.5 0.5 O-6 j 0’6

I

-/- .I- _- .I- -I-

/--“I
r’ (10 0’8 0.8 0’9 1’0
_- 1’1 1’3 1’5

-0 va
u
r/a=113 _

710
-

-
0.5

. _--
0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0’5
-i-
0'6 0’6

,-

-~

0 r/a = l/12
All
values

_- --
0.9

_
0.9 0’9

-
1.1 1’2

.-
1’3 1’6

0.9 0’9 0.9 1.1 1’2 :‘3 1’6

I
_- I -_

(11 0’7 O-7 0.8 0’9 1’0 1’2

_- -- ---
r/b = l/4 ~
_-

711 0’4 0.4 0’4 0’4 O-5 0.5 0.5

__/_ _ _--
-I -I
--

0’8 0.8 0’8 1’0 1’1 12 1.4

_ -_ _- _ - --

0.7 0.7 0’8 0’9 1.0 1’1 1.3

- -- --

0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1’0 I.1 1’3

- - - I- -/- _I------- -.__
0.4 0’4 0’4 0.4 1 0’5 0.5 0.5
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - R987

TABLE 23 FORCE COEFFICIENTS cf FOB CLAD BUILDINGS OF UNIFORM SECTION

( ACTING IN THE DIRECTION OF WIND ) - Contd

P&AN SHAPE Vd Cr FOR HEI~ET/BREADTH RATIO

up to l/2 I 2 5 10 20 cc
msls
_-----
I I----
’

- D 1’4:z~
All
values
1.2

--
1.2 1.2 1’4 1’6

-cl L----d----J
12-sided
PO1
ygon
_-
<12

512
0’7

0’7
0.7

0’7
0’8

0.7
0’9

0-Y
1’0

0.8
-

-l-
1.1

0’9
I
)__-

I
I
1.3

1’1

-0 Octagon All
values
1.0 1’0 1’1 1’2 1’2

~
1.3

--
1’4

-0 Hexagan
All
values 1’0 1’1 l-2 1.3 1’4

Structures that, because of their size and design wind velocity, are in the supercritical flow regime may need further
1’4 ( 1’5

calculation to ensure that the greatest loads do not occur at some wind speed below the maximum when the flow will be
subcritical,

The coefficients are for buildings without projections, except where otherwise shown.

In this table Vdb is used as an indication of the airflow regime.

42
--- ~.____..

18:875(Part3)-1987

@6

0
14l6 2 3 L 5 6 8 106- -2 3 L 5 6 8 107 2 3 L56 81’

Cf
Fro. 5 VARIATION OF WITH R, ( >3 x 10’ ) FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS

TABLE 24 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR LOW WALLS OR HOARDINGS ( < 15m HIGH )
( Clause 6.3.2.3 )

t--bl
I I

ABOVE GROUND h’>,O-25h’ ONE EDGE ON GRUUND

Wind normal to face
-

Wall
WIDTH

Above Ground
TO HEIGHT RATIO, b/h

Wall on Ground
1 DRAG COEFFICIENT, Cf

From 0’5 to 6 From 1 to 12 l-2

10 20 1’3

16 32 1’4

20 40 l-5

40 80 1.75

60 120 1’8

80 or more 160 or more 2’0

-

43
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

SIOE ELEVATION DESCRIPTION OF SHAPE

CIRCULAR OISC

HEMISPHERICAL
BOWL

HEMISPHERICAL
BOWL

HEMISPHERICAL
SOLID

06 FOR V,,O<7
SPHERICAL O-2 FOR ‘IdO’/
SOLID

FIG.6 FORCE COEFFICIENTSFOR SOLID SHAPES-MOUNTED ON A SURFACE

TABLE 25 REDUCTION FACTOR K FOR INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS

[ Clauses
6.3.2.2md 6.3.3.2(a) ]

I/b or l/D 2 5 10 20 40 50 100 C-a

Circular cylinder, 0’58 0’62 0’68 0.74 0.82 0.87 0’98 1’00
subcritical Row

Circular cylinder, 0.80 0.80 0.82 O-90 0.98 0’99 1’00 1’00
supercritical flow
( DVd 9 6ma/s )

Flat plate perpendi- 0.62 0’66 0.69 0.81 0.87 0’90 o-95 1’00
cular to wind
( DV,j 2 6m2/s )
D I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

cf sub a force coefficient for subcritica)

TABLE 27 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR circular members as given in.
WIRES AND CABLES ( I/D = 100 )
Table 28 or Appendix D,
[ Clause 6.3.3.2(d) ]
c t iilbt = force coefficient for the flat
FLOW REW.IE FORCE COEFFICIENT, Cr FOR sided members as given in
~_--_-~-~--_---~
Smooth Moder- Fine Thick Table 28,
Surface ately Stranded Stranded A clrc sub - effective area of subcritical
Smooth Cables Cables
Wire
circular members,
(Galvani- ht = effective area of flat-side&
zed or members,
Painted) A
+ub= &rc Bub + Amty and
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
DVa < 0’6 me/s - - 1.2 1.3 Area of the frame in a
QVa 2 0’6 ma/s - - 0’9 1’1 = supercritical flow >
Y
Dvd < 0.6 ml/s 1’2 1’2 - - Ae
Dvd 2 cj m’js 0.5 0.7 - - 6.3.3.4 Mu&h frame buildings - This
section applies to structures having two or more.
6.3.3.3 Singleframes - Force coefficients for parallel frames where the windward frames may
a single frame having either: have a shielding effect upon the~frames to leeward
a) all flat sided members, or side. The windward frame and any unshield parts
of other frames shall be calculated in accordance
b) all circular members in which all the with 6.3.3.3, but the wind load on the parts of
members of the frame have either: frames that are sheltered should be multiplied by
i) D va less than 6 ms/s, or a shielding factor which is dependent upon the
ii) DVa greater than 6 ml/s. solidity ratio of the windward frame, the types of
the members comprising the frame and the spac-
shall be as given in Table 28 according to the ing ratio of the frames. The values of the shielding
type of the member, the diameter (D), the design factors are given in Table 29.
wind speed (v,J) and the solidity ratio (+).

TABLE 28 FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR TABLE 29 SHIELDING FACTOR q FOR

SINGLE FRAMES MULTIPLE FRAMES

SOLIDITY FORCE COEFFICIENTS, Q, FOR EFFECTIVE FRAME SPACIXGRATIO

RATIO Q r-___-_--*--_____-~ SorJnrTY c_--_______*-_-.40- __‘_
Fiat-sided Circular Sections RATIO, fl ~0’5 1’0 2’0 *
Members ~--_--~~---~-~ >a.0
Subcri- Super- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
tical flow critical flow 0 1.0 1’0 1’0 1’0 1’0
(DVdC6 ms/s) (Dv&% ma/s) 0.1 0’9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1’0
(1) (2) (3) (4) 0.2 0.8 0.9 1’0 1’0 1’0
0’1 1.9 1’2 0.7
0’3 0’7 0.8 1’0 1’0 1’0
0.2 1’0 1.2 0.8
0’4 0.6 0’7 1’0 1.0 1’0
0.3 1’7 1’2 0.8
0’5 0’5 0.6 0’9 1’0 1’0
0’4 I.7 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.8 o-9 10
0’5 i.6 1-l 0.8 1.0 0’3 0’6 0’6 0.8 1‘0
0’75 I.6 I.5 1’4
2.0 2’0 2.0 Linear interpolation between values is permitted.
1’00
Linear interpolation between the values is permitted.

Where there are more than two frames of

Force coefficients for a single frame not com- similar geometry and spacing, the wind load on
plying with the above requirements shall be the third and subsequent frames should be taken
calculated as follows: as equal to that on the second frame. The loads.
on the various frames shall be added to obtain
total load on the structure.
a) The frame spacing ratio is equal to the
+ (1 - Y) +
sub
crflat distance, centre to centre of the frames,
beams or girders divided by the least
where overall dimension of the frame, beam or
C f super = force coefficient for the super- girder measured at right angles to the
critical circular members as direction of the wind. For triangular framed
given in Table 28 or Appen- structures or rectangular framed structures
dix D, diagonal to the wind, the spacing ratio

46
 IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

should be calculated from the mean dis- Force coefficients for lattice towers of
tance between the frames in the direction equilateral-triangle s’ection with circular
of the wind. members all in the same flow ragime may
b) Effective solidity ratio, p: be as given in Table 32.
p = CJ for flat-sided members.
TABLE 31 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
@ is to be obtained from Fig. 7 for SQUARE TOWERS COMPOSED OF
members of circular cross-sections. ROUNDED MEMBERS
[ Clause 6.3.3.5(d) ]
SOLIDITY FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
RATIO OF r----------- h-- _____ --~
FRONT FACE Subcritical Flow Supercritical Flow
(Dvd < 6 mr/s) ( DVd 2 6 d/s 1
r-__*_-_y r---h --7
Onto face Onto Onto face Onto
corner corner
(1) (2) (3) (4) ,(5)
0’05 2’4 2.5 1’1 1’2
0’1 2’2 2’3 1’2 1’3
0’2 1’9 2.1 1’3 1’6
0’3 1’7 1’S 1’4 1’6
0’4 1’6 1’9 1.4 1.6
0.5 1’4 1’9 1’4 1’6
0 0.1 O-2 0.3 04 05 06 0 7 0 8
SOLIDITY RATIO.9
TABLE’ 32 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR
FIG..~ EFFECTIVE SOLIDITY RATIO, p EQUILATERAL-TRIANGULAR TOWERS
FOR ROUND SECTION MEMBERS COMPOSED OF ROUNDED MEMBERS
[ Clause 6.3.3.5(e) ]
6.3.3.5 Lattice towers SOLIDITY RATIO FORCE COEFFICIENT FOB
OF FRONT FACE I----- ---- --_-_--_-~
a) Force coefficient for lattice towers of square s+ Subcritical Flow Supercritcial Flow
or equilateral triangle section with flat- (Dvd < 6 m*/s) (Dvd < 6 ms/s)
c__-*-‘_~ r-__A-__y
sided members for wind blowing against any
All wind All wind
face shall be as given in Table 30. directions directions
(1) !2) (3)
TABLE 30 OVERALL FORCE COEFFICIENT FOR 0’05 1’8
TOWERS COMPOSED OF FLAT-SIDED MEMBERS
0.8
0’1 l-7 0.8
SOLIDITY RATIO FORGE COEEFICIENT BOR 0.2 1’6 1’1
cm-_-_-.“-- s-s-7
0’3 1’5 1’1
4 Square Towers Equilateral Tri-
angular Towers 0’4 1.5 1’1
(2) 0’5 1’4 1’2
(1) (3)
0.1 3’8 3.1
0’2 3.3 2’7
6.3.3.6 Tower a@rtenanccs - The wind
0.3
loading on tower appurtenances, such as ladders,
2.8 2.3
conduits, lights, elevators, etc, shall be calculated
0.4 2’3 1’9
using appropriate net pressure coefficients for
0’5 2’1 1’5 these elements. Allowance may be made for
shielding effect from other elements.
b) For square lattice towers with flat-sided 7. DYNAMIC EFFECTS
members the maximum load, which occurs
when the wind blows into a corner shall be 7.1 General - Flexible slender structures and
taken as 1.2 times the load for the wind structural elements shall be investigated to ascer-
blowing against a face. tain the importance of wind induized oscillations
or excitations along and across the direction of
4 For equilateral-triangle lattice towers with
wind.
flat-sided members, the load may be assu-
m ed to be constant for any inclination of In general, the following guidelines may be
wind to a face. ‘used for examining the problems of wind induced
Force coefficients for lattice towers of oscillations:
4
square section with circular members, all in a) Buildings and closed structures with a
the same flow regime, may be as given in height to minimum lateral dimension ratio
Table 31. of more than about 5.0. and

47
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
b) Buildings and closed structures whose
natural frequency in the first mode -is less
than 1-O Hz.
Any building or structure which does not
satisfy either of the above two criteria shall be
examined for dynamic effects of wind.
NOTE 1 - The fundamental time period (I) may
either be established by experimental observations on
similar buildings or calculated by any rational method
of analysis. In the absence of such data, T may be
determined as follows for multi-storeyed buildings:
4 For moment .resisting frames without bracing or
shear walls for resisting the lateral loads
z-=0*1 n single degree of freedom stall flutter, torsional
where
n = number of storeys including basement sto-
reys; and
b) For all others
== 0’09 H
d/d
where
H - total height of the main structure of the
building in metres, and
d = maximum base dimension of building in
metrcs in a direction parallel to the applied
wind force.
NOTE 2 - If preliminary studies indicate that
wind-induced oscillations are likely to be rignificant,
investigations should be persuade with the aid of analy-
tical methods or, if necessary, by means oi wind tunnel
tests on models.
NOTE3 - CrossLwind motions may by due to
lateral gustiness of the wind, unsteady wake flow (for
example, vortex shedding ), negative aerodynamic
damping or to a combination of these effects. These
cross-wind motions, can become critical in the design of
tall buildings/structures.
NOTE 4 - Motions in the direction of wind (known
also as buffeting) are caused by fluctuating wind force
associated with gusts. The excitations depend on gust
energy available at the resonant frequency.
NOTE 5 - The wake shed from an upstream body
may intensify motions in the direction of the wind, and
may also affect crosswind motions.
NOTE6 -The designer must be aware of the
following three forms of wind induced motion which
are characterized by increasing amplitude of oscillation
with the increase of wind speed.
a) Galloping - Galloping is transverse oscillations
of some structures due to the development of
aerodynamic forces which are in phase with the
motion. It is characterized by the progressively
increasing amplitude of transverse vibration
with increase of wind speed. The cross-section
which are particularly prone to this type of
excitation include the following:
i) All structures with non-circular cross-sections,
such as triangular, square, polygons, as well
as angles, crosses, and T-sections,
ii) Twisted cables and cables with ice encrusta-
tions.
b) Flutter - Flutter is unstable oscillatory motion
of a structure due to coupling between aerody-
namic force and elastic deformation of the
structure. Perhaps the’ most common form is
oscillatory motion due to combined bending
and torsion. Although oscillatory motions in
each degree of frebdom may be damped, insta-
bility can set in due to energy transfer from one
mode of oscillation to another, and the structure
is seen to execute sustained or divergent oscilla-
48
tions with a type of motion which is a combina-
tion of the individual modes of motion. Such
energy transfer takes place when the natural
frequencies of modes, taken individually, are
close to each other ( ratio. being typically less
than 2’0 ). Flutter can set in at wind speeds
much less than those required for exciting the
individual modes of motion. Long span
suspension bridge decks or any member of a
structure with large values of d/t ( where d is
the depth of a structure or structural member
parallel to wind stream and t is the least lateral
dimension of a member ) are prone to low speed
flutter. Wind tunnel testing is required to.
determine critical flutter speeds and the likely
structural response. Other types of flutter are
flutter, etc.
Cl Ovafiing- This walled structures with open ends
at one or both ends such as oil storage tanks,
and natural draught cooling towers in which the
ratio of the diameter of minimum lateral dimen-
sion to the wall thickness is of the order of !OO
or more, are prone to ovalling oscillations.
These oscillations are characterized by periodic
radial deformation of the hollow structure.
NATE 7 -Buildings and structures that may be
subjected to serious wind excited oscillations require
careful investigation. It is to be noted that wind induc-
ed oscillations may occur at wind speeds lower than the
static design wind speed for the location.
NOTE8 - Analytical methods for the response of
dynamic structures to wind loading can be found in the
following publications:
i) Engineering Science Data, Wind Engineering
Sub-Series ( 4 volumes ), London, ESDU Inter-
national.
ii) ‘Wind Engineering in the Eighties’, Construc-
tion Industry Research and Information Associ-
ation, 1981, London.
iii) ‘Wind Effects on Structures’ by E. Simiu and
R.H. Scanlan, New York, John Wiley and
Sons, 1978.
iv) Supplement to the National Building Code of
Canada. 1980. NRCC, No. 17724, Ottawa, Nati-
onal Research Council of Canada, 1980.
v) Wind forces on structures by Peter Sachs. Per-
gamon press.
vi) Flow induced vibration by Robert D. Clevins,
Van Nostrand Reinfold Co.
vii) Appropriate Indian Standards ( see 1.1.3 ).
NOTE 9 - In assessing wind loads due to such dy-
namic phenomenon as galloping, flutter and ovalling, if
the required information is not available either in the
references of Note 8 or other literature, specialist advise
shall be sought, including experiments on models in
wind tunnels.
7.2 Motion Due to Vortex Shedding
7.2.1 For a structure, the
Slender Structures -
shedding frequency, 3 shall be determined by the
following formula:
where
S = Strouhal number,
v#j = design wind velocity, and
b = breadth of a structure or structural
members in the horizontal plane
normal to the wind direction.
 IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

a) Circular Structures - For structures circular 8.2.1 Variation of Hourb Mean Wind Speed with
in cross-section: Height - The variation of hourly mean wind
S = 0.20 for bV’, not greater than 7, speed with height shall cbe calculated as follows:
and Vz = Vb h ha ks
= 0.25 for bV, greater than 7. where
b) Rectangular Structures - For structures of P, = hourly mean wind speed in m/s,
rectangular cross-section: at height e;
S = O-15 for all values of b V,. vb = regional basic wind speed in m/s
NOTE 1 - Significant cross wind motions may be (see Fig. 1 );
produced by vortex shedding if the natural frequency kl = probability factor ( see 5.3.1 );
of the structure or structural element is equal to the
frequency of the vortex shedding within the range of & = terrain and height factor ( see
expected wind velocities. In such cases, further analysis Table 33 ); and
should be carried out on the basis of references given in
Note 8 of 7.1. A-s- topography factor ( see 5.3.3 ).
NOTE 2 - Unlined welded steel chimney stacks
and similar structures are prone to excitation by vortex TABLE 33 HOURLY MEAN WIND SPEED FACTOR
shedding. Xs IN DIFFERENT TERRAINS FOR
NOTE 3 - Intensification of the effects of periodic DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
vortex shedding has been reported in cases where two ( Cluuses 8.2 and 8.2.1 )
or more similar structures are located in close proxi-
mity. for example, at less than 20 b apart, where b is HEIQ~T T~RRA.IN
the dimension of the structure normal to the wind. m r--------- - ----- ---7
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
NOTE 4 - The formulae given in 7.2.1(a) and (b)
are valid for infinitely long cylindrical structures. The (1) (4 (3) (4) (5)
value of Sdecreases slowly as the ratio of length to up to 10 0’78 0’67 0’50 0’24
maximum transverse width decreases; the reduction
being up to about half the value, if the structure is only 15 0.82 O-72 0’55 0.24
three times higher than its width. Vortex shedding 20 0’85 0’75 0’59 0’24
need not be considered if the ratio of length to maxi- 0’88 0’79 0’64 0’34
30
mum transverse width is less than 2’0.
50 0.93 0’85 0’70 0’45
8. GUST FACTOR ( GF ) OR GUST EFFEC- 100 0’99 0.92 0.79 0.57
TIVENESS FACTOR ( GEF ) METHOD 150 1’03 0’96 0.81 0’64
200 1.06 1’00 0.88 0.68
8.1 Application - Only the method of calculat-
250 l-08 1.02 0.91 0.72
ing load along wind or drag load by using gust
factor method is given in the code since methods 300 1’09 1.04 0’93 o-74
for calculating load across-wind or other compon- 350 1’11 1’06 0’95 0’77
ents are not fully matured for all types of struc- 400 1’12 1.07 0’97 0’79
tures. However, it is permissible for a designer to 450 1.13 1’08 0.98 081
use gust factor method to calculate all compon- 500 1’14 1’09 o-99 0.82
ents of load on a structure using any available
theory. However, such a theory must take into
account the random nature of atmospheric wind 8.3 Along Wind Load - Along wind load on a
speed. structure on a strip area ( A, ) at any height (2)
is given by:
NOTE - It may be noted that investigations for
various types of wind induced oscillations outlined in 7 F z- - Ci A, j& G
are in no way related to tRe use of gust factor method
given in 8 although the study of 7 is needed for using where
gust factor method. F, = along wind load on the structure at
8.2 Hourly Mean Wind - Use of the existing any height z corresponding to strip area
theories of gust factor method require a knowl- &
edge of maximum wind speeds averaged over one Ct = force coefficient for the building,
hour at a particular location. Hourly mean wind
A e = effective frontal area considered for the
speeds at different heights in different terrains is
structure at height c,
given in Table 33.
Pz = design pressure at height z due to hourly
NOTE - It must also be recognized that the ratio mean wind obtained as 0.6 vzs ( N/ma ),
of hourly mean wind [ HMW ) to peak speed given in
Table 33 may not be obtainable in India since extreme
wind occurs mainly due to cyclones and thunderstorms,
G , and is
unlike in UK and Canada where the mechanism is
given by:
fully developed pressure system. However Table 33
may be followed at present for the estimation of the
hourly mean wind speed till more reliable values G= 1 +gfr B (l+b)” + ‘$1
become available.

49
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987 .

where S = size reduction factor ( see Fig. 10 ),

& = peak factor defined as the ratio of the
expected peak value to the root mean E = measure of available energy in the wind
value of afluctuating load, and stream at the natural frequency of the
structure ( see Fig. 11 ),
Y = roughness factor which is dependent on
the size of the structure in relation to /3= damping coefficient ( as a fraction of
the ground roughness. critical damping ) of the structure ( see
The, value of (gfr’ is given in Fig. 8, Table 34 ), and
B = background factor indicating a measure
of slowly varying component of fluctuat- grr 0-
d= 4 and is to be accounted only
ing wind load and is obtained from
Fig. 9, for buildings less than 75 m high in
terrain Category 4 and for buildings .less
SE
-e measure of the resonant component of the than 25 m high in terrain Cateiory 3,
P and is to be taken as zero in all other
fluctuating wind load, cases.

BUILDING HEIGHT,m

Fro 8 VALUES OF&r AND L (h)

0.8
0.6

0.01 -02 -04 .06 .l .2 .3 .L .5 .f! 1 2 6 810

CZh/L(h)

F1o.9 BACKGROUND FACTOR B

50
IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

0.2
W
$ 0.15

0
c 0 .!
LI
Q
lL

gJ 0.05
“, O.OL
= 0.03

‘; 0.02

2
0.01

fo L(h:/vh

Fro. 11 GUST ENERGYFACTOR, E

In figures 8 to 11,
TABLE 34 SUGGESTED VALUES OF DAMPING
COEFFICIENT
( Clause 8.3 )
N ATUBE 0~ STRIJCTURE DAMPING
where COEFFICIENT, @

c, = lateral correlation constant which may (1) (2)

be taken as 10 in the absence of more Welded steel structures 0’010
precise load data, Bolted steel structures 0’020
Reinforced concrete structures 0’016
Ca = longitudinal correlation constant
which may be taken as 12 in the
8.3.1 The peak acceleration along the wind
absence of more precise load data,
direction at the top of the structure is given by
b = breadth of a structure normal to the the following formula:
wind stream,
h = height of a structure,
where
.pb = v, = hourly mean wind speed at height t,
z== mean deflection at the position
f,, = natural frequency of the structure, and
where the acceleration is required.
Lul) = a measure of turbulence length scale Other notations are same as given
( see Fig. 9 ). in 8.3.

52
 IS t 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

APPENDIX A
( Clause 5.2 )

BASIC WIND SPEED AT 10 m HEIGHT FOR SOME IMPORTANT CITIES/TOWNS

City/Town Basic Wind S’eed ( m/s ) City/Town Basic Wind Speed ( m/s )
Agra 47 Jhansi 47
Ahmadabad 39 Jodhpur 47
Ajmer 47 Kanpur 47
Almora 47 Kohima 44
Amritsar 47 Kurnool 39
Asansol 47 Lakshadweep 39
Aurangabad 39 Lucknow 47
Bahraich 47 Ludhiana 47
Bangalore 33 Madras 50
Barauni 47 Madurai 39
Bareilly 47 Mandi 39
Bhatinda 47 Mangalore 39
Bhilai 39 Moradabad 47
Bhopal 39 Mysore 33
Bhubaneshwar 50 Nagpur 44
Bhuj 50 Nainital 47
Bikaner 47 Nasik 39
Bokaro 47 Nellore 50
Bombay 44 Panjim 39
Calcutta 50 Patiala 47
Calicut 39 Patna 47
Chandigarh 47 Pondicherry 50
Coimbatore 39 Port Blair 44
Cuttack 50 Pune 39
Darbhanga 55 Raipur 39
Darjeeling 47 Rajkot 39
Dehra Dun 47 Ranchi 39
Roorkee 39
Delhi 47
R ourkela 39
Durgapur 47
Simla 39
Gangtok 47
Srinagar 39
Gauhati 50
Surat 44
Gaya 39
Tiruchchirrappalli 47
Gorakhpur 47 Trivandrum 39
Hyderabad 44 Udaipur 47
Imphal 47 Vadodara 44
Jabalpur 47 Varanasi 47
Jaipur 47 Vi jaywada 50
Ja.mshedpur 47 Visakhapatnam 50

53
IS a 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

APPENDIX B
[ Clau.se5.3.2.4(b)(ii) ]
CHANGES IN TERRAIN CATEGORIES

B-1. LOW TO HfGH NUMBER determined in accordance with the rougher

( more distant ) terrain; and
B-l.1 In cases of transition from a low category
number ( corresponding to a low terrain rough- b) Below height h,, the velocity shall be taken
ness ) to a higher category number ( correspond- as the lesser of the following:
ing to a rougher terrain ), the velocity profile i) that determined in accordance with the
over the rougher terrain shall be determined as less rough terrain, and
follows:
ii) the velocity at height h, as determined.
a) Below height h,, the velocities shall be in relation to the rougher terrain.
determined in relation to the rougher
terrain; and NOTE - Examples of determination of velocity
profiles in the vicinity of a change in terrain category
b) Above height h,, the velocities shall be are shown in Fig. 12A and 12B.
determined in relation to the less rough
( more distant ) terrain. B-3. MORE THAN O&E CATEGORY
B-2. HIGH TO LOW NUMBER B-3.1 Terrain changes involving more than one
B-2.1 In cases of transition from a more rough to category shall be treated in similar fashion to
a less rough terrain, the velocity profile shall be that described in B-1 and B-2.
determined as follows:
NOTE’- Examplesinvolvingthree terrain catego-
a) Above height h,, the velocities shall be riesare shownin Fig. 12C.

x,=FETCH,h, = HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 4

-..,. e PROFILE FOR CATEGORY6

-----. PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 2
- DESIGN PROFILE AT A

WIND
DIRECTION

CATEGORY 2

12A Determination of Velocity Profile Near a Change in Terrain Category ( less rough to more rough )

x2=FETCH, h2=HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 2

..--..PROFILE FOR CATEGORY .4

L
- --- PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 2 I
I
-DESIGN PROFILE AT A I I

WIND
DIRECTION
/
/

128 Determination
CATEGORY

of Velocity
L
I-- x2 -*
CATEGdRY

PioRle Near a Change in Terrain Category (more rough to less rough)

2

Fro. 12 VELOCITY PROFILEIN THE VICIIVITYOF A CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORY - Co&

54
 ISt875(Part3)-1387

q,=FETCH, h&-HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 4

x,=FETCH, h,=HEIGHT FOR CATEGORY 1

. . . .. . . . VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY L

---__ VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 3
_._. - VELOCITY PROFILE FOR CATEGORY 1
- DESIGN PROFILE

VELOCITY VELOCITY VELOCITY

12C Determination of Design Profile Involving More Than One Change in Terrain Category
FIG. 12 VELOCITYPROFILEIN THE VICINITYOF A CHANGE IN TERRAIN CATEGORY

APPENDIX C
( Clause5.3.3.1 )

EFFECT OF A CLIFF OR ESCARPMENT ON EQUIVALENT HEIGHT

ABOVE GROUND ( kJ FACTOR )

C-l. The influence of the topographic feature is < - effective height of the feature, and
considered to extend l-5 L, upwind add 2.5 Le 6 = upwind slope in the wind direction.
downwind of the summit of crest of the feature If the zone downwind from the crest of the
where L, is the effective horizontal length of the feature is relatively flat ( 8 < 3” ) for a distance
hill depending on slope as indicated below ( SCG exceeding L,, then the feature should be treated
Fig. 13 ): as an escarpment. If not, then the feature should
be treated as a hill or ridge. Examples of typical
features are given in Fig. 13.
NOTE 1 - No difference is made, in evaluating k,
between a three dimensional hill and two dimensional
ridge.
NOTE 2 -In undulating terrain, it is often not
possible to decide whether the local topography to the
site is significant in therms of wind flow. In such cases,
where the average value of the terrain upwind of the site for
a distance of 5 km should be taken as the base level
L = actual length of the upwind slope in from wind to assess the height, z, and the upwind slope
the wind direction, 8, of the feature.

55
C-2. TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR, ks level and the distance, X, from the summit or
crest rektive to the effective length, LB.
The topography factor kB is given by the
following:
C-2.1 The factor, s, should be determined from:
ks - I+ es
where C has the following values: a) Figure 14 for cliffs and escarpments, and

Slope C b) Figure 15 for hills and ridges.

3” < 8 ( 17O 1.2 NOTE- Where the downwind alope of a hill or

( z > ridge is greater than 3’, there will be large regions of
> 170 0.36 reduced acceleratioos or even shelter and it is not
posrible to give general design rules to cater for these
and s is a factor derived in accordance with C-2.1 circumstances. Values of s from Fig. 15 may be used as
appropriate to the height, H above mean ground upper bound values.

13A General Notations

CREST
WIND

DOWNWIND SLOPE ,3’

136 Cliff and Escarpment

WIND CREST

13C Hill and Ridge

FIG. 13 TOPOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS

 Is : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

CREST CREST __

UPWIND x DOWNWIND 21
Le Le

Fro.14 FACTOR JFOR CLIFF AND ESCARPMENT

CREST CREST

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5’

UPWIND x DOWNWIND 2
LI LC
FIG. 15 FACTOR JFOR RIDGE AND HILL

APPENDIX D
[ Clauses6.3.2.2, 6.3.3.2(c) and 6.3.3 3(b) ]

WIND FORCE ON CIRCULAR SECTIONS

D-1. The wind force on any object is given by:
F = Ct &AI
where
ci e force coefficient,
A, P effective area of the object normal to
the wind direction, and
Pa p: design pressure of the wind.
For most shapes, the force coefficient remains
approximately constant over the whole range of
wind speeds likely to be encountered. However,
for objects of circular cross-section, it varies con-
siderably.
For a circular section, the force coefficient
depends upon the way in which the wind flows
around it and’is dependent upon the velocity and
kinematic’viscosity of the wind and diameter of
the section. The force coefficient is usually quoted
against a non-dimensional parameter, called the
Reynolds number, which takes account of the

57
IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987
veloci:y and viscosity of the flowing medium ( in
this case the wind ), and the member diameter.
DVa
Reynolds number, R, = -
‘I
where
D = diameter of the member,
Vd - design wind speed, and
y - kinematic viscosity of the air which
is 146 X lO_sms s at 15°C and standard
atmospheric pressure.
Since in most natural environments likely to
be found in India, the kinematic viscosity of the
air is fairly constant, it is convenient to use
D Vd as the parameter instead of Reynolds num-
bers and this has been done in this code.
The dependence of a circular section’s force
coefficient or Reynolds number is due to the
change in the wake developed behind the body.
At a low Reynolds number, the wake is as
shown in Fig. 16 and the force coefficient is typi-
cally 1.2. As Reynolds number is increased, the
wake gradually changes to that shown in Fig. 17,
that is, the wake width d, decreases and the
separation point, S, moves from front to the back
of tbe body.
FIG. 16 WAKE IN SUBCRITICAL FLOW
58
FIG. 17 WAKE IN SURERCRITICALFLOW
As a result, the force coefficient shows a rapid
drop at a critical value of Reynolds number,
followed by a gradual rise as Reynolds number is
increased still further.
The variation of Cr with parameter DVd is
shown in Fig. 5 for infinitely long circular cylin-
ders having various values of relative surface
roughness ( t/D ) when subjected to wind having
an intensity and scale of turbulence typical of
built-up urban areas. The curve for a smooth
cylinder ( t/D ) = 1 x 10-s in a steady air-
stream, as found in a low-turbulence wind tunnel,
is shown for comparison.
It can be seen that the main effect of free-
stream turbulence is to decrease the critical value
of the parameter D V a. For subcritical flows, tur-
bulence can produce a considerable reduction
in Cr below the steady air-stream values. For
supercritical flows, this effect becomes significantly
smaller.
If the surface of the cylinder is deliberately
roughened such as by incorporating flutes, rivett-
ed construction, etc. then the data given in Fig. 5
for appropriate value of t/D > 0 shall be used.
NOTE - In case of uncertainty regarding the value
of c to be used for small roughnesses, c/D shall be
ta4en a5 0’001.
.,

Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking-and quality certification of goods and
attending to.connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 0131,323 33 75,323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 3237617,3233841
NEW DELHI 110002
Eastern : l/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V.I.P. Road, Maniktola { 337 84
86 99,337 85
9120
61
CALCUITA 700054 26,337
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022
{ 60 38
20 43
25
Southern : C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113
{ 235 02
15 19,235
16,235 04
23 42
15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 832 92 95,832 78 58
MUMBAI 400093 832 78 91,832 78 92
Branches : AI-IMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD: GUWAHATI.
HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR.
PATNA. PUNE. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi, India
 IS I 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987

CONTENTS
Page
j 3
5
5

AMENDMENT NO. 1 DECEMBER 1997 6

TO 7
IS 875 ( Part 3 ) : 1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR 7
DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR 7
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 8
PART 3 WIND LOADS 8

( Second Revision ) 8
8
( Page 15, Tabk 4, first column ) - Substitute 12
‘It ‘h 12
- 26’ for - P CD’
13
( Page 40, Tablz 23, first rfolumn, first row ) - Substitute ‘See also 13
Appendix D’ for ‘See alsoAppendix C’.
13
( Page 47, Table 32, coZ2 ) - Substitute 13
‘DVd 2 6 m2/s7 for ‘Dvd 4 6 ~1~1s’. 13
13
27
36
(CED37)
37
37
38
47
47
48
48
49
49
49
19
*9

53
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi-110015, India.
54

j5
57
 AMENDMENT NO. 2 MARCH 2002
TO
IS S75 ( PART 3 ) :1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
DESIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
PART 3 WIND LOADS

(Second Revision )

Substitute ‘VZ’ for’ Vd’ at all places.

( Tables 5,6,7 and 8 ) — Insert the following Note at the end of each table
‘NOTE — W and L are overall length and width including overhangs, w and / are
dimensionsbetween the walls excluding overhangs.’

( Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, first column) — Substitute the following
matter in the Iast row for the specific values of 6 given therein:
‘for all values of (3‘
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.7(a)] — Insert at the end ‘downwards’.
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.8(a)] — Substitute ‘-O.8’~or ‘0.8’.
[ Page 27, clause 6.2.2.8(b)] — Substitute ‘-O.5’~or ‘0.5’.
( Page 27, clause 6.2.2.9) — Substitute ‘P= 0.785 D2 (Cpi - CpC)pd’ for the
existing formula.
( Page 32, Table 19) — Substitute ‘P= 0.785 D2 (WI - C@pd for the existing
formula.
( Page 46, Table 27, third row) — Substitute CDVd <6 m2Ls’ fQrthe existing.
( Page 46, Table 28,CO12, second row) — Substitute ‘1.8’ for ‘1.0’.
( Page 46, clause 6.3.3.3, formula, last line) — Substitute

( Area.of the frame in a supercritical flow )

Y = for the existing.
Ae

[ Page 47, clause 7.l(a), third line] — Substitute ‘or’ for ‘and’.
1
 ...

Amend No. 2 to 1S 875 ( Part 3 ) :1987

[ Page 48, clause 7.l(b),first line ] — Delete ‘clcxs4’; ‘ ‘

( Page 48, clause 7.1, fourth and fifih line ) — Substitute ‘satisfies’ for ‘does
not satisfy’.
( Page 55, clause C-1, second line) — Substitute ‘and’ for ‘add’.
( Page 56, clause C-2, last line) — Insert ‘~,between ‘crest’ and ‘relative’.
( Page 56, Fig. 13A) — Substitute the following figure for the existing:
—

WIND 5—
2 .,+$)
A
r &

‘f’/ —x ,->
L
5km
w
-W LWW IND + w DOWNWIND

13A GeneralNotetlons

( Page 56, Fig. 13B ) — Substitute ‘Hill and Ridge’

— for ‘Cliff and
Escarpment’.
( Page 56, Fig. 13C ) — Substitute ‘Cliff and Escarpment’,for ‘Hill and
‘Ridge’.
( Page 58, clause D-1, eighth line) — Substitute ‘m2/s’~or ‘m2s’

( CED 57 )

ReprographyUnir, BIS, New Delhi, India

2