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Ybaez
Research Director
St. Paul University Dumaguete
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics summarize the distribution of
sample scores on a single variable
Averages
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Location
Measures of Skewness
Measures of Kurtosis
Statistical properties of
the normal distribution
The Mean
The mean of a set of numerical values is the average of the
set of values.
Note: In the explanation of the mean, the numerical values
can be population values or sample values. Hence, we can
compute the mean for either population values or sample values.
Measures of
Central Tendency
1. Mean (X) sum of all data values divided by the
number of values
n
i1
Example:
The scores of 10 students in a Statistics
exam are 80, 92, 85, 87, 94, 83, 88, 91, 92,
and 80. Find the mean scores of the 10
students.
80908587948388919280 872
X
87.2
10
10
Median
The median of a numerical data set is the numerical value in the
2. Median
Examples.
a) Consider the scores of 10 students:
80, 92, 85, 87, 94, 83, 88, 91, 92, and
80.
Array: 80, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92,
92, 94
Md = (87 + 88)/2 = 87.5
.Mode
3. Mode (Mo)
Kinds of Mode:
a. Unimodal
b. Bimodal
c. Trimodal
d. Polymodal
Examples:
1.) For the scores 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92
and 94. No mode.
2.) 80, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, and 94.
Mo = 80, unimodal
3.) For the scores 80, 80, 83, 85, 87, 88, 91,
92, 92 and 94.
Mo = 80 and 92, bimodal
Other Measures of
Central Tendency
1.
Midrange
(Max + Min) / 2
W iX
i1
k
i1
Xw
=
(89)30+88(30)+85(20)+83(15)+90(5)
100
= 87.05
3. Geometric mean
X i ... X k
Solution:
G
10 15 1500
90 100
= 78.80/100 milliliter
4. Harmonic Mean
H
k
k
i 1 X i
Example
A car travels at a rate of 50 kph from
Dgte. to Jimalalud and returns at a rate of
30 kph. What is the average speed for
the trip?
Solution:
2
1 1
50 30
37.5kph
Different Shapes of
Distributions
Source: http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/f0204.gif