Semiconductor theory

Some Questions:
What is the unit of magnemotive force?
- Ampere-turn [At]
What is the SI unit of magnetic flux?
- Weber [Wb]
what is the equivalent of electric current to magnetic quantity
- Flux
Atoms consists of:
- Electrons (J.J Thompson), Protons (Ernest Rutherford), Neutron (James Chadwick
)
What is
- NOTE:
2(2^2)=
K,L,M,N

the maximum number of electrons in the 3rd shell?

Max number of elecrons= 2(n^2)
18
(shells; 3rd shell is M)

Atomic number represents ______ for every condition:

- The number of protons
Which of the following gives identity to the atom?
- Protons
Proton is ______ heavier than electrons
- 1837
What is the typical unit of atomic mass?
- Da (dalton), amu
Group of atoms with different number of neutrons
- Isotopes
The process of losing (or gaining) a valence electron is known as:
- ionization
Group of atoms with different nuber of electrons
- Ions
It is a positive ion:
- Cation
What do you call the electrons in the outermost shell?
- Valence electrons
Categories of material according to its conductivity
- Conductor, semiconductor, insulator
A material with valence electron of 5
- insulator
Which of the following increases its resistance as the temerature increases
- Conductor
Which of the following has negative temperature coefficient
- Silicon (NOTE: NTC= semiconductor and insulator)

Which of the following is considered as the best conductor?

- Silver
A copper wire has a diameter or 0.004 inches. Find its surface area in CMIL:
- NOTE: Acmil= (diamter in inches)^2 * 1x10^6
answer: 16
The resistance of a given wire @20C is 5ohms. What is the resistance @70c? Assum
e Alpha of 4.29x10^-3 /C
_ NOTE: resistance = Ro*[1+alpha*(change in temperature)]
Answer: 6.0725 ohms
What material has the largest permeability (hundred times that of free space)?
- FERROmagnetic
The amound of voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil
- Faraday's law
It defines the polarity or direction of the induced voltage
- Lenz' law
Calculate the resistance of a color coded resistor with the following colors: 1s
t= red, 2nd= blue, 3rd= orange, 4th= Gold
- 2.6kohms; @2%
A capacitor with a typographical label has a code of 103. What is its capacitanc
e?
- 0.01uF
What is the typical Range of electrolytic capacitors?
- 1uF to 200,000uF
How long will a capacitor in a RC circuit to fully charge if R= 1Kohm and C= 10u
F?
- NOTE: Full charge T= 5RC
answer: 0.05secs
Which of the following has the widest energy gap?
- Insulator
What is the energy gap of silicon?
- 1.1eV
Which of the semiconductor is the most sensitive to temperature?
- Germanium
Which semiconductor material is considered the fastest?
- Galium Arsenide (5 times faster than silicon)
Chemical bonding where there is a sharing of electrons
- Covalent bonding
To attain chemical stability in silicon crystal, ______ nuber of electrons is ne
eded:
- 8
What do you call a vacancy left by electrons?
- Hole

It occurs if the free electrons became valence electron again?

- Recombination
What are the two major types/categories of semiconductor material?
- Extrinsic and intrinsic
Two types of extrinsic material:
- N-Type and P-type
Is the process of adding impurities to silicon material
- Doping
Which of the following is a donor impurity atom?
- NOTE: Donor= Pentavalent= N-type
ans: Phosphorus, Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth
Which is the majority carrier of N-Type mateirals?
- Electron
What is the barrier potential @25C of a silicon diode?
- Boron, Indium, Gallium
Minority Carrier is _______ produced
- Thermally
Which of the following are the regions of diode?
- P and N regions
What is the knee voltage of GaAs diode?
- 1.2V
Depletion region is formed due to:
- Diffusion
It refers to the use of a DC voltage to establish certain operating conditions f
or an electronic device
- Bias
Biasing method for diode:
- Forward and reverse
The maximum reverse voltage that can be applied before entering the zener region
- Peak inverse voltage or Peak reverse voltage
What is the typical reverse voltage for silicon diode?
- 50V to 1kV
The extremely small current that exists in reverse bias
- Reverse current and Leakage current
Reverse current of silicon diode:
- 10pA
As the temperature increases, the knee voltage:
- Decreases
Practical model of a diode correspond to:
- Switch and battery

An ohmmeter that reads 0ohms for both forward and reverse bias conditions of dio
de testing correspont to:
- Shorted diode
What is the dynamic resistance of the diode if the diode current is 13mA?
- NOTE: rd= 26mV/ Idiode
answer: 2ohms
A full wave diode rectifier circuit has a peak output of 10V. What is th average
output voltage?
- NOTE: Vavg= 2(Vp)/Pi
ans: 6.37V
What is the main advantage of full wave diode rectifier circuit over halfwave di
ode rectifier circuit?
- It is easier to filter
The indication of the effectiveness of the filter?
- Ripple Factor
_____ is the last step in elminating the remaining ripple and maintainng the out
put voltage to a specific value:
- Regulation
A _____ resistor is a resistor placed in parallel with a high voltage supply for
the purposes of discharging the energy stored in the power source's filter capa
citors or other components that store electrical energy when the equipment is tu
rned off
- Bleeder
Other name for limiter:
- Clipper
Other name for DC restorer
- Clamper
Zener is used as:
- Voltage regulation
Zener is operated using ______ bias condition
- Reverse
Zener breakdown has a voltage of:
- Below 5v
Can be used as microhip capacitor
- Varactor
LED is operated using ______ bias condition
- Forward
Typical forward voltage of RED LED:
- 1.8v
Other name of green LED:
- Gallium Phosphade (GAP)
Most commonly used material in making LED:
- Gallium

What is the typical PIV of an LED?

- 5v
Visible light with highest frequency (lowest wavelength):
- Violet (THz)
Visible light with highest wavelength (lowest frequency):
- RED
It is also known as hot carrier diode:
- Schottky diode
Also known as Esaki diode:
-Tunnel Diode
An IC regulator with the code 78xx is:
- Fixed, positive
What will happen to an atomm if an electron is either taken out or taken into th
e same itom?
- becomes an Ion
Emission of electrons from a material by an application of a very high voltage:
- high field
Another name for vacuum tube diode:
- Fleming Valve
Which terminal of the tetrode is nearest to its anode?
- Screen grid
A good matetrial conductor should have _____ valence electrons
- 1
The name of a pure semiconductor material that has an equal number of electrons
and holes
- Intrinsic
The arrow in the schematic symbol for a diode points which way?
- Towards the cathode
The cathode of a semiconductor diode indicates a _____ charge during conduction:
- Negative
In order to simplify a circuit, in the analysis and computation, the diode is no
rmally assumed as:
- Ideal
It is the maximum permissible reverse voltage for the diode
- PIV
What is another name for clamper?
- DC restorer
Circuit that is used to produce DC output voltage that is some integral multiple
of the peak of the AC unput voltage
- Multiplier
What is the process which AC is converted to pulsating DC?
- Rectification

How many diodes will you use the have a basic full wave bridge rectifier?
- 4
Find the DC voltage from a vull wave rectifier voltage?
- NOTE: Vavg= Vdc= 2(Vp)/pi
ans: 76.39v
What is the maximum efficiency of a full wave recitifer?
- 81.2%
A full wave rectifier circuit utilizing a full input cycle (60Hz) has a ripple f
requency in its output equal to:
- NOTE: fullwave rectifier Fout= 2Fin
answer: 120Hz
It is the remaining Variation in the output of a power supply filter:
- Ripple
A DC voltage supply is measured at 50v and drops to 45v when the load is connect
ed. What is the value of voltage regulation?
- 11.11%
What special type of diode is capable of both amplification and oscillation?
- Tunnel
What is the principal characteristic of tunnel diode?
- Negative resistance region
It is a circuit that uses 2 diodes to produce DC output volltlage equal to twice
the AC voltage
- Doubler
When the peak output voltage is 100V, the PIC for each diode in the full wave ce
nter tapped rectifier is:
- NOTE: PIV(full wave center tapped)= 2Vp(out) + 0.7V
answer: 200v