CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STAIR CASE

Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors
and roof of the building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging
stairs and landing slabs. Staircase, thus, is a structure enclosing a stair. The design of the main
components of a staircase-stair, landing slabs and supporting beams or wall are already
covered in earlier lessons. The design of staircase, therefore, is the application of the designs
of the different elements of the staircase.
Stairs are the conventional means of access between floors in buildings. A stair is
described as a set of steps leading form one floor to another and a staircase includes the part
of the building surrounding the stair.
Stairs should be constructed to provide real easy and safe access up and downs, with
steps that are either laborious or difficult to climb with in a compact area so as to take up no
excessive floor area.
In the building, stairs have two main functions: firstly that of normal everyday access
from floor to floor, and secondly they must provide an easy and rapid escape, from the upper
floor in case of emergency (as fire or earthquakes).
For this reason even if most buildings have other means of access between floors as
elevators (lift) or moving staircase they must have also stairs.
The staircase, when carefully designed and built, adds dignity and charm to a home.
The quality of craftsmanship displayed reflects the character of the entire interior of the
building. In general, stair work is considered a special field of carpentry. The main stairway,
which may have several artistic features that are difficult to make on the job, is usually made
in a mill and assembled at the house. Stairs which are usually built by the carpenter on the job
include the porch and other stairs on the outside of buildings, and less important stairs within
a building. It is essential that every carpenter have the necessary information regarding the
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general principles involved in stair building, as well as knowledge of the layout and
construction.
Stair case are generally provided connecting successive floors of a building and in
small building they are the only means of access between the floors. The staircase comprises
of flight of steps generally with one or intermediate landing provided between the floor
levels.
The structural components of a flight of stair consists of:
A) Tread which forms the horizontal portion of the step. The tread is usually 250 to
300 mm wide depending upon the type of building.
B) Riser is the vertical distance between the adjacent treads or the vertical projection
of the step, generally in the range of 150 to 190 mm depending upon the type of
building. The width of stairs varies in the range of 1to 5 m with a minimum value
of 850mm. Generally public building should be provided with larger widths
permitting free passage to the users.
C) Going forms the horizontal plan projection of an inclined flight of steps between
the first and the last riser. A flight of steps consists of two landings and one going
with 10 to 12 steps.

Step - is a short horizontal surface for the foot to facilitate ascent from one level to
another. It commonly consists of a horizontal element called tread and a vertical element
called a riser. The external junction of the tread and riser is called a nosing and it provides as
wide a surface of tread as practicable.

1.2TYPES OF STAIRS
The staircase in a building is one means where by one may travel from the level of
one floor to another. The ease with which a stairway can be traveled depends upon the proper
proportioning of the riser and tread of each step and the number of steps in one series or

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flight. The design of the building and the space allowed for stairs will control the type of
staircase which may be built.

Straight-Flight Stairs:
A stair extending in one direction only, with no turns. (or) Rises from the
floor to floor in one direction with or without an intermediate landing. Known as
cottage stair as well, commonly used in the traditional two-up two-down cottage.
The most economical use of the straight flight is to locate the stair in the centre of the
plan running for front to back.

Figure1. STRAIGHT FLIGHT STAIR CASE

Dog legged stair:

A dog-leg is a configuration of stairs between two floors of a building, often a
domestic building, in which a flight of stairs ascends to a half-landing before turning
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180 degrees and continuing upwards. (or) Rises to a landing between floors, turns
through 180, then rises parallel to the lower flight to the floor above.

From the design point of view, the main advantages of a dog-leg stair are:
To allow an arrangement that occupies a shorter, though wider, floor area
than a straight flight, and so is more compact. Even though the landings consume
total floor space, there is no large single dimension
The upper floor is not directly visible from the bottom of the stairs, thereby
providing more privacy
An object or person falling from the upper half of the stairs is likely to stop at
the landing; this is safer than letting it fall all the way to the bottom.

Figure2:DOG-LEGGED STAIR CASE

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Open-well stair:
Open well stair case adopted at where large spaces are available. This type of
stair case consists of smaller flights and provides better accessibility comfort and
good ventilation due to open well at the center.

Figure3: OPEN-WELL STAIRCAES

SPIRAL STAIRS:
Spiral staircases have been used for hundreds of years, mainly because they may fit
into a small space, you can construct almost any material, at a great height. The old castle, the
towers were built in stone, in a direction that is left, so that they may be easier to maintain.

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Spiral staircase around a central column of the design, railing on the side of it. Narrow stair or
near the poles and the width of the other end, making it difficult for people with disabilities.
Design is the use of effective space, and comfortable. However, the spiral design allows for
some very interesting design, and architectural history of the great stairs.

Figure 4: SPIRAL STAIRCASE

Spiral stairs in one of the story from the Santa Fe, New Mexico, from Loretta church, where
the original builder forgot to build a choir loft of any stairs are the most popular. As a Nun,
the answer of prayer, one day a stranger comes to old age, they do it to help it put on great
sets in just three months, twenty-foot-high spiral staircase, not have any nails around the
center are two very full stairs Revolution still visit this beautiful old church, one of the main
tourist attractions.
Can be used for spiral stairs, indoor and outdoor structures of any significant size-fits-family.
Is usually done outside the spiral stairs and metal or wood to reach the top floor, the back roof
of the house or the balcony. Interior spiral stairs can be used to achieve many goals, but the
main objective is usually to use small or narrow space, build stairs to reach the top.
Some imagination, spiral stairs can be a real advantage in designing their home. Can create
impressive, sculpture, decorative railing, services are not only steps, but as a work of art. This
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applies in particular to the spiral staircase, you can create any conspiracy decoration inside
your home. Spiral stairs are very popular old industrial buildings converted into loft, this is
often a great height, so that different levels of space that will live.
In this case, the case of a spiral staircase can be concentrated in the family. Classic home can
also benefit from a spiral staircase design interesting, especially the library and research.
Railing can be combined as exquisite forest of trees, glass, rope, carpets and other materials,
only the owner of the imagination. However, in general, is called the spiral stairs in use when
space is limited, they can help to achieve as the large attic, you can then the conversion into a
youth more space, or Hen studio use less space is made nest empty.
Decorative door and the spiral stairs to be beautiful. Will be decorated with a style from
another efor. They will adapt to and any room decoration. Plus spiral staircases in the door,
continue taking good care of the lives of your family special.
Way back when it is still inside the house because of the construction and design. This is
indeed one of the metals, the most abundant element as it was the most common, plus it is
good he was. In addition, it is the fourth largest in the earths crust often.
Equipment is still the main reason that is so popular for the past. It is involved in several
decorative items, and use of weapons in the first.
Technological progress for the removal and treatment is complex, and more cost-effective.
This is the object that is big, like building the house of Gates and use in those days.
Iron is used nowadays an important quality in a variety of options: the actor, also have
forged. These types of materials in the world begins to be accurate.
Ore will be deleted after the original, ultra intense LA. Using this method were used in the
blast, heating, but this was new technology surface a few days. Many people tend to be more
good things out in the heat, so they are environmentally friendly.
Initial treatment approach the end of the make pigs. This particular type of carbon with a
large serving. This is far from 100% as good quality. In addition, it is recognized in the do
in the cycle specific.
This is the particular type often used to pipe, automobile or truck parts products more
ornate. This particular type will be more fragile than is the moderate type is called to forge.
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Although the adoption of a procedure to follow-up to get rid of carbon pending, the effects
can be metals, especially including plastisit forged done. Have forged is really a flexible
material, it is definitely not dry, with a shear stress to improve mood and increase the safety
of supply, compared with the cast.
Iron spiral staircase outside the door, and they need additional coverage for, including
helping the wind and rain. Why do them, and oxidation, rust compassion is.
This chemical reaction in some sort of special metal is not the oxygen and moisture. The
rust is usually made as coloring orange head.
Absolutely do not have the glass this time it is beginning to show, but it can greatly curb the
use of a variety of remedial measures. Position rusting in damages plus a risk the additional
deterioration. This is a lot of suggestions and responses from the beginning to avoid
ineffective.
This is indeed realistic expectations and increase the external spiral staircase to the door may
be wet. Generally considered to be protected by the leaves in the road, and wallsas sayi are
usually easy.
An effective way to resist corrosion is used in the area of special care when using the antiWest. All are different. Zen and the use of rust, but also take care of powdered natural.
Most of these solutions should be in the manufacturing sector on the production of the
project.
Component before processing, sales will be reduced sooner or later. As long as your external
gate, had become a spiral staircase installed, touch up often. Repeated use of the paint
coverage of the rusty means that.
How often you should take care of it depends on all relevant aspects. Areas are protected first
form, and the items already purchased. Many participate in the program continues with this,
compared with some others.
How to give good information and suppliers find it had crashed. This may be related to the
current thinking is that soon you will need to contact the project up below to buy you.

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Aspect is the second time and the local climate. Internal and external spiral staircase to a
more warm, dry place will not be considered as easy. They still have the ability to walk a few
times years between the layers.
In the cold and wet, they may require treatment inbetween 2 and 6 years. In these areas have
a heavy rain, you may need to correct 2 years.
External spiral staircase and performance indicators that are updated from corrosion must be
immediately dealth. First, the corrosion, the best way you can possible. You can get a
professional to eliminate rust remedy, however, this usually involves elbow grease.
The least which can be used with wool or metal Scrub may be different robust, heavy things.
You can put a steel more substantial. In both cases, clean, until you see the metal to be
brilliant to adopt.
Small, will have a complete corrosion of metal in consumption. You can replace the bits may
be in the event, which causes rust. If not, you will need to place solder, eliminating the
exchange of additional projects.
Plus an external spiral staircase to do is buy a new long life is very high. Persistence has
always had good care. This includes the fields of corrosion, do get them. Using this method,
you will participate in the fun of it, as long as you live in your property.

ANGLED STAIRCASE:
Flights of stairs frequently alter direction through 90 degree but may be turned
through any angle, in response to site conditions or design choice, as long as landing have a
minimum width equal to that of the stair.

QUARTER TURN NEWEL

In quarter turn newel the stairs run straight in a flight and after reaching the landing
the stairs it turns to either left or right at ninety degree and its runs again till it reaches the
consecutive horizontal level.

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Figure 5: QUARTER TURN NEWEL

HALF TURN NEWEL

In half turn newel stairs the stairs runs straight and after reaching the landing it turns to left or
right and then climbs up to next two to three steps and reaches a landing and these steps again
turns in the direction from where the user was approaching reaching finally
consecutive horizontal level.

Figure 6: HALF TURN NEWEL

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to the

CIRCULAR STAIRS
The stairs made in a circular form are known as the circular staircase.

Figure 7: CIRCULAR STAIRS

LOADING:
The dead load is based on the slope length of the stair flight. The average thickness of the
stair slab is used to calculate the dead load:

h = 0.5 rise going / (rise2 + going2) + waist + finishes

Finishes are included as they are generally assumed to have a density equal to that
of concrete.

The live load is based on the plan area of the stairs and is to be taken as the same to the floor
which the stairs give access, but 3 kN/m2 and 5 kN/m2. If two stair flights, at right
angles, share a landing, the landing loads may be assumed to be divided equally between the
spans. As part of the landing may be considered as part of the stair flight, the loading on the
landing must be taken into account in the shear check.

DESIGN:
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Flights with significant end restraint, such as those that are continuous with their supporting
slabs or beams may be designed for mid-span design moment of wl2/12 and hogging moment
at the supports of the same value. Where there is not sufficient end restraint the stair slab is to
be designed for wl2/8. The maximum shear should be ascertained from a simply-supported
model of the stair slab. Shear should not be critical in a stair flight. When the stair flight (on
plan) occupies at least 60% of the effective span, the permissible span/d ratio may be
increased by 15%.

Figure 8:REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

DETAILING:
The reinforcement arrangement in stair flights follows a standard pattern. Deviation from this
is not recommended unless a specific need arises. Longitudinal steel is the main
reinforcement and in the transverse direction the minimum percentage of steel is provided as
distribution steel to help prevent cracking.
Strength requirements are not always critical for stair slabs. It is therefore essential that the
other limit states are checked:
a. Deflection
b. Cracking
c. Min % As
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1.3 COMPONENTS OF STAIRCASE

Figure9:COMPONENTS OF STAIRCASES

Tread: Horizontal upper portion of a step (or) The horizontal top portion of a step
where foot rests is known as tread. The dimension ranges from 270 mm for residential
buildings and factories to 300 mm for public buildings where large number of persons use the
staircase.

Riser: Vertical distance between two consecutive treads (or) The vertical distance
between two successive steps is termed as riser. The dimension of the riser ranges from 150
mm for public buildings to 190 mm for residential buildings and factories.

Going: Going is the horizontal projection between the first and the last riser of an
inclined flight.

Waist: The least thickness of stair slab (or) The thickness of the waist-slab on which
steps are made is known as waist. The depth (thickness) of the waist is the minimum
thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the staircase (cl. 33.3 of IS 456). The steps of the
staircase resting on waist-slab can be made of bricks or concrete.

Landing: A Horizontal slab provided between two flights (or) An area of floor at
the top of or between flights of stairs for changing direction in the stairs & providing a resting
place between long flights of stairs.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

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From the review of earlier investigations it is found that considerable work has been
done on the method of analysis and design of stair cases. Attempts have also been made by
various designers and research workers to give the ratio of optimized geometrical
parameters for the design of optimized parameters for the design of staging.
M.Y.H Bangash, T. Bangash studied on a review on free standing and geometric (spiral,
helical, elliptical, and combinations) staircases have become quite popular many variations of
these staircases exist. A number of researches have come forward with different concepts in
the fields of analytical, numerical, design and of experimental assessment. Design of stiar
cases deals with the general requirements for analyzing, designing and structural detailing of
stair cases in various materials. This chapter will assist with the analysis and design of
staircases.
Experimental efforts for service life prediction of Rebar corroded RC structures were
done by Ahmed et al. (1997). Neural network techniques have been applied for predicting the
life of concrete structures by Buenfeld and Hassanein 1998. Apart from the above research,
attempts have been made for the experimental and theoretical modeling of concrete
deterioration and laboratory measurement of related parameters. However, very limited inservice/field durability performance data are available to supplement laboratory or theoretical
modeling, particularly in India where concrete durability research is yet to gain momentum.
Idorn (1994) has rightly summarized the modeling research in concrete technology by
suggestion that scientific modeling research must be based on field performance monitoring
rather than the convey
(Gerwick 1996). A report of the U.S. National Materials Advisory Board, for
instance, indicates that in 1987 approximately 253,000 concrete bridge decks, some less than
20 years old, were Worldwide concern about unexpectedly low durability is being observed.
Low durability is being perceived as one of the potential threats to the future of the concrete
industry (Mehta and found to be in varying states of deterioration. A survey of automobile
parking garages in Canada (Litvan and Bickley 1987) found that several billion dollars
would be needed for the repair of concrete structures which had shown serious deterioration
much earlier than their designated service life. Cases of premature and serious deterioration
have been reported from around the world with undersea tunnels and with marine structures
in California and eastern Canada ntional empirical tartans of specimens as the source for
basic data banks for modeling.
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(Gervick 1989). Even though no such data are available for India, undoubtedly the
amount spent on repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures would be staggering.
Durability and service life of concrete structures is mainly governed by micro
structural and transport properties of concrete and environmental exposed parameters. Some
constitutive and simulation models for theoretical and mathematical prediction of durability
and service life performance related micro structural engineering properties, e.g., porosity,
permeability, surface area, volume of phases, etc., have been proposed and modified.
Methods for analytical and experimental determination of physical and chemical
characteristics affecting the durability of concrete are proposed by Papadakis et al. (1992a, b).
Some in situ and laboratory methods are devised to measure the durability parameters. The
experience in applying these in situ test methods and interpreting their results in terms of
state of durability of reinforced concrete structures is limited. Of the available in situ test
methods, the better known are the initial surface absorption test after Figs (1973) water
absorption and air permeation tests. Test methods by Pihlajavaara and Paroll (1975) and
Kasai et al. (1984) are reported. In addition, many other in situ test methods based on both
water and gas permeation principles are suggested.
Dhiretal.(1991) and Miyagawa (1991), suggested durability based design methods
for concrete structures in chloride environments. Ahmed et al. (1997) proposed experimental
method for service life prediction of Rebar-corroded reinforced concrete RC structures. A
mathematical model for durability of cladding and building materials was proposed by
Hjelmstad et al. (1996) incorporating environmental stimuli, material degradation, and
structural performance. Some efforts have been made for reliability based service life
prediction of aging concrete structures by Mori and Ellingwood (1993) and Enright and
Frangopal (1998).
Physical and chemical characteristics affecting the durability and service life of
concrete structures are highlighted by the research of Papadakis et al. (1991b) and they also
proposed the fundamental modeling and experimentation for investigation of concrete
carbonation (Papadakis et al. 1991). Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated
concrete was reported by Saetta et al. (1993).
According to B.C PUNMIA & ASHOK KUMAR JAIN staircase are used in almost
buildings. A staircase consists of number of steps arranged in series , with landing at
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appropriate locations. For the purpose of giving access to different floors of a building. The
width of a staircase may defind on the purpose for which it is provided, and may be generally
vary between 1m for residential building to 2m for public buildings. A flight is the length of
the staircase situated between two landings. The number of steps in a flight may vary
between 3 to 12. The rise of a step and the tread should be so proportioned that it gives
comportable access. Generally, the sum of the tread plus twice the rise is kept about 500 mm
and the product of tread and rise is kept about 40000 to 42000. in residentail building s the
rise may vary between 150mm to 180mm and tread between 200mm to 250mm. In public
building s, rise is kept between 120mm to 150mm and tread between 200m to 300mm.
N. Krishna Raju, Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, Stair case are generally
provided connecting successive floors of a building and in small building they are the only
means of access between the floors. The staircase comprises of flight of steps generally with
one or intermediate landing provided between the floor levels.
The structural components of a flight of stair consists of: Tread which forms the
horizontal portion of the step. The tread is usually 250 to 300 mm wide depending upon the
type of building. Riser is the vertical distance between the adjacent treads or the vertical
projection of the step, generally in the range of 150 to 190 mm depending upon the type of
building. The width of stairs varies in the range of 1to 5 m with a minimum value of 850mm.
Generally public building should be provided with larger widths permitting free passage to
the users. Going forms the horizontal plan projection of an inclined flight of steps between
the first and the last riser. A flight of steps consists of two landings and one going with 10 to
12 steps.

Rules

of thumb for determining satisfactory rise/run ratios have existed atleast since

Classical times. In De Architectural, Vitruvius suggests a unit rise of between 9 and 10

inches, and a unit run between 18 and 24 inches. To modern tastes, this proportion would
create a very stately stair. Sir Henry Wooten(15681639) suggested that the unit rise not
exceed 6 inches and that the unit run be between 1 and 1 feet. Both authors, however, are
describing public buildings or grand houses.
Jacques-Francois Blondel (17051774) argued in his Cours d'Architecture that the rise/run
ratio should be based on the length of the human pace, which he took to be 25.5 inches. Since
in one step on a staircase a foot travels by two risers and a tread, Blondel arrived at the
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formula two times the unit rise, plus the unit run = 25.5", or unit rise = (25.5" - unit run) over
2. This formula works well only for moderate values for unit rise (or unit run). It was,
nonetheless, enshrined inthe National Fire Code.

CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

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Based on the direction along which a stair slab spans, the stairs may be classified into
the following two types.
1) Stairs spanning horizontally
2) Stairs spanning longitudinally

3.1) Stairs spanning horizontally:

In this category, the slab is supported on each side by side wall or stringer
beam on one side and beam on the other side. Some times, as in the case of straight
stair, the slab may also be supported horizontally by side wall on one side of each
flight and the common newel on the other side between the backward and forward
flights. N such a case the effective span L is the horizontal distance between centre-tocentre of supports. Each step is designed as spanning horizontally with a bending

moment equal to

W L2
8

. each step is considered equivalent to a rectangular beam

of width b and an effective depth equal to D/2 as shown in below figure. Main
reinforcement is provided in the direction of L, while distribution reinforcement is
provided parallel to flight direction. A waist of 8cm is provided.
Here , either the waist slabs or the slab components of isolated tread-slab and traderiser units are supported on their sides or are cantilevers along the width direction from a
central beam. The slabs thus bend in a transverse vertical plane. The following are the
different arrangements:
(i)
Slab supported
(ii)
(iii)

between

two

stringer

beams

Cantilever slabs from a spandreal beam or wall (Fig.6)

Doubly cantilever slabs from a central beam (Fig.7)

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or

walls

(Fig.5)

Figure10: STAIR SLAB SPANNING HORIZONTALLY

Figure11: SLAB SUPPORTED BETWEEN TWO STRINGER BEAMS OR WALLS

Figure12:CANTILEVER SLAB FROM A SPANDREAL BEAM OR WALL

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Figure13: DOUBLY CANTILEVER SLAB FROM A CENTRAL BEAM

3.2) Stairs spanning longitudinally:

In this category, the slab is supported at bottom and top of the flight and remain
unsupported on the sides. Each flight of stairs is continuous, supported on beams at
top and bottom or on landings. The effective span of such stairs, without stringer
beams, should br taken as the following horizontal distances :
a) Where unsupported at top and bottom risers by beams spanning parallel with the
risers, the distance centre-to-centre of beam :
b) Where spanning on the edge of a landing slab which spans parallel to the risers, a
distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each and either half the width of
the landing or one metre, whichever is smaller ; and
c) Where the landing slab spans in the same direction as the same direction as the
stairs, they should be considered as acting together to form a single slab and the
span determined at the distance centre-to-centre of the supporting beams or walls,
the going being measured horizontally.

Figure14:EFFECTIVE SPAN FOR STAIRS SUPPORTED AT EACH END BY

LANDINGS SPANNING PARALLEL WITH THE RISERS.

3.3) EFFECTIVE SPAN OF STAIRS

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The stipulations of clause 33 of IS 456 are given below as a ready reference

regarding the determination of effective span of stair. Three different cases are given
to determine the effective span of stairs without stringer beams.
(i) The horizontal centre-to-centre distance of beams should be considered as
the effective span when the slab is supported at top and bottom risers by beams
spanning parallel with the risers.
(ii) The horizontal distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each end
either half the width of the landing or one meter, whichever is smaller when the stair
slab is spanning on to the edge of a landing slab which spans parallel with the risers.
See Table 2 for the effective span for this type of staircases shown in Figure.
Table 1. Effective span of stairs shown in figure
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4

x
<1m
<1m
1m
1m

y
<1m
1m
<1m
1m

Effective span in metres

G+x+y
G+x+1
G+y+1
G+1+1

Note : G= Going

3.4) DISTRIBUTION OF LOADING ON STAIRS

In case of stairs with open wells, where spans partly crossing at right angles
occur, the load on areas common to any two such spans may be taken as one-half in each
direction as shown in below figure(a). Where flights or landings are built into walls at a
distance of not less than 110mm and are designed to span in the direction of flight, a 150mm
strip may be deducted from the loaded area and the effective breadth of the section increased
by 75mm for the purposes of design(b)

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Figure15:DISTRIBUTION OF LOADING ON STAIRS.

3.4.1) LIVE LOAD

I.S 875 PART-2(Code of practice for structural safety of buildings) gives the loads for
staircases. For stairs in residetail building, office building, hospital wards,tels, etc., where
2
there is no possibility of overcrowding, the live load may be taken as 3000 N /m , subject

to a minimum of 1300 N conccentrated load at the unsupported end of each step for stairs
constructed out of structurally independent cantilever stepfor other piblic buildings liable to
be overcrowding, the live lad may be taken to be 4000

N /m2 .

3.4.2) DEAD LOAD

The dead load is based on the slope length of the stair flight.
average thickness of the stair slab is used to calculate the dead load:

The

h = 0.5 rise going / (rise2 + going2) + waist + finishes

Note: Finishes are included as they are generally assumed to have a density equal to
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that of concrete.

3.5 ) STEP BY STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE FOLLOWING

STAIRCASES:
3.5.1) STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR STRAIGHT FLIGHT
STAIRCASE :
1.EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Thickness of waist(d) =

span
20

Overall depth(D) = d + effective cover

2. LOADS:
Dead load of slab on slope (Ws)
= all depth X breadth X unit weight of concrete
Dead load of slab on horizontal slab
ws R+T 2
W=
T
Dead load on one step
=

1
rise tread unit wt . of concrete
2

Load of steps per meter length

= Dead load on one step x
Finishes etc.

1000
300

= 1 KN/m

Live load:
(As per IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)
(liable to over crowding)

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= 4 KN /m

Total load:
= (dead load + live load)

3.FACTORED LOAD:
Wu = 1.5 x total load

4. BENDING MOMENT:
Maximum bending moment at centre of span is
1
wu l 2
Mu = 12

5.CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:

d=

Mu
0.138 fck b

6. MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Ast fy
b
d fck
Mu =
)
0.87 fy Ast d
1

Spacing =

( )2
4
1000
Ast

7. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
As

t1

= 0.2 % OF CROSS SECTION

Spacing =

2
( )
4
1000
As t 1

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3.5.2) STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOR DOGLEGGED STAIRCASE:

1.EFFECTIVE SPAN:
span
Thickness of waist(d) = 20
Overall depth(D) = d + effective cover

2. LOADS:
Dead load of slab on slope (Ws)
= all depth X breadth X unit weight of concrete

Dead load of slab on horizontal slab

ws R+T 2
W=
T
Dead load on one step
=

1
rise tread unit wt . of concrete
2

Load of steps per meter length

= Dead load on one step x
Finishes etc.

1000
300

= 1 KN/m

Live load:
(As per IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)
(liable to over crowding)
2
= 4 KN /m

26 | P a g e

Total load:
= (dead load + live load)

3.FACTORED LOAD:
Wu = 1.5 x total load

4. BENDING MOMENT:
Maximum bending moment at centre of span is
1
wu l 2
Mu = 8

5.CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:

d=

Mu
0.138 fck b

6. MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Ast fy
b d fck
Mu =
)
0.87 fy Ast d
1

Spacing =

( )2
4
1000
Ast

7. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
As

t1

= 0.2 % OF CROSS SECTION

Spacing =

( )2
4
1000
As t 1

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3.5.3) STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE FOROPENWELL STAIR CASE:

1. EFFECTIVE SPAN:
For A to B (d) =

span
20

Over all depth(D ) = d + cover

2. COMPUTATION OF LOADING:
A) FOR THE FLIGHT PORTION
Let the weight of slab

( W 1 ) = all depth X breadth X

Weight on horizontal area = w1 X

Dead weight of step is given by =

R+T

unit weight of concrete

T
1
rise breadth unit wt of concrete
2

Live load:
(As per IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)
(liable to over crowding)
2

= 3 KN /m

Total load:
= (dead load + live load)

B) FOR LANDING PORTION:

Dead load = all depth X breadth X unit weight of concrete

Live load:
(As per IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)
(liable to over crowding)

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2
= 3 KN /m

TOTAL LOAD =
=(DEAD LOAD+

LIVE LOAD
)
2

3.Factored load:
Mu max= 1.5 X TOTAL LOAD

4. CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:

d=

Mu
0.138 fck b

5.MAIN REINFORCEMENT:

0.5 fck
4.6 mu
1 1
bd
fy
fck bd 2

Ast =

Spacing =

( )2
4
1000
Ast

6.DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
As

t1

= 0.2 % OF CROSS SECTION

Spacing =

( )2
4
1000
As t 1

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CHAPTER-4
DESIGN OF STAIRCASES

We are consider as Three different type of staircases. They are as follows:.

4.1) STAIGHT FLIGHT STAIRCASE
4.2) DOG-LEGGED STAIRCASE
4.3) PEN-WELL STAIRCASE

4.1) STAIGHT FLIGHT STAIRCASE:

Figure16:STRAIGHT FLIGHT STAIR CASE

A stair extending in one direction only, with no turns.

We are considering dimension of stairs =7.20m x 1.50m.

Rise=150mm
Tread=300m
Landing = 1.2 m
Height of the floor=3m.

These stair are mostly used in Assembly building.

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REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

DATA:
Rise =150 mm
Tread =300 mm
M20 grade of concrete
N /mm2

Fck =20

Fe 415 grade of steel

N /mm2

Fy =415

1.EFFECTIVE SPAN:
FORM SPAN (A TO B) AND (B TO C)
Effective span =3.6m
Thickness of waist =

d=

span
20

3600
20

=180 mm

D= d + effective cover

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D = 180 + 20
= 200 mm
Overall depth(D) = 200 mm

2) LOADS:
Dead load of slab on slope
Ws =0.20 x 1 x 25
=5 KN/m
Dead load of slab on horizontal slab
ws R+T 2
W=
T

5 1502 +3002
300

=5.590 KN/m
Dead load on one step
1
rise tread unit wt . of concrete
= 2
=0.5 x 0.15 x 0.30 x 25
=0.56 KN/m
Load of steps per meter length
0.56 1000
=
300
=1.86 KN/m
Finishes etc. = 1 KN/m
Total dead load
`= (5+1.86+1)
= 7.86 KN/m

Live load :
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(As per IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)

(liable to over crowding)
2
= 4 KN /m

TOTAL LOAD :
= (dead load + live load)
= (7.86 + 4)
= 11.86 KN/m

FACTORED LOAD:
Wu = 1.5 x total load
=1.5 x 11.86 KN/m
= 17.79 KN/m

BENDING MOMENT:
Maximum bending moment at centre of span is
1
wu l 2
Mu = 12
1
17.79 3.62
= 12
= 19.21 KN-m

CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:

d=

Mu
0.138 fck b

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19.21 106
3
0.138 20 10

= 83.42 mm
83.42mm<180 mm provided

safe

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Ast fy
b d fck
Mu =
)
0.87 fy Ast d
1

19.21

106 =0.87 415 Ast 180(1

Ast 415
)
180 20 10 3

26.970 10 6 ( Ast 2 )+ 2.33 1012 ( Ast ) 6.9156 1013=0

2
Ast =307.74 mm

Provide 10 mm diameter bar

Spacing =

d2
4
1000
Ast

2
10
4
=
1000
07.74
= 255.21 mm
Consider as 255 mm C/C

DISTRIBUT REINFORCEMENT:
= 0.2 % OF CROSS SECTION

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0.2
2000 200
100

= 240 mm

Provide 8 mm diameter bar

82
4
Spacing =
1000
240
= 209.43 mm
Consider as 210 mm C/C.

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Figure17:REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF STRAIGHT FLIGHT STAIRCASE

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4.2) DOG-LEGGED STAIRCASE

Figure18:DOG-LEGGED STAIRCASE

A dog-leg is a configuration of stairs between two floors of a building, often a

domestic building, in which a flight of stairs ascends to a half-landing before turning
180 degrees and continuing upwards.

We are considering dimension of stairs =4.2mx3m.

Rise =150mm
Tread=300mm
Height of the floor =3m
Landing = 1.2m

These stair are mostly used in school buildings.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

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DATA:
Tread =300mm
Rise =150m
M20 Grade of concrete
Fck =20 N/mm2
Fe 415 Grade of steel
Fy =415 N/mm2

EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Effective span =4.2 m
(d)=

span
20

= 4200/20
= 210 mm
D = d + cover
= 210 + 20
= 230 mm
Overall depth (D) = 230 mm

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LOADS:
Dead load of slab on slope
Ws =(thickness of waist slab x breadth x unit wt. Of concrete)
=(0.230 x 1 x 25)
=5.75 kn/m
Dead load of slab on horizontal span is
ws R 2+T 2
W=
T
5.75 1502 +3002
=(
)
300
= 6.42 Kn/m
1
RISE TREAD UNIT WT .OF CONCRETE
Dead load on one step:=( 2
)
=(

0.5 0.15 0.3 25

=0.562 Kn/m
0.56 1000
Load of steps per meter length =
300

=1.86 kn/m

Finishes load = 1 kn/m

Total dead load :

= (6.42+1.86+1)
= 9.28 kn/m

LIVE LOAD :
(AS PER IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)

39 | P a g e

(liable to over crowding)

2
= 4 kn/ m

TOTAL LOAD:
= (dead load + live load)
= (9.28 + 4)
= 13.28 kn/m

FACTORED LOAD:
Wu = 1.5 x total load
= 1.5 x 13.28
= 19.92 kn/m

BENDING MOMENT:
Mu =

1
wu l2
8
2

= 0.125 x 19.92 x 4.2

= 43.92 kn-m

CHECK FOR THE DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:

d=

d=

mu
0.138 fck b

43.92 106
0.138 20 1000

40 | P a g e

= 126.177 mm
126.177 210 mm provide
Hence provided safe

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
fy
)
( b Ast
d fck )

Mu=0.87 fy Ast d (1

415
)
( 10Ast 210
20 )

43.92 106 =0.87 415 Ast 210(1

31.46 106 ( Ast 2 )+ 3.18 1011 ( Ast )1.84 1011=0

Ast =616.177 mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bar

2
10
4
Spacing =
1000
Ast

2
10
4

1000
616.177
= 127.12

mm

Consider as spacing=128 mm c /c

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
D.R = 0.12% OF GROSS SECTION

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0.12
1000 230
100

= 276 mm

Provide 8 mm diameter bar:

8 2
4
Spacing=
1000
276
= 182.12mm
Consider as spacing=182

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Figure19:REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF DOG-LEGGED STAIRCASE

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4.3) OPEN-WELL STAIRCASE

Figure20:OPENWELL STAIRCASE

Open well stair case adopted at where large spaces are available. This type of stair
case consists of smaller flights and provides better accessibility comfort and good
ventilation due to open well at the center.

We are considering dimension of stairs=5.25mx4025m.

rise=150mm
tread=250mm
Height of the floor=3.45m

These stair are mostly used in Residential building

44 | P a g e

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

GIVEN DATA:
Tread =250mm
Rise =150m
For Fe 415 steel, fy = 415 N/mm2
For M20 concrete, fck = 20 N/mm2
Width of the wall = 400mm

3. EFFECTIVE SPAN:

For A to B (d) =

span
20
=

3750
20

= 187.5mm
D = d + cover
= 187.5 + 20
= 207.5 mm
Over all depth(D)= 207.5 mm

COMPUTATION OF LOADING:
45 | P a g e

A) FOR THE FLIGHT PORTION

Thickness of waist slab =207.5mm
(W 1 )=0.20 X 1 X 25000
Let the weight of slab
= 5175 N/m2
R+T 2
1 X
Weight on horizontal area = w
T
= 5175 X

1502 +2502
250

=6035.03 N/m2
1
rise breadth unit wt of concrete
Dead weight of step is given by = 2
=

1
150 1 25
2

= 1875 N/m2
Weight of finishing = 1000 N/ m

(assumed)

Live load = 3000 N/m2

(As per IS 875(PART-2) LIVE LOAD AS COSIDER)
(not liable over crowding)
Total load =6035.03+1875+100+3000
2
=11910.03N/ m

B) FOR LANDING PORTION:

Dead load = 0.207 x 1 x 1x 25000
= 5175 N/m2
Finishing load = 1000 N/m2
Live load = 3000 N/m2
(not liable to over crowding)

Total load:
= 5175+1000+3000/2
2
= 7675 N/ m
How ever since each quarter space landing is common to both the flights only half of the
above loading

i,e 3837.5 N/m2 will be taken.

46 | P a g e

1
1.5
2.25
3837.5 1.5
+ 11910.03 2.25(1.5+
)
3.75
2
2

RA =

=14550.03 N
RA+RB = (3837.5 x 1.5)+(11910.03 X 2.25)
= 32553.81 N
RB= 32553.81 - Ra
= 32553.81-14550.03
=18003.78 N

Shear force zero at

Ra
11910.03

14550.03
11910.03

= 1.22m from A.
Mmax = (1.22 x 14550.03

11910.03 X 1.222
)
2

= 8.88 x 106 N-mm.

Factored load:
Mu max= 1.5 x 8.88 x 106
= 13.29 x106 N-mm

Check for Depth

d=

M u max
0.138 fck b

13.29 106
0.138 20 1000

=69.39mm< 187.5 mm
47 | P a g e

Hence safe.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Ast =

0.5 fck
4.6 mu
1 1
bd
fy
fck bd 2

0.520
4.4 13.29 1 06
1 1
1000238
415
20 1000 187.5 187.5
Ast = 200.88 mm2

Provide 10mm dia bars

10 2
4
Spacing =
1000
200.00
= 290.97 mm c/c.

Distribution reinforcement
Asd =

0.12
1000
D
100

0.12
1000 207.5
= 100
=249 mm2 c/c.
Spacing of 8 mm c/c

82
4
=
1000
249
= 202 mm c/c
How ever provide these 202 mm c/c
Tv =
=

vu
bd
1.5 Ra
bd
14550.03 1.5
1000 187.5

= 0.146 N/mm2.
Which is less than permissible shear stress of 0.28 N/mm2 even at minimum steel..

DESIGN OF FLIGHT BC

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11910.03 1.2 5 )
( 3837.5 1. 5 )+
RB = R c =
+ ( 3837.5 1 .5 )
1

2
= 13200.018N
3837.5 1.5
Mmax=

( 1.25+1.5
)
2

( 13200.01 2.1 2 )

11910.03 0.625
103
)2

=20.44 x 106 N-mm.

Factored load:
Mu=1.5 x 20.44 x 106
=30.66 x 106 N-m

Check for depth:

d=

mumax
0.138 fck b

d=

30.66 10 6
0.138 20 1000
= 105.39mm < 197.5mm
Hence safe.

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Ast =

0.5 f ck
4.6 mu
1 1
bd
fy
fck b d 2

0.5 20
4.6 30.66 106
1 1
1000 187.5
=
415
20 1000 187.52

49 | P a g e

= 478.46 m m

Spacing of 10mm

2
10
S= 4
1000
478.46
provide 164 mm c /c

= 164.15 mm

Distribution reinforcement
Asd =

0.12
1000
D
100

0.12
1000 207.5
= 100
=249 mm2 c/c.
Spacing of 8 mm c/c

82
4
=
1000
249
= 202 mm c/c
How ever provide these 202 mm c/c

50 | P a g e

Figure21:REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF OPEN-WELL STAIRCASE

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CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
Hence, we designed the straight flight stairs with the dimensions of 7.2 m x 1.5 m and height
of the building is 3m.It is suitable for assembly buildings. The straight flight staircase is
designed by using autocad 2012, IS 875(part 2) and IS 456: 2000 .
Hence, we designed the dog legged stairs with the dimensions of 4.2 m x 3.00 m and height
of the building is 3m.It is suitable for school buildings. dog legged staircase is designed by
using autocad 2012, IS 875(part 2) and IS 456: 2000 .
Hence, we designed the Open well stairs with the dimensions of 5.25mx4.25m and height of
the building is 3.45m.It is suitable for Residential buildings. The Open well staircase is
designed by using autocad 2012, IS 875(part 2) and IS 456: 2000 .

52 | P a g e

CHAPTER-6
REFERENCE
6.1) TEXT BOOKS:

Limit state design of reinforced concrete, B C PUNMIA, ASHOK KUMAR JAIN, ARUN
KUMAR JAIN.

Reinforced concrete structure (volume-1), Dr. B.C PUNMIA

Limit state design of reinforced concrete , N.KRISHNA RAJU

Limit state design of reinforcement concrete, P.C Varghese

6.2) WEBSITES:
53 | P a g e

http://www.ecollege.ie/site/liu/carpentry_notes/Stairs%20_M4_U15.pdf

http://www.g-w.com/pdf/sampchap/9781590706480_ch18.pdf

https://www.google.co.in/search?
q=abstract+staircase+art&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=JyjQUrHKMZHQr
Qex7oDgBg&sqi=2&ved=0CEMQsAQ&biw=1366&bih=667

http://www.toptreadstairways.com/stair_calculator.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs

http://ebookbrowsee.net/na/national-building-code

http://www.slideshare.net/speak2vinod/national-building-code-for-residential-apartmentsin-india

http://wbfes.in/home/acts_regulations/download/nbc_part4_fls.pdf

http://www.revitzone.com/3d-modelling/138-stairs-a-basic-introduction

http://en.uk.allconstructions.com/portal/categories/141/1/0/1/article/409/introduction-tostaircase-types-and-materials

http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=9M7FVqLF5TQC&pg=PA401&lpg=PA401&dq=reinforcement+details+of+staircase
&source=bl&ots=2OGO6FUXdc&sig=Jj2XXJsTxGKqdaUnLG0qua-Arys&hl=en&sa

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=fyCNhhoAIMC&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&dq=reinforcement+details+of+staircase&source
=bl&ots=NMzLiayfR&sig=0p5P0iEhqyeZv33M3GPQLlA4PsE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mhzdUvveL8PhrAej2oH

wCQ&s
http://www.slideshare.net/KKIIMMII/stairs-8557198

http://nptel.iitk.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Design%20of
%20Con%20Struc/pdf/m9l20.pdf

http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=o_mKzwhbeHkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepa
ge&q&f=false

http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=6g1fu4pRDCkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepag
e&q&f=false
54 | P a g e

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=o_mKzwhbeHkC&source=gbs_similarbooks

http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/avrsb/133/ritchiek/notes/Text/grade10/stairconstruction.htm

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