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Descriptive Terms:
Characteristics of Chordates
1. Notochord
B. Classification of Chordates
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates) notochord found in tail of larvae
(absent in adult)
Ex. Pandosia (Sea squirt)
Subphylum Cephalochordata notochord found from head to tail;
(present in adult)
Ex. Amphioxus / Branchiostoma
Subphylum Craniata presence of head case (CRANIUM)
Superclass Agnatha jawless
Class Myxini
Order Myxiniformes narrow-mouthed
Ex. Myxine (hagfish)
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Order Petromyzontiformes round-mouthed
Ex. Petromyzon (lamprey)
Warm-blooded Terrestrial
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous skeleton
Sublcass Elasmobranchii exposed gill slits
Order Carcharhiniformes (sharks)
Ex. Rhizoprionodon
Order Rajiformes (rays & skates) dorsoventrally flat
Ex. Dasyatis, Dipturus
Subclass Holocephali concealed gill slits
Ex. Chimaera (ratfish)
Phylum Chordata
Internal Anatomy
Mantle encloses the viscera to which it adheres to
soft body wall beneath test
consists of outer epithelium & inner connective tissue
Pharynx serves as food-catching device & respiratory mechanism
Cross sections
Dorsal Fins
Gill Slits
Nasohypoph
yseal Canal
12 pairs
7 pairs
Buccal
funnel
Anatomy of Lamprey:
Female (x.s)
Male (x.s)
Myxini
(hagfish)
-
Petromyzon
(lamprey)
Order Carcharhiniformes
Ex. Rhizoprionodon (shark)
FUSIFORM (spindle-shaped) body offers little resistance to
water
Body covered in PLACOID SCALES
Fins for locomotion
a.Unpaired (median) fins
i. Anterior and Posterior dorsal fin
ii. Caudal fin = HETEROCERCAL
b.Paired (lateral) fins
i. Pectoral fins
ii. Pelvic Fins
w/ anus
dorsal
ventra
Rostrum
Eyes w/o lids
Spiracle for respiration
Mouth
Nostrils
Nasofrontal Process
Oronasal Groove
Gill Slits
Subclass Holocephali
Ex. Chimaera (ratfish)
Order Acipenseriformes
Ex. Acipenser (sturgeon)
Barbels used as sense organs for food detection
Has double nostrils
Curious mouth bordered with sensory papillae
Has degenerate jaws and teeth
Covered with GANOID SCALES
Has a HETEROCERCAL tail
w/ slitl-like spiracles above each eye and operculum
supported by a single bone
Ex. Polyodon (paddlefish/spoonbill)
Rostrum is expanded into a broad, thin, spatulate structure
provided w/ sense organs for detection of food
has double nostrils and small spiracles
Operculum lacks opercular bones and continues to the
Branchiostegal Membrane w/o rays
Gill rakers found on the gill arches
- Seperates food particles from mud
Has a HETEROCERCAL tail
Summary:
Subclass Neopterygii
Order Lepisosteiformes
Ex. Lepisosteus (gar pike)
Has hard shining GANOID SCALES and bony operculum
Has very elongated tooth jaws forming a snout
Median and paired fins w/ stout Lepidotrichia bony, flexible,
jointed fin rays
Has a HETEROCERCAL tail
Order Amiiformes
Ex. Amia (bowfin fish)
Has double nostrils and a HOMOCERCAL tail
Covered in CYCLOID SCALES
Median and paired fins supported by Lepidotrichia
Class Amphibia
Order Caudata
Ex. Necturus (mud puppy)
Skin is naked, slimy, and void of scales
Ex. Snakes
Lacks limbs and eyelids
Poisonous snakes have Pits temperature detectors
Subclass Archosauria
Order Crocodilia
Ex. Alligator & Crocodilia
Have upper (w/ bony support) and lower eyelids; nictitating
membrane
Covered by large horny thickenings
Class Aves
Subclass Neornithes
Ex. Gallus (chicke), Anas (duck), Boteo boteo
Clothed w/ a covering of feathers
Remiges (wings): 1, 2, and
3 (humerals)
Flight feathers
Contour
Retrices (tail)
Feathers
Covert feathers covers general surface area of
the body
Filoplumes (hair feather) hair-like processes
Feather follicles deep pits into w/c contour feathers are set
Head:
Beak jaws incased in horny sheath; teeth absent
Cere cushion-like protuberance at the base of the upper beak
External nares
External auditory meatus narrow passage leading to the
middle ear
External ear elevated skin fold around meatus
Large eyes w/ upper & lower eyelids
Trunk:
Keel of breastbone to w/c the wing muscles are attached
Paired limbs:
a.Wing homologous to forelimbs of other vertebrates
In primitive position when extended
Consists of upper arm, forearm, and fused wrist
&hands
b.Hindlimb clothed partially w/ feathers and partially w/
horny scales
Has (4) digits: 5th is absent
1st is directed posterior for perching
Anus found at the base of the tail
Uropedium where the Uropygial Gland is seen
Secretes oil used for preening feathers
Adaptive radiation:
a. Body form & proportions
b. Relative length and shape of wings
c. Types of beaks and feet -= difference in habitat and food
Trunk
a. Anterior chest/thorax
Teats / nipples the (4-5 pairs) openings of
mammary glands
b. Posterior abdomen
Limbs terminate in clawed digits: 5 in front & 4 behind ( 1st hind
toe is absent)
Class Mammalia
-
Warm blooded
vertebrates
provided with
hair and
Mammary
glands for
nourishing the
young w/ milk
Subclass Placentalia
Order Carnivora
Ex. Felis (cat)
Body is clothed Fur closely set hairs
Whiskers/vibrissae have rich nerve endings that serve as
tactile organs
Head:
Facial region in front of eyes
Cranial region enlarged posterior region
External nares overhung by the mobile nose
Has eyes with upper & lower lids and a nictitating membrane
Adaptive Radiation:
a.Rousettus (bats)
great lateral expansions (wing membranes) = for true flight
large ear pinnae
b.ungulates
Type of Cleavage
Blastula
Gastrula
Germ
Layers:
Ectoder
m&
Entoder
m
Archenteron
(gastrocoel)
primitive
intestine
Blastopore
opening of
archenteron to the
exterior
Anphioxus
&
Mammals
ISOLECITHAL
w/ little yolk, evenly
distributed
HOLOBLASTIC, EQUAL
egg divides and
produces a number of
approximately equal
cells
Blastomeres (cells)
Blastocoel (cavity)
Germ
Layers:
Ectoder
m&
Entoder
m
Archenteron
(gastrocoel)
Blastopore
Yolk Plug enclosed
yolk-bearing cells
Chordamesoderm
roof of archenteron
Coelomic (mesodermal)
sacs
Mesoderm
a. Somatic (parietal)
mesoderm
outer; in contact
with ectoderm
b. Splanchnic mesoderm
inner; in contact with
entoderm
Coelem (body cavity)
cavity of the pouches
Neural Tube primordium
of brain and spinal
cord
Notochord primitive axial
skeleton
Archenteron
Amphibian
s
TELOLECITHAL
w/ moderate amt. of
yolk accumulating in
half of the egg
HOLOBLASTIC,
UNEQUAL
cells withdraw from
the center, producing
blastula w/ reduced
blastocoel and a wall
several layers thick
Animal Hemisphere
(micromere)
contains majority of
protoplasm
Vegetal Hemisphere
(macromere)
contains most of the yolk
Blastocoel
Birds,
Reptiles, &
egg-laying
Mammals
TELOLECITHAL
w/ enormous amt. of
yolk and protoplasm
concentrated on small
disk (Germinal Disk)
MEROBLASTIC
small germinal disk
undergoes cleavage
Invaginati
Blastula
on
Gastrula
Mesoderm
c. Somatic (parietal)
mesoderm
d. Splanchnic mesoderm
Coelom (body cavity)
Notochord
Neural tube
Archenteron
Primitive Streak
represents the formation
of the roof of
archenteron
source of notochord and
mesodermal sheets
Hensens Node
represents blastopore
Neural tube stage
Neural
Germ Layers:
Ectoderm &
Delaminated
entoderm
Archenteron will
disappear
groove stage
Neural plate
Invaginati
Delaminati
on
on
Gastrula
Early Gastrula
Middle Gastrula
Late Gastrula
Neurulation
Neurulation
Neural tube
Entoderm:
Primitive intestine
Forms epithelial lining of intestine and all its derivatives:
- Respiratory system: Gill pouches & gills, larynx
- Digestive system: liver, gall bladder & bile duct, pancreas
Mesoderm:
Epimere
Mesoderm
&ducts
Mesomere
Somatic mesoderm
parietal
pericardium
Hypomere
Splanchnic mesoderm visceral
pericardium
Circulatory system
Somatic mesoderm + Ectoderm = Somatopleure (body wall)
Splanchnic mesoderm + Endoderm = Splanchnopleure (intestinal wall)
Mammary glands*
b. In frogs:
Statum Laxum next to epidermis;
consisting of loose open connective
tissue
i. Cutaneous glands
C. Exoskeletons
I. Exoskeleton of Fishes
Clothed w/ scales w/c are dermal in origin
1. Placoid Scale characteristic of
elasmobranchs; giving rough texture to skin
(shagreen shark skin)
Homologous w/ vertebrate teeth
Basal Plate & Projecting Spine
2. Ganoid Scale characteristic of Polypetrus,
Acipenser, Polyodon, Lepisosteus
Hard, shiny rhomboid plates
Immovably joined to each other by Peg-andSocket Arrangement
3. Cycloid Scale characterteristic of Dipnoi, Amia, and
Teleosts
Imbricates arrangement
4. Ctenoid Scale
Concentric ridges
Teeth
Dermal Fin Rays:
1. Ceratotrichia
Found in elasmobranchs and Holocephali
Slender, flexible unjointed fin rays consisting of fibrous
material
2. Lepidotrichia
Found in Actinopterygii,
Dorsal
b.
Ventral
Plastron
Dorsal
Ventral
III. Exoskeleton of Birds
Clothed in feathers on the greater part of the body, scales & claws on
the feet, and horny beaks (epidermal in origin)
No dermal exoskeleton
Feathers homologous to reptilian scales
a. Down Feathers (Plumules)
Constitute fluffy covering of young birds and bases of
contour feathers in adult birds
Development of feather resembles that of reptilian
scales which involves a nutritive dermal papilla and an
epidermal thickening
Quill
Barbs (w/ hooks)
Barbules
b. Contour Feathers
Common type of feather w/c covers the bodies of birds
Claws:
Hoofs: