Professional Documents
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BY
MARCH, 2011
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work was carried out by NASIRU WASIU
OLAKUNLE Matric No CSC/07/0067. of Computer Science Department,
Adeyemi College of Education Ondo under the supervision of Mr. A.A
Aroyehun and submitted as a matter of protocol.
____________________
Project Supervisor
___________________
Date
____________________
HOD
___________________
Date
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God almighty for his care and protection over my life
in the process of computing this project, that made my N.C.E. programme a
reality. Also to my unborn children and to both of whom I materialized from;
Mr. Ayodele Nasiru and Mrs. Omolara Nasiru.
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AKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to the almighty God for it has pleased him in his
faithfulness, mercies and compassion to make my N.C.E. programme a reality
and success.
My unreserved gratitude goes to my parent, Mr. and Mrs. Nasiru through
which the Lord has made my academic pursuit a successful one. As well as the
able Nasirus family; Olawunmi, Oyindamola, Gbemisola, mostly to Oladejo
Olawunmi for her support, you are all great and dear to me.
However, I am specifically indebted to my gentle and experienced
supervisor and for his cooperation as fatherly role, advice and guidance given to
me during his supervision.
Moreover, a great appreciation owed to all my able and caring Lecturers;
Mr. N.J. Ayinla, Mr. A.O Adekunle, Mr. M.S Olajide, Mr. Ifedayo, Mr.
Akinnubi Rufus, Mr. Bola Adamu, Mrs. Lebi, and all I cant just mention, for a
great contribution in the success of my programme. You are all blessed.
Lastly, I want to use this opportunity to thank all my friends in ACE,
especially to all I served as the Chief Librarian in Physics dept. and as a Clerk in
Computer Sci. dept. 2009/2010 for their support during my tenor. Likewise a
big thank you to all my colleagues both in my combination (Computer Sci. /
Physics); TAIWO, Familokuns family, Asimi Ibrahim, Akinjogbin Victoria,
Oyekunle Mayowa, Itobi Abiodun, Eze blessing, Owoeye James, Oluwasegun
Ipaye, Kareem Quadri, I love you. Also to all CACSAs member for their
encouragement at different times to make my programme be a successful
experience. May the Lord bless them all (AMEN).
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ABSTRACT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION -
DEDICATION
AKNOWLEDGEMENT -
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT -
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
--
1.3
NOTABLE DEFINITIONS
1.4
METHODOLOGY
--
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
THEORETICAL CONCEPT
2.2
WAVE MOTION -
2.3
2.4
2.5
CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAVE -
2.6
EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS
--
2.7
COMMUNICATION SATELLITE
2.8
SPACEWAVE APPLICATION
2.9
CURRENT PROCEDURE
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
--
3.7
SUMMARY
--
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
4.1
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
--
4.2
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT -
4.3
HUMANWARE REQUIREMENT
4.4
SYSTEM DESIGN
--
4.5
--
4.6
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
4.7
RECOMMENDATION -
4.8
CONCLUSION
PROGRAM FLOWCHART
PROGRAM -
REFERENCES
PROGRAM OUTPUT
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
1.1
1.2
1.3
NOTABLE DEFINITION
According to Longman dictionary, space can be define simply as the
1.2
METHODOLOGY
Based on the visit to a telecommunication station, N.T.A. Akure as a case
study, the work done in this research was carried out using the following steps.
(a) A detailed study and analyses of the existing manual method of
calculating wavelength, period and frequency in signal transmission
through participant observation.
(b) Development of a prototype automated system using Q-BASIC
programming language.
(c) Simulation of the system.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
THEORETICAL CONCEPT
According to Longman dictionary, space can simply mean the amount of
2.2
WAVE MOTION
The particles of the medium, which transfer energy to and from or vibrate
about mean position as the passes, the vibrations are passed from one particles
to the other. The direction is which this vibration take place is significant in
classifying the type of wave as we shall soon see.
Wave motion is a disturbance that moves from place to place in some medium,
carrying energy with it. Probably the most familiar example of wave motion is
the action of water wave. Not all wave require any material to carry them, light,
radiant heat and radio waves appear dont require any material medium for
propagation.
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2.3
2.4
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2.5
CHARACTERISTICS OF A WAVE
Any wave can be fully characterized by describing three properties:
wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Like any wave, a water wave appears to
more up and down in a regular pattern.
The distance between any two adjacent (next to each other) wave crest or
any two adjacent wave troughs is known as the wavelength of the wave. The
wavelength is generally abbreviated with the Greek letter lambda,>. The
number of wave crest (or wave troughs) that passes a given point per unit of
frequency is generally represented by the letter f. the highest point reached by a
wave above its average height is known as the amplitude of the wave. The speed
at which a waves mores is the product of its wavelength and its frequency, or
v=>f.
2.6
EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS
WAVE PROPAGATION.
Two kinds of waves most commonly encountered in science are sound
waves and electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic radiation includes in wide
variety of kinds of energy, including visible light, ultraviolet light, in fared
radiation, x-rays, gamma radar, micro waves and radio waves, and radio waves.
As different as these forms of energy appear to be, they are all alike in the way
in which they are transmitted. They travel as transverse waves with the same
velocity, about 31010 centimeters (1.21010 inches) per second, but with
different wavelengths and frequencies.
According to Mack Raphson, in his experiment, he discovered that, when
a radio wave current flows into a transmitting antenna, a radio wave of the same
frequency is radiated in a number of direction, as predicted by the pattern of the
antenna by one or more of different modes of propagation.
Few of these are: the surface wave, sky wave and the use of communication
satellite.
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The surface wave is supported at its corner edge by the surface of the
earth and it is able to follow the curvature of the earth as it travels.
The sky wave is directed upward from the earth into upper atmosphere
where it contain condition which are satisfied, it will be returned to the earth
required locality.
The communication satellite is another method of orbiting the earth to
receive a radio signal amplify and transmit frequencies towards the earth. The
purpose of this is to avoid inter modulation and possible interference.
The fourth is the tropospheric scatter, which is used when other are not
available.
2.7
SATELLITE.
The surface is used for worldwide communication in the VLF, LF band and for
the broadcasting in the MF band.
The Sky wave is used for HF communication system including long
distance radio telephoning and sound broadcasting.
The Space wave is used for sound and TV broadcasting, for multi-channel
telephoning in the VHF, UHF, and SHF band.
The communication satellite systems are used to carry international
multi-channel telephoning systems and sometimes TV signals. Scattering
system operate in the UHF band to provide the multi-channel to telephoning
links.
2.8
SPACEWAVE APPLICATIONS
The wave follows two distinct paths from the transmitting antenna to the
receiving antenna. One through the air directly to the receiving antenna the
other reflected from the ground. The primary path of the space wave is directly
from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, so that the receiving antenna
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2.9
CURRENT PROCEDURE
With respect to this project work with investigation been carried out, some of
the data collected are as follows:
-
A computer system
receiving antenna, whereby one is through the air and the other is reflected from
the ground. An Auxilator being built in side the transmitter produces the space,
the transmitter will now sends signals through the space and stop at the
ionosphere that serve as barrier and also refract then send it back. Therefore, the
MODEM that can modulates an analog carrier signals e.g. sound, to also encode
digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
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transmitter information that must be connected. Also the computer system that
process and displays necessary operations must be connected for effective
processing.
Finally, the transmitting and the receiving antenna must be installed at
height of several wavelength above the earth, because the signal wavelength is
short due to the several limited in the system with range of space wave. To
improve liability of the system, suitable height of antenna is choosing, and links
are between 25-40km in length, therefore, a long distance route relay (signals)
system are produced.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0
3.1
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sensed. The last is the RECIEVER; i.e. the process whereby the information
bearing energy or signal, is conveyed from the transmitters in the receiver.
The establishment and maintenance of telecommunications centers in the
inhospitable environment of the article is a difficult and expensive matter. In the
high-frequency (HF) band it is possible to transmit signals for very great
distances with very modest equipment and antennas. A fact well known to radio
amateurs (Ham operators), HF systems might seems to be the cheapest to this
approach. The ready propagation of the HF signals would make HF systems to
very susceptible to interference from the signals arriving from others parts of
the earth. Also, HF propagation depends on the ionosphere, an ionized
atmospheric region which several upset the ionosphere and make HF
communication in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic region quite impossible. Thus, HF
systems might be cheap, but it would be unreliable if was unacceptable for this
application.
3.2
provide a frame of reference for the detailed theories in the reviewing of this
course.
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3.2.3 DUCTING
The bending of the troposheric refraction may be strong enough to cause
signals to follow closely along the curvature of the earth. Such behaviour is
called ducting. A wave can propagate in a duct very efficiently, because the
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energy is mainly confined to the duct. Ducts are most frequently observed at
VHF and UHF; they exits also at higher frequencies but the more directive
antennas employed at these, frequencies are les s likely to couple effectively
into the duct. Ducting is more common at same location than at other since it is
closely related to meteorological phenomena. In most areas of the world, is a
source of potential interference rather than a means of reliable communication.
3.3
terminal to transmit data over a standard telephone line. MODEM were first
introduced as part of the SAGE air defense in 1990s,connecting terminal
located at various airbase, radar sides and command-air-control centers to the
SAGE director centers around US. IBM was the primary contractor for both the
computer and the MODEM used in the SAGE system.
A MODEM is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal (sound) to
encode digital information and that also demodulates such carrier signal and
also decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can
be transmitted easily and decode to reproduce the original digital data.
Like a telephone:- A modem dials the line and answers call. It performs
the digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion. While controlling
transmission speeds, that are supported to accommodate old MODEMs or
negotiate downward on noisy lines. Over the years, speed evolved from
300bps to 56kbps.
Built in today system:- New computer geared to the home user generally
have a built-in-MODEM, while these tagged for the office may not. A
MODEM can be added via a PCI, or externally via serial or USB port. In
windows, that dial up networking making new connection wizard takes
you through setting up your MODEM to dial your internet provider.
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3.4
VLF
and
LF
(10
200Khz)
HF (2Mhz to 30Mhz)
Ionospheric
hops.
Very
long
distance
power
ionospheric
scatter
communications.
UHF (80Mhz to 500Mhz)
air-to-ground
in
satellite
communication
at
low
altitudes.
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3.5
ELF
VF
Voice Frequency
VLF
LF
Low Frequency
MF
Medium Frequency
HF
High Frequency
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3.7
Direct
Ground wave
Tropospheric paths
Microwave links.
Meteor scatter
3.8
SUMMARY
Conclusively, Propagation is the process whereby signal is conveyed
between the transmitter and receiver, and its consideration can have a profound
influence on system design. The signal frequency and the environment
determine which propagation mechanisms are dominated. Although these
mechanisms generally appear to involve distinct physical processes, but the
model used to represent it.
An advantage of electromagnetic signal transmission in many systems is
that no physical link, such as wires, is required between the transmitter and the
receiver. This has obvious advantages for such systems as wireless local area
networks (WLANs) where the flexibility to add new users or to accommodate
the redistribution of users, gives the wireless approach a significant advantage
over wired systems.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
4.1
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
The system was design from window XP computer for the effectiveness
Coloured monitors
Micro processors
Disk jet or laser jet printer: for printing out of necessary information
downloading from the website.
4.2
e.g. provider, which or make information available to the information users, file
transfer protocol, gopher, Electronic-mail, downloading and uploading etc.
- Note the QBASIC version of BASIC programming language is used in this
project.
4.3
HUMAN REQUIREMENT
In telecommunication you need to familiarize with some main areas some
of these areas are: you need to be internet user, also be familiar to the use G.S.M
operation and be computer oriented.
4.4
SYSTEM DESIGN.
Propagation considerations can and usually do have a profound influence
4.5
2.
3.
4.
The END statement must have the highest line number in a program
except when using subroutines.
5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Variables can only be formed from BASIC symbol (which are from
Alphabets, Numerals and special characters).
4.6
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
The system follows the steps below in other to gain access to the Q-BASIC
environment, starting form the command prompt (DOS environment).
-
Change the directory to drive containing the location of the program. For
examples, if you boot from drive C, so that you have something like C:/
4.7
RECOMMENDATION
4.8
CONCLUSION.
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REFERENCES
Naval postgraduates school, Department of Electrical and computer
Engineering, Monterey, California. (propagation of electromagnetic waves).
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1885): propagation of electromagnetic signals.
KOLADE ADU (2004): Computer Basis, application and programming. By
ONIBONADUA publications ISSBN978-32253-1-6.
S.A OGUNBANJO (2000): Essential of computer, studied based on selected
topic in Computer awareness. (pg 69)
Professor David Jenn (1988): EC3630 Radio wave propagation.
Professor C.A LEVIS and D.C. JENNS (1990s) propagation of electromagnetic
signals.
P.N. OKEKE (1975): Waves (Definition and Types) 2nd Edition.
White Alice system (1950s): propagation and system design.
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PROGRAM FLOWCHART
START
I=0+1
PRINT FREQ,PERIOD,WAVLGTH
NO
IS
I=15
?
YES
STOP
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THE PROGRAM
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