14

(work) (strain energy)

(principle of conservation
of energy)
(impact)

(virtual work)
(Castiglianos theorem)

( Manitowoc Engineering Company )

588

CHAPTER 14

14.1

(work)
(strain energy)

dx
dU e = F dx

Ue =

F dx

(14-1)

14-1(a) F F =
P -

F = ( P / ) x (14-1) 0

Ue =

14-1

1
P
2

(14-2)

P
P / 2 14-1(c)

P P
14-1(b) P (
P )
U e = P

(14-3)

14-1(c) P
P P

M d
dU e = M d 14-2
rad
Ue =
14-2

M d

(14-4)

14.1

-
= 0 M
Ue =

1
M
2

(14-5)

U e = M

(strain energy)

14-3 z

dFz = z dA = z dx dy
P dFz
d z = z dz dFz dU i = 12 dFz d z = 12 [ z dx dy ] z dz

dV = dx dy dz
1
dU i = z z dV
2

(14-6)

dU i z z

14-3

Ui =

dV

(14-7)

- = E

Ui =

2
V

2E

dV

(14-8)

14-4
dF = ( dx dy )
dz

14-4

589

590

CHAPTER 14

1
dU i = [ ( dx dy )] dz
2

dV = dx dy dz
1
dU i = dV
2

(14-9)

Ui =

dV

(14-10)

- = / G

Ui =

2
V

2G

dV

(14-11)

(14-8) (14-11)

14-5(a)
(14-6) (14-9)
Ui =

1
1
1
2 x x + 2 y y + 2 z z
1
1
1

+ xy xy + yz yz + xz xz dV
2
2
2

(14-12)

(10-18) (10-19)

14-5

14.2

Ui =

v
1
2
2
2
2 E ( x + y + z ) E ( x y + y z + x z )
1 2

( xy + yz2 + xz2 ) dV
+
2G

(14-13)

1 , 2 , 3 14-5(b)

Ui =

v
1

2
2
2
2 E ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) E ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 1 3 ) dV

(14-14)

10.7 -

- (maximum-distortion-energy theory)

14.2

14-6 x
(internal axial force) N
A = N / A (14-8)
Ui =

x2
V

2E

dV =

N2
dV
2 EA2

dV = A dx
14-6

Ui =

L
0

N2
dx
2 AE

(14-15)

A L N
14-7 (14-15)
Ui =

N 2L
2 AE

(14-16)

[ Eal = 70 GPa]
[ Est = 200 GPa]

14-7

591

592

CHAPTER 14

14.1
14-8 A B

A 50 mm 20 mm
6 mm ( ) 18 mm B
56 mm 18 mm
Est = 210 MPa , Y = 310 MPa
14-8

A Y = 310 MPa
6 mm
2

Pmax = Y A = 310 N / mm 2 18 mm = 78 886 N = 78.89 kN

2

(14-16)
Ui =
=

N 2L

2 AE

(78 886 N) 2 (50 mm)

(78 886 N) 2 (6 mm)
+
2
3
2
2[ (20 mm / 2) ][210(10 ) N / mm ] 2[ (18 mm / 2) 2 ][210(103 ) N / mm 2 ]

= 2708 N mm = 2.708 N m = 2.708 J

B 56 mm 18 mm
Pmax = 78 886 N
Ui =

N 2L
(78 886 N) 2 (56 mm)
=
= 3261 N mm
2 AE 2[ (18 mm / 2) 2 ][210(103 ) N / mm 2 ]

= 3.26 N m = 3.26 J

B A
36%

(14-8)
14-9 M
y = My / I

14.2

14-9

dV = dA dx dA dx

Ui =

2
V

dV =

2E

Ui =

L
0

1 My

dA dx
2E I

M2
2 EI 2

y 2 dA dx

Ui =

L
0

M 2 dx
2 EI

(14-17)

x
*

14.2
w 14-10(a)
EI

14-10

x
14-10(b)

* ( 6.4
) (14-17) I x

593

594

CHAPTER 14

x
M + wx = 0
2

+ M NA = 0 ;

x2
M = w
2

(14-17)
Ui =

L
0

M 2 dx
=
2 EI

L
0

[ w( x 2 / 2)]2 dx w2
=
2 EI
8EI

L
0

x 4 dx

Ui =

w2 L5
40 EI

14-10(c)
+ M NA = 0 ;

wL
x
M wx + wL( x )
=0
2
2
M =

14-10

()

wL2
x2
+ wLx w
2
2

(14-17)

14.3
14-11(a) AB EI

14-11(b)
x (14-17)

0 x1 L 14-11(c)
+ M NA = 0 ;

M 1 + Px1 = 0
M 1 = Px1
Ui =

M dx
=
2 EI

L
0

( Px1 )2 dx1 P 2 L3
=
2 EI
6 EI

0 x2 L 14-11(d)
+ M NA = 0 ;
14-11

M 2 + 2 P( x2 ) P ( x2 + L) = 0

14.2

M 2 = P ( x2 L )
Ui =

M dx
=
2 EI

[ P ( x2 L)]2 dx2 P 2 L3
=
2 EI
6 EI

L
0

L x3 2 L 14-11(e)
+ M NA = 0 ;

M 3 + 2 P ( x3 L) P( x3 ) = 0
M 3 = P ( x3 2 L)

Ui =

M dx
=
2 EI

2L
0

[ P ( x3 2 L)]2 dx3 P 2 L3
=
2 EI
6 EI

x
x1

14-11

()

(14-11)

14-12
x V dx dA
= VQ / It (14-11)
Ui =
Ui =

2
V
L
0

2G

dV =
2

V
2GI 2

1 VQ

dA dx
2G It

Q2
dA dx
2
A t

14-12

(form factor)
fs =

A
I2

Ui =

Q2
dA
2
A t

(14-18)

f sV 2 dx
2GA

(14-19)

(14-18)
b h
14-13
t=b
dA = b dy
1
I = bh 3
12
Q = y A = y +

(h / 2) y h
b h2
2
b y = y
2
2
2 4

14-13

595

596

CHAPTER 14

(14-18)
fs =

bh
1
( 12 bh 3 ) 2

b2 h 2
6

y 2 b dy =
2
h / 2 4b 4
5

h/2

(14-20)

(1419)

14.4
w 14-14(a)
EI G a

14-14

14-14(b)
+ Fy = 0 ;

V wx = 0
V = wx

f s =

6
5

[ (14-20) ] (14-19)

(U i ) s =

L 6
5
0

( wx )2 dx 3w2
=
2GA
5GA

L
0

x 2 dx

(U i ) s =

w2 L3
5GA

14.2 A = a 2 , I = 121 a 4

(U i ) s
w2 L3 / 5Ga 2
2 a E
= 2 5
=
4
1
(U i )b w L / 40 E ( 12 a ) 3 L G

G = E / 2(1 + v ) v

1
2

( 10.6 ) E = 3G

(U i ) s
a
= 2
(U i )b
L

14.2

597

L
L = 5a 8%

(14-11) 14-15 x
T
dx dA = T / J

Ui =

2
V

2G

dV =

1 T

dA dx =
2G J

L
0

T2
2GJ 2

14-15

2 dA dx

Ui =

L
0

T2
dx
2GJ

(14-21)

( )
14-16 (14-21)
Ui =

T 2L
2GJ

(14-22)

- J

14-16

F U = ( F / 2)
U = F


N , V , M T

598

CHAPTER 14

14.5
14-17(a)
G = 75 GPa

14-17

14-17(b)
( 40 N m 15 N m )
(14-22)

J=

[(0.08 m) 4 (0.065 m) 4 ] = 36.30(106 ) m 4

(14-22)
T 2L
2GJ
(40 N m)2 (0.750 m)
(15 N m)2 (0.300 m)
=
+
2[75(109 ) N / m 2 ]36.30(106 ) m 4 2[75(109 ) N / m2 ]36.30(106 ) m 4

Ui =

= 233 J

14.2

14-1

599

E , G v x , y xy

14-5
14-6
14-1

P = 60 kN
14-7

14-2

x , y xy

1 2

2.5(103 ) mm 2 A-36
P

2.5(103 ) mm 2
A-36

G = E /[2(1 + v )]
14-3

AB BC

Ebr = 101 GPa , Est = 200 GPa , ( Y ) br = 410 MPa ,

( Y )st = 250 MPa

14-6/7

14-3
*14-4

A-36

40 mm

*14-8

30 mm

14-8

14-4
14-5

AB BC

CD Est = 200 GPa , Ebr = 101 GPa , Eal =

73.1 GPa

A-36

14-9

40 mm

600

CHAPTER 14

14-4

14-13

E
v
14-9
14-10

14-13
14-14

EI

14-10
14-11

C BC

20 mm 40 mm AB 20

14-14

mm 2014-T6 B

14-15

EI

14-15
14-11
*14-12

5-28

avg = T / 2tAm (5-18)

(14-11) (5-20)

*14-16

A-36 W250 18

(a) x1 x4 (b) x2 x3

14.2

*14-20

601

2014-T6 50 mm 50 mm
A-36 20 mm

14-16
14-17

A-36 I = 99.2(106 )

mm 4

14-20

14-17
14-18

A-36

14-21

P
I J E G

I = 122(106 ) mm 4

14-18
14-19

P JG
14-21
14-22

b h

14-19
14-22

602

CHAPTER 14

14-23

*14-24

(a) (14-17)(b)

(a) (14-17)

dx w dx y =

(b) dx w dx

w( x + 4 L x 3L ) /(24 EI )

y = w( x 4 + 2 Lx 3 L3 x ) /(24 EI )

dx dU i =

dx

dx )( y )

dU i = 12 ( w dx )( y )

1
(w
2

EI

EI

14-23
14-24

14.3

(conservation of energy)

(external work) U e
(internal work)

(strain energy) U i

Ue = Ui

(14-23)

14-18
P P (14-2)
P U e = 12 P P

P N (14-16)
U i = N 2 L / 2 AE
(14-23)

14.3

14-18

1
P =
2

N 2L
2 AE

(14-24)

( N )

14-19 P
U e = 12 P P

( 14.4 ) M
(14-17)(14-23)
1
P =
2

L
0

M2
dx
2 EI

(14-25)

14-19

M
M 0 14-20

(14-5) U e = 12 M 0 (14-23)
1
M 0 =
2

L
0

M2
dx
2 EI

14-20

(14-26)

M 0 M M
x
(14-23)

(14-23)

603

604

CHAPTER 14

14.6
14-21(a) 20 kN
100 mm 2 B E = 200 GPa

14-21

(the method of joints)

14-21(b) B C
(14-24)
1
P =
2

N 2L

2 AE

1
(11.547 kN) 2 (1 m) ( 23.094 kN)2 (2 m)
(20 kN)( B )h =
+
2
2 AE
2 AE
(20 kN) 2 (1.732 m)
+
2 AE
94.64 kN m
( B )h =
AE

N
A E
( B )h =

94.64 kN m(1000 mm / m)
(100 mm 2 )[200 kN / mm 2 ]

= 4.732 mm

14.3

14.7
14-22(a) P
EI

x 14-22(b)
(14-23)
(14-19) (14-17)
L M 2 dx
f sV 2 dx
+
0
0
2GA
2 EI
L ( 6 )( P ) 2 dx
L ( Px ) 2 dx
3P 2 L P 2 L3
5
=
+
=
+
0
0
2GA
2 EI
5GA 6 EI

1
P =
2

14-22

(1)

14.4
14-22
3 P 2 L P 2 L3

5 GA
6 EI
2
3 P L
P 2 L3

5 G (bh ) 6 E [ 121 (bh 3 )]

3
2 L2
2
5G Eh

E 3G ( 14.4 )
L
0.9
h

h L ( h )

L = 5h 28
3.6% (1)
1
P 2 L3
P =
2
6 EI

PL3
3EI

605

606

14-25

CHAPTER 14

A A-36

950 mm 2

14-28
14-29
14-25
14-26

M 0

B EI

C AE

14-29
14-30

6061-T6 C

14-26
14-27

C AE

14-30

14-27
*14-28

D AE

14-31
mm 4

A-36 B I = 80(106 )

14.3

*14-36

607

P A
E
14-31
*14-32

G
14-36
14-37

T = PR cos M = PR sin
14-32

14-38

14-33

A-36 B C

30 mm E

n G

P
0

14-33
14-34

A-36 B

B
14-37/38
14-39

A C

40 mm 60 mm A-36
14-34
14-35

A-36 B I = 80(106 )

mm 4

14-35

14-39

608
*14-40

CHAPTER 14

J I

P A

14-41

W460 68 A-36

E G

14-40

14-41

14.4

(impact loading)

14-23

14-23
h
max

( ) h + max
max max
F = k max k (14-2)

U e = Ui
1
( k max ) max
2
1
W ( h + max ) = k 2max
2
2W
W

2
max
max 2 h = 0
k
k
W ( h + max ) =

(14-27)

14.4

max
2

max =

W
W
W
+ + 2
k
k
k

W ( ) st
= W / k
max = st + ( st )2 + 2 st h

h
max = st 1 + 1 + 2

st

(14-28)

max
Fmax = k max

(14-29)

st
h = 0 (1428)
max = 2 st

( )
( )

v 14-24
* 12 (W / g ) 2
Ue = Ui
1 W
2 g

2 1 2
= 2 k max

max =

W 2
gk

14-24

(14-30)

W st = W / k

max =

st 2
g

(14-31)

* 12 m 2
m m = W / g

609

610

CHAPTER 14

14-25 (
) max
*

-
max
P
= PL / AE k = AE / L P

= P / k C P
= PL3 / 48EI k = 48EI / L3
(14-28) (14-30)
max W
st
max Pmax = k max
14-25

Pmax

Pmax Pst = W
(impact factor) n Pmax = k max Pst = k st (14-28)

h
n = 1+ 1+ 2

st

(14-32)

(14-32) n

* 14.4

14.4

611

n W st st
max = n st max = n st

14.8
14-26 600 kN (a)
(b) h = 0
Eal = 70 GPa

(a)

Ue = Ui
W 2L
1
W st =
2
2 AE
WL
600 kN(240 mm)
st =
=
AE [(60 mm)2 (50 mm)2 ]70 kN / mm 2
= 0.595 mm

(b)

(14-28) h = 0

h
max = st 1 + 1 + 2
st

= 2 st = 2(0.595 mm)
= 1.19 mm

n = 2 (14-32)

14-26

612

CHAPTER 14

14.9
14-27(a) A-36 W250 58 W = 6 kN
h = 50 mm
Est = 210 GPa

I
(14-28) st C B
W250 58
st =

WL3
(6 kN)(5000 mm)3
=
= 0.8523 mm
48EI 48(210 kN / mm 2 )[87.3(106 ) mm 4 ]

h
max = st 1 + 1 + 2

st

50 mm
= 0.8523 mm 1 + 1 + 2
= 10.124 mm

0.8523 mm

Pmax
Pmax =

48EI 48(210 kN / mm 2 )[87.3(106 ) mm 4 ]

=
(10.124 mm) = 7.040 kN
L3
(5000 mm)3

1427(b) M max = Pmax L / 4

14-27

M max c Pmax Lc 12 E max c

=
=
I
L2
4I
2
12[210 kN / mm ](10.124 mm)(252 mm / 2)
=
= 0.1286 kN / mm 2
(5000 mm) 2

max =

= 128.6 MPa

II
max W
U e = W ( h + max ) max Pmax = 48EI max / L3
Ue = Ui
W ( h + max ) =
(6 kN)(50 mm + max ) =

1 48EI max

2
L3

max

1 48(210 kN / mm 2 )[87.3(106 ) mm 4 ] 2
max
2
(5000 mm)3

3.520 2max 6 2max 300 = 0

max = 10.12 mm

14.4

14.10
80 Mg 200 mm
200 mm A = 0.2 m / s 14-28(a)

C B
Est = 200 GPa

AC
A ( A ) max Pmax C

Pmax =

3EI ( A ) max
L3AC

Ue = Ui ;

1
1
m 2 = Pmax ( A ) max
2
2

1
1 3EI
m 2 =
( A ) 2max ;
2
2 L3AC

( A ) max =

(1)

m 2 L3AC
3EI

( A ) max =

80(103 ) kg(0.2 m / s)2 (1.5 m)3

= 0.01162 m = 11.62 mm
3[200(109 ) N / m 2 ][ 121 (0.2 m) 4 ]

(1) Pmax
Pmax =

3[200(109 ) N / m 2 ][ 121 (0.2 m) 4 ](0.01162 m)

= 275.4 kN
(1.5 m)3

14-28(b) AB B
A C A

A =

Pmax L2AC
275.4(103 ) N(1.5 m) 2
=
= 0.01162 rad
2 EI
2[200(109 ) N / m 2 ][ 121 (0.2 m)4 ]

B
( B ) max = ( A ) max + A LAB
= 11.62 mm + (0.01162 rad)1(103 ) mm = 23.2 mm

14-28

613

614

14-42

CHAPTER 14

4 m 30 mm

14-46

5 mm 10 mm

max = 300 MPa , Eal

(a) Est = 200 GPa , Y = 800 MPa (b)

= 70 GPa , Y = 410 MPa 5 kg

Eal = 70 GPa , Y = 405 MPa

14-43

14-47

2.4 m 1200

5 kg 6061-T6

N m

= 4 m / s

*14-44

10 mm 4

kN ( 400 kg ) 45 m

*14-48

5 kg 6061-T6

0.6 m/s

Est = 200 GPa , Y = 350 MPa

14-47/48
14-49

AB

10 Mg = 0.5 m / s

A B
Est =
14-44
14-45

200 GPa , Y = 250 MPa

5 mm 10 mm

5 kg h = 100 mm
Eal = 70 GPa , Y = 410 MPa
14-49
14-50

40 mm 20 mm

10 kg h = 150 mm
Eal = 70 GPa , Y = 410
MPa

14-51

40 mm 20 mm

10 kg
14-45/46

Eal = 70 GPa , Y = 410 MPa

14.4

14-55

615

12 mm 250 mm 15

N ( 1.5 kg ) 3.6 m/s

80%
Est = 200 GPa , Y = 700 MPa

14-50/51
*14-52

250 N ( 25 kg ) 0.9 m/s

0.6 m
k = 40 MN / m

14-55

75 mm E = 48 GPa
*14-56

45 kg h = 1.2 m

W250 58 A-36

14-57

45 kg W250

58 A-36

210 MPa h
14-52
14-53

50 kg h = 600 mm

C86100 L
14-54

50 kg h = 600 mm

C86100 L = 900 mm

14-56/57

14-58

60

AB 0.6 m/s AB
300 mm

14-53/54

14-58

616

CHAPTER 14

14-59

2L 2c EI

W h
max

14-62/63
*14-64

90 kg A-36 1.2

m A B k = 100
14-59
*14-60

W250 45 A-36 50

kg C h = 1.5 m

14-61

kN / m 75 mm

100 mm
14-65

90 kg A-36 1.2

m A B k = 60
kN / m n 75 mm 100 mm

50 kg C W310 39 A-

36
h

14-64/65
14-66
14-60/61

50 kg C h = 0.9 m

k = 150 kN / m 6061-T6 B

14-62

750 N ( 75 kg )

( h = 0) 1.2
m 40 mm 450
mm Ew = 12.6 GPa , Y = 56 MPa
14-63

750 N ( 75 kg )

42 MPa
h 40 mm 450 mm Ew = 12.6
GPa

14-66/67

14.5

14-67

617

200 kg C 6061-T6

h B
k = 150 kN / m
*14-68

2014-T6 AB

10 Mg
= 1.5 m / s
A B k = 15 MN / m
14-69

10 Mg

A B
k = 15 MN / m
14-70
14-71

E = 2.0 GPa
= 0.75 m / s
1.80 Mg

I = 300(106 ) mm 4 , c =
75 mm , Y = 30 MPa k = 1.5 MN / m

14-68/69
14-70

W250 22 A-36

250 kg 1.5 m/s

k =
200 kN / m

*14.5
(principle of virtual work) (John
Bernoulli) 1717

(conservation of energy)

14-71

618

CHAPTER 14

14-29

14-29(b)
P1 , P2 P3

A A

A (virtual force) P P
14-29(a)
P P = 1

u
14-29(a) P u
P u ( )
P1 , P2 P3 A
dL 14-29(b)
P u dL
1 u dL

1 = u dL

(14-34)

14.5

14-30

P = 1 =

u =
=
dL = u

P = 1 = u dL

M
u dL

1 = u dL

(14-35)

M = 1 =
u =

=
dL = u

(method of virtual
forces)

(method of virtual displacement)

619

620

CHAPTER 14

(14-34) (14-35)
dL

-
14.2 14-1

N , V , M T

(u )
n , , m t
14-1

1 =

nN

AE dx +

mM
dx +
EI

f sV
tT
dx +
dx
GA
GJ

(14-36)

14-1

L
0

L
0

L
0

L
0

N2
dx
2 EA

f sV 2
dx
2GA

M2
dx
2 EI

T2
dx
2GJ

L
0

f sV
dx
GA

L
0

nN
dx
EA

L
0

L
0

mM
dx
EI
tT
dx
GJ

* 12 R.C. Hibbeler, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2009

14.6

1 kN 1 kN m

*14.6
(method of virtual forces)
14-31(b)
A 1431(a) P1 P2 1
nL A n N
14-1

L
0

nN
nNL
dx =
AE
AE

1 =

nNL

AE

(14-37)

1 =

n =
N =
L =
A =
E =

14-31

621

622

CHAPTER 14

T L = TL [
(4-4) ] (14-34)

1 = nTL

(14-38)

1 =
=

n =

=
T =
L =

(14-34)

1 = n L

(14-39)

1 =
=

n =
L =

(14-37) (14-39)

N
N

14.6

623

n N

nNL / AE

1 = n TL T
T

1 = n L L

n n

14.11
14-32(a) C
A = 400 mm 2 Est = 200 GPa

1 kN C

(method of joints) 14-32(b)

N 100 kN
14-32(c)

AB
BC
AC
CD

100

0
0
1.414

nNL
0

141.4

2.828

141.4

2.828

565.7

400

200

965.7 kN 2 m

1 kN C =

nNL 965.7 kN 2 m
=
AE
AE

A E
14-32

624

CHAPTER 14

1 kN C =

965.7 kN 2 m
[400(10 ) m 2 ]200(106 ) kN / m 2
6

C = 0.01207 m = 12.1 mm

14.12
14-33(a) B
AB T = +60C st =
12(106 ) / C Est = 200 GPa 250 mm 2

n 1 kN B
14-33(b)

AC BC n

14-33(c)

(14-37)

(14-38) (14-39)
1 kN Bh =

nNL

AE + nTL + nL

= 0+0+

( 1.155 kN)( 12 kN)(4 m)

[250(106 ) m 2 ][200(106 ) kN / m 2 ]

+ 0 + 0 + ( 1.155 kN)[12(106 ) / C](60C)(4 m)

+ ( 1.155 kN)( 0.003 m)
Bh = 0.00125 m
14-33

= 1.25 mm

14.6

*14-72

B A2

36 1250 mm

*14-76

625

D A-36

A = 300 mm 2
14-77

B A-36

2800 mm 2
14-78

E A-36

2800 mm 2

14-72
14-73

B A-36

1250 mm 2
14-74

14-77/78

B A-36
2

1250 mm
14-79

B A-36

400 mm2
*14-80

C A-36

400 mm2

14-73/74
14-75

C A-36

A = 300 mm 2
14-79/80
14-81

A A-36

400 mm2
14-82

B A-36

400 mm2
14-83

C A-36

2800 mm 2
14-75/76

626

CHAPTER 14

*14-84

H A-36

2800 mm 2
14-85

C A-36

150 mm 2
14-86

G A-36

150 mm 2

14-81/82

14-85/86

14-83/84

*14.7
(method of virtual forces)
14-34(b)
A w

(internal virtual work) 14.7

14-34

14.7

14-1 dx
d = ( M / EI )dx
md (14-34)
L mM
dx
1 =
0 EI

(14-40)

1 =
=

m = x

M = x
E =
I =

m
(14-35)
1 =

m M
dx
EI

(14-41)

x
x
x M
m m x 14-35
D x1 AB x2
BC x3 DE x4 DC

x M m ( m )

14-35

627

628

CHAPTER 14

(14-36)

m m


x
m m x
6-3 m m

m m x M
m m M
m m M

14.13
14-36(a) B EI

14-36

m B B
14-36(b)
x B

14.7

14-36

()

A m M
m 14-36(b)

M x M 14-36(c)

B
mM
dx =
EI
wL4
B =
8EI

1 B =

( 1x )( wx 2 / 2) dx
EI

14.14
14-37(a) B EI

14-37

629

630

CHAPTER 14

B B

14-37(b) x x1
AB x2 BC
m 14-37(b)

M x1 x2 ( ) M
14-37(c)

m M
dx
EI
L / 2 0( Px ) dx
1
1
+
0
EI
3PL2
B =
8EI

1 B =

L/2
0

1{ P[( L / 2) + x2 ]}dx2
EI

B 14-37(b)

14-87

C EI

14-89
6

A-36 C I = 70
4

(10 ) mm

14-90

A-36 A I = 70(106 )

mm 4

14-91

A-36 B I = 70(106 )

mm 4

14-87
*14-88

Ep = 13 GPa A

14-89/90/91
*14-92

B 30 mm A-36

14-93

30 mm A-36 A

14-88

14.7

14-97

631

C EI

14-98

A EI

14-99

*14-100

14-92/93
14-94

14-99/100
14-101
14-102

C EI
D EI

14-94
14-95

Eo = 11 GPa A

14-101/102
14-103
*14-104

C
A

14-95
*14-96

C EI

14-103/104
14-96/97/98

632

CHAPTER 14

14-105

B DG

14-111

2I AD GC I

E = 3G

14-111

14-105
14-106

C EI

14-107

A EI

*14-112

EI C

14-113

EI B

14-106/107
*14-108

E AB BC
2I I

14-112/113
14-114
14-108

A P

EI

14-109

W200 46 A-36

14-110

W200 46 A-36 C

14-109/110

14-114

14.8

14-115

AB 100 mm 100 mm

14-118

633

ABC 300 mm 100 mm DB

CD 10 mm A-36

20 mm A-36

10 kN B

A ABC

*14-116

AB 100 mm 100 mm

DB
W250 45 A-36 C

CD 10 mm A-36

14-119

10 kN A

*14-120

W250 45 A-36 B

14-115/116
14-117

ABC 300 mm 100 mm DB

20 mm A-36
C ABC
DB
14-119/120
14-121
14-122

14-117/118

C EI
B EI

14-121/122

*14.8
1879 Alberto Castigliano

(Castiglianos second theorem)
-

634

CHAPTER 14

n
P1 , P2 , " , Pn 14-38
U e = P dx
(14-1)
U i = U e = f ( P1 , P2 , " , Pn )

(14-42)

Pj dPj

14-38

U i + dU i = U i +

U i
dPj
Pj

(14-43)

n
dPj P1 , P2 , " , Pn dPj
dPj d j (14-2) (U e = 12 Pj j )

12 dPj d j
P1 , P2 , " , Pn dPj j
U i + dU i = U i + dPj j

(14-44)

U i P1 , P2 , " , Pn
dPj j dPj

(14-43) P1 , P2 , " , Pn dPj

(14-44) dPj
P1 , P2 , " , Pn
j =

U i
Pj

(14-45)

Pj j Pj

(first partial derivative)

(14-45)
(compatibilty requirements)
(conservative forces)

Pj
Pj = U i / j

14.9

(equilibrium
requirements)

*14.9
(14-16)
U i = N 2 L / 2 AE (14-45) i

N 2L
2 AE

L , A E

N P AE

(14-46)

=
P =
N = P
L =
A =
E =

(14-46) (1 = nNL / AE )
N / P (14-37) n
n N / P P

P
P

N
( ) P N
N / P
N N / P P P

635

636

CHAPTER 14

N N / P

N (N / P ) L / AE P

14.15
14-39(a) C
A = 400 mm 2 Est = 200 GPa

P C P
14-39(b)

14-39

N A D 14-39(b)
N 14-39(c)*
N / P P

P = 0

AB
BC
AC

CD

N
P

100
141.4
(141.4 + 1.414 P )
200 + P

0
0
1.414
1

N (P = 0)

100

N
N
L
P

141.4

2.828

141.4

2.828

565.7

400

200

965.7 kN m

* 100 kN P
N

14.10

(14-46)
C =

N P AE =

965.7 kN m
AE

A E
C =

965.7 kN m
[400(10 ) m 2 ]200(106 ) kN / m 2
6

= 0.01207 m = 12.1 mm

14.11

14-123

14-129

14-72

14-79

*14-124

14-73

14-130

14-80

14-125

14-75

14-131

14-81

14-126

14-76

*14-132

14-82

14-127

14-77

14-133

14-83

*14-128

14-78

14-134

14-84

*14.10
14.7

(14-17) U i = M 2 dx / 2 EI i
i = U i / Pi
=

L
0

M 2 dx
2 EI

( M )
E I
=

L
0

M
M
P

dx

EI

=
P =

(14-47)

637

638

CHAPTER 14

M = P

x
E =
I =

M (external couple moment) M

M dx
M

M EI

L
0

(14-48)

(14-40) (14-41)
m m M / P M / M

14.2

N L
= N
+

P AE

L
0

V dx
+
f sV

P GA

L
0

M dx
+
M

P EI

L
0

T dx
T

P GJ

(14-49)

(14-47) (14-48)

P M
P
M
P M

M
x
x M P M M / P M / M
M M / P M / M P M P
M

(14-47) (14-48) M M / P M / M

P M P M

14.10

14.16
14-40(a) B EI

14-40

P 14-40(b) P B
M

x A B

14-40(c)
x
M + wx + P ( x ) = 0
2

+ M NA = 0 ;

M =

wx 2
Px
2

M
= x
P

P=0
M=

wx 2
2

M
= x
P

(14-47)
B =
=

L
0

M
M
P

dx =

EI

L
0

( wx 2 / 2)( x ) dx
EI

wL
8EI

14.13

639

640

CHAPTER 14

14.17
14-41(a) B EI

B M

14-41(b)

M B M
x1 x2 14-41(b) x1 A B

x2 B C 1441(c) x1 x2
M 1
=0
M

+ M NA = 0 ;

M 1 = Px1 ,

+ M NA = 0 ;

L
M 2 = M P + x2 ,
2

M 2
=1
M

M = 0 (14-48)
M dx
M

0
M EI
L / 2 ( Px )(0) dx
1
1
=
+
0
EI
3PL2
=
8EI

B =

14-41

L/2
0

P[( L / 2) + x2 ](1)dx2
EI

14.14

14-135

14-87

14-141

14-97

*14-136

14-88

14-142

14-98

14-137

14-90

14-143

14-112

14-138

14-92

*14-144

14-114

14-139

14-93

14-145

14-121

*14-140

14-96

641

Ue = Ui

( ) ( )

( 14.114.2 14.3 )

n
( 14.4 )

h
n = 1+ 1+ 2

st
max = n st
max = n st

( ) ( )
( 14.514.6 14.7 )

AE
mM
1 =
EI dx
m M
1 =
EI dx
nNL

1 =

P ( M ) ( )
P( M ) P( M )

( )( 14.814.9 14.10 )

14-146

*14-148

N NP AE

L
0
L
0

M dx
M

P EI
M dx
M

M EI

200 kg D A-36

W200 36 h B

EI

k = 200 kN / m

14-146
14-147

200 kg D h = 1 m

A-36 W200 36 B
k = 200 kN / m

14-147/148

642

CHAPTER 14

14-149

L2 5 mm AB

10 mm 4 mm
AB
1750 N

14-152/153
14-153
14-154

14-152
M 0

B EI

14-149
14-150

14-155

14-154

A A-

36 600 mm 2
14-154/155
*14-156

B Eal = 75 GPa

14-150
14-151

A-36
14-156

12 mm
I = 17.0(106 ) mm 4

14-157

10 kg 1.2 m

A-36 W310 74

14-151
E A =

*14-152
2

400 mm , E = 200 GPa

14-157