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Construction Technology
for
Tall Buildings
(3rd Edition)

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Construction Technology
for
Tall Buildings
(3rd Edition)

CHEW Yit Lin, Michael

Department of Building
National University of Singapore

World Scientific
NEW JERSEY

LONDON

SINGAPORE

BEIJING

SHANGHAI

HONG KONG

TA I P E I

CHENNAI

Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601

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UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR TALL BUILDINGS, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.

ISBN-13 978-981-281-861-4 (pbk)

ISBN-10 981-281-861-8 (pbk)

Printed in Singapore.

YHwa - Construction for Tall Blds (3rd Ed).pmd 1

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01_dedication.indd 5

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To my father,
Chew Meng Ching

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mother Madam Wong

Shi Chin. Her courage and fortitude has inspired me to take on the task of
writing this book. The work would not have been completed without her
support and encouragement.

vii

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PREFACE

This third edition incorporates comprehensive revision and expansion to

the previous edition. The text introduces the latest construction practices
and processes for tall buildings from foundation to roof. It attempts to
acquaint readers with the methods, materials, equipment and systems used
for the construction of tall buildings.
The target readers are practitioners and students in the related
professions including architecture, engineering, building, real estate,
construction, project and facilities management, quantity and land
surveying.
The text progresses through the stages of site investigation, excavation and foundations, basement construction, structural systems for the
superstructure, site and material handling, wall and oor construction,
cladding and roof construction. The construction sequence, merits and
limitations of the various proprietary systems commonly used in these
respective stages are discussed.

Chew Yit Lin, Michael

Professor
Department of Building
School of Design and Environment
National University of Singapore

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

vii

Preface

ix

Chapter 1. Assembly of Building

1.1. Development of Tall Buildings

1.2. Building Performance and System Integration
1.3. Cost, Quality and Time
1.4. Building Regulations and Control
1.5. Constraints and Resources
1.6. Environmental Requirements
1.7. Industrialisation
1.8. Robotics in Construction
References

1
7
9
10
11
12
13
15
18

Chapter 2. Safety and Health

21

2.1. Accident Prevention

2.2. Safe Working Environment
2.2.1. Falls of person
2.2.2. Falling objects
2.3. Acts and Regulations
2.4. Safety and Health Management System
2.5. Risk Management

21
24
24
26
27
29
30

xi

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xii Construction Technology for Tall Buildings

2.6. Risk Assessment

2.6.1. Review period
2.6.2. Record maintenance
2.6.3. Communication
2.6.4. Offences and penalties
References

30
31
31
32
32
33

Chapter 3. Site Investigation

35

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.

General
Information to be Retrieved
Stages of Site Investigation
Planning
Desk Study
Site Reconnaissance
Ground Investigation
3.7.1. Field tests
3.7.1.1. Subsurface mapping
3.7.1.2. Trial pitting
3.7.1.3. Exploratory boreholes
3.7.1.4. In situ testing
3.7.2. Laboratory tests
3.8. Site Works and Setting Out
References

35
36
36
38
38
41
42
45
45
45
47
47
52
52
58

Chapter 4. Foundation

61

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.

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General
Soil Characteristics
Foundation Systems
Types of Foundation
Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundation
Caisson

61
61
66
71
73
74
76

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Contents

xiii

4.8. Piles
4.8.1. Non-displacement pile
4.8.1.1. Bored pile
4.8.1.2. Barrette pile
4.8.2. Displacement piles
4.8.2.1. Precast reinforced concrete piles
4.8.2.2. Steel preformed piles
4.8.2.3. Composite piles
4.8.2.4. Driven in situ/cast-in-place piles
4.9. Pile Load Tests
4.9.1. Static load tests
4.9.1.1. Compression load test
4.9.1.2. Uplift pile load test
4.9.2. Dynamic load tests
References

98
100
100
118
119
120
128
128
128
134
134
134
140
140
141

Chapter 5. Basement Construction

145

5.1. General
5.2. Construction Methods
5.2.1. Construction in excavations supported by
sheet piling
5.2.2. Construction in excavations supported by
reinforced concrete diaphragm wall
5.2.3. Construction in excavations supported by
contiguous bored pile or secant pile wall
5.3. Control of Groundwater
5.4. Open Cut Technique
5.5. Cut and Cover Technique
5.6. Top Down Technique
5.7. Soil Movement Monitoring
5.8. Shoring
5.9. Underpinning

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145
145
146
151
158
162
172
176
185
188
203
207

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5.10. Basement Waterproong

5.10.1. Membrane system
5.10.2. Integral system
5.10.3. Interior cavity and exterior drainage system
5.10.4. Joints and penetration
References

214
215
215
215
222
224

Chapter 6. Materials Handling and Mechanisation

227

6.1. Materials Handling

6.1.1. Access considerations
6.1.2. Storage considerations
6.1.3. Classication of materials
6.2. Mechanisation
6.2.1. Earthmoving
6.2.2. Horizontal and vertical movements
6.3. Erection of Tower Cranes
6.4. Erection of Climbing Cranes
6.5. Factors Affecting the Selection and Location of
Tower Cranes
6.5.1. Selection criterion for tower cranes
6.5.2. Location criterion for tower cranes
References

227
227
227
232
232
233
236
251
256

Chapter 7. Wall and Floor Construction

265

7.1. Structural Systems

7.2. M&E Systems
7.3. Core Wall Construction
7.3.1. Slipform
7.3.2. Jumpform
7.3.3. Climbing form
7.4. Floor Construction
7.4.1. Flying form

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258
258
259
262

265
267
268
268
270
272
275
275

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Contents

xv

7.4.2. False ceiling

7.4.3. Raised oor
7.5. Precast Prefabricated Elements
7.5.1. Advantages of precast/prefabrication
7.5.2. Disadvantages of precast/prefabrication
7.5.3. Construction process
7.6. Prestressed Elements
7.6.1. Pre-tensioning
7.6.2. Post-tensioning
7.6.3. Advantages of prestressed concrete
7.6.4. Disadvantages of prestressed concrete
7.7. Steel Structures
7.7.1. Structural steel frame
7.7.2. Steel decking
7.8. Concrete
7.8.1. Concrete admixtures
7.8.2. Batching plant
7.8.3. Ready-mixed concrete
7.9. Formwork
7.9.1. Lateral pressure of fresh concrete
7.9.2. Column form
7.9.3. Wall form
7.10. Scaffoldings
7.10.1. Bintangor/bamboo scaffolds
7.10.2. Independent tied scaffolds
7.10.3. Couplers
7.10.4. Ties
References

279
280
282
282
284
284
287
287
291
293
293
295
295
298
298
299
300
301
302
302
303
303
307
308
310
310
312
319

Chapter 8. External Wall Construction

321

8.1. General
8.2. Precast Concrete Panel

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321
323

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xvi Construction Technology for Tall Buildings

8.3. Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP)

8.4. Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GRC)
8.5. Curtain Walling
8.5.1. First generation (18001960 )
8.5.2. Second generation (19601980 )
8.5.3. Third generation (1980+)
8.5.4. Stick system
8.5.5. Panel/unitised system
8.6. Water Penetration
8.7. Joints
8.8. Wind Pressures
8.9. Common Defects on Building Faades
References

326
326
326
328
328
332
332
335
336
340
342
343
347

Chapter 9. Roof Construction

349

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
9.10.
9.11.

Structural Forms
Beams and Slabs
Flat Roofs
Lattice and Girder
Steel Sheet Roofs
Truss Roofs
Space Frames
Shell Roofs
Folded Plate Roofs
Cable Supported Roofs
Roof Decks
9.11.1. Installation process
9.11.2. Drainage and durability
9.12. Thermal Properties
References

349
349
352
355
355
355
359
368
373
373
378
383
386
387
387

Index

389

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