260

port, dependence was had on the fees of

students,
the
surplus
being
divided
among the instr-uctors a t t h e end of the
term,while professional connection with
the school came to have so great financial value that practitioners
wereglad
not only to
obtain
appomtments
to
which no compensation wasattached,
but even to pay a largeprice for the
sake of getting them. For clinical opportunities, resort was had t o the charity hospitals and such minor
clinics as
the resources of the school allowed to be
held.
The growth of laboratory methods of
instructionin sclence,however,forced
the proprietary schools to a change of
method. Thegreat
cost of laboratory
work in physiology, histology, pathology,
and bacteriology could not be met from
fees, nor could thenewinstruction
itself be given withthecomparatively
small expenditure of time required
derthe
old system. Thelarger
number of schools, accordingly, haveformed connections more or less close with
neighbormg colleges or universltles.
Rarely, indeed, has theuniversity
assumed any financialresponsibility
under the new arrangement beyond providing additional facilities forlaboratory
instruction, but the gain to medlcal education from the mtroduction of scientific
methods i n Che early part of the curriculum has been, on the whole, very great.
Useful as has been the work of the
proprietary schools, however, their day,
i n Professor Barkers Judgment, is past.
What is now demanded is medical training fully on a par, in its methods, aims,
and conditlons, with the best unlverslty
workinother
hnes. Thenearest
approxmaation to what is required IS found
or eight principal medical
inthesix
schools in theUnitedStates, t o which
ProfessorBarkergivesthe
suggestive
name of semi-universlty
schools
In
these schools the subjects of the first
two years are taught under the best scientific conditions by instructors who do
not engage in privatepractice, and whose
only a1m i s t o do the best possible scientiEcworkand give the best possible scientific training. But thls j s as far as the
reformhas
gone. Thesubjects of the
last two years are taught by men in active practice, not always of broad traming, and appointed primarily because of
their success as practitioners.Further,
few universities own or control hospitals,butmustrely
upon the charicy
institutions, the majority of which are
atill, as we all
subject to, political
personal influence.
The weakness of present-day instruction in medicine, in Professor Barkers
opinion, is the preponderating combination of teaching and private practice in
thepersonnel of our medical faculties.
What he would have is a real university
school of medicine, in whlch thesame
views of the professors functions which
hold
obtain in otherdepartmentsshall

[Vol. 75, No.

criticlsm should have beencalled MY
Hatreds
Haines); it was not withlater conout significance that he
demned.hiscountry
itscrueltyto
Alfred Dreyfus,should
have been
ardent defender of that great but unap
preciated genius, Eduard Nanet. No one
who has seen the man near at hand, has
markedtheabruptness
of his movements and the settled
gloom of his expression, hasheardhimspeaktender
a body of mourners-as
we
wordsto
of Alphonse
recallhimattheburial
Daudet-with
theair
of berating a
hostile audience, could doubt thathis
heart wastorn with the sceva mdignatzo
of a Swift-could fail to perceive all the
qualities and defects of a temperament
essentiallyfanatical.
Zolas activity may fairly
divided
into three periods: first, that of the human document, most signally represenxed bythe
Rougon-Macquart series of
no lessthantwentyvolumes,written
from 1871 to 1893; second, that of growing idealism, exemplified inthethree
cities, Lourdes, Rome, Paris (18941898), andculminatlng in the colossal
idyll, FBconditB, 1899; third, the great
conepisode of 1898, the appeal to the
science of France,
theagitation
which resulted intheretrial
of Alfred Dreyfus and the rout
of the army
cabal.
Zolas theory of theexperimental
novel, as set forth in the book of that
name and as illustrated by the greater
its
part of hisliterarywork,hashad
dayand passed into the limbo of suspended doctrines. Zola was never quite
consistently faithful to his
theory
of naturalism and the human document,
and in his later years he repudiated it
by his practice. He chose to speak of
himself as a naturalist rather than a
realist, because his plan was larger than
that of reproducing with minute Edelity
thedetails of life as observed. He d e
crosssped rather to make his
sections of reality, in whichthe environment,heredity,individualprepoa
sessions,personal,political,
and indus
trial relations of a group, and the deeds
which Sprung from these causes, should
all
contained.
I could wish t o
imbed allhumanityinmy
page, all
beings, all things-to
create a work
which should
onevast repository.
the greatness of this enterprise there
can be n o doubt. Its accomplishment i n
the Rougon-Macquart
series,
however,
hardly corresponds to the amplitude of
the design. To study in a &elected
A very bitter but a very sincere spirit the entire course of modern French sohas passed away. A great and inde- ciety, to lay bare the symptoms
of the
fatigable talentvanishes, leaving behind fever that led from the installation
it the memory of a discredited theory of the Second Empire to Sedan-this was
literature and the better remembranceof his planinpursuing
to theimpurest
a battle for truth and justice conductea depths the fortupes of the Rougons and
withthatsameimpressivefanaticism
Macquarts. But Emile Zola was no Balzac,
which gave the world the sordid epic of t o plan a
of which
It was the minutest part hhould be a n
the Rougon-Macquart
family.
characteristicthat Zolas first book of ing -source of intellectual enjoyment and

also for the medicalfaculty. It is generally understood that the professor of

mathematics, or chemistry, or political
economy shall give his whole timeto
the business of instruction and research,
and not half of it to the university and
half to some commercial or manufacturing enterprise.
Imagine," says Professor Barker, the
conditionwhichwould exist i f the uniyersits said t o I t s professor of economics,
shall be glad to have you as our professor
of this subject provided you are willing
t o do the teaching we
of you wlthout
direct remuneration Your posltion in the
university will make you so well and favorably
that you will be able t o secure
financial responsibllitles in the city which
will give you a far larger income than we
couldafford to pay you, or, i f the President and trustees made a proposition to
the professor of chemistry t h a t h e be paid
$1,500 per year t o take charge of the teaching and investigation in the chemical laboratories, it being pointed out t o him that
the prestige of a university professorship
would enable him t o secure lucrative
tions as commerclal chemist t o four o r five
manufacturing concerns in the city in
which he Ilves. or as analyst t o bakingpowder companles and manufacturers of
pure-food preparations; some of the trusteestaking
the stand that the lntimate
contact thus gained with chemistry as
practically applied in the buslness world
is not only desirable f o r the professor,
but a.bsolutely essential in order that hls
influence upon his students may not be too
academic . . . What, think you, Would
be the rate of progress in original
in the sciences of polltical economy and
chemistry in a university so constituted?
A n d yet, there is not a medlcal faculty in
a university anywhere in Americawhere
this plan is not followed, a t least for
some of the chairs.
Professor Barker
writes
throughout
withperfect courtesy andwith cordlal
recognition of thehlgh ams and unselfishness whEhcharactermeteaching
physicians as a class, buthispaper
is nevertheless a -strongindlctment of
American medical education as a whole
Whether his contention is sound, or not,
is a questionwhich nu layman is competentto decide. Thatthereform
for
which he contends will not be brought
aboutwithout muchdiscussion is selfevident, but if the course of scientific inis any
struction in otherdepartments
criterion, he has pointed the way along
which the medical education of the future will proceed. The enormous cost of
a trueuniversity medical school, with
its highly paid staff and series of observational hospitals, is not the Ieast obstacle in the way. Most serious,however,
will be theopposition of the medical profession to a surrender of the bme-honored notion that the best preparation for
teaching is a large private practice.

act. 2,

19021

The Nation.

episode,though
i tory no Chinese dwellings o r establishof interpretation of life.Zolas
sing16 day. a n dt h ee n t i r e
will be his worthiestmemorial,show;
novelsrarely sustain thenervous a n d
ments could be allowed All the room 1s in
compellingstyle
of t h e little master t h a t his temper was destructive rathe the hands of the Legations-their barracks,
piece, GAttaque au Moulin. nor did thanconstructive.Andyetsince
Swif the post-offices. the banks, and a few stores.
Each took what he wanted and
could get,
he morethanonce
sum u p t h e agong there has not been a more notable in
andthose who, likethePortuguese,were
of a nation at grips with disaster with stance of scorn of human nature accom
too late in obtaining a share, arc likely t o
panied by rare literary talent and com
thecontinuedforceandvividness
01
have to liveoutside.
One plotbelongs t o
La DBb2cle. His novels, in the main pletepersonalprobity.
His last greti a hotel,yet t o be built by theenergetic
arehumandocumentswhich
are dull work will bear the title Truth. But i Belgian company of the Wagons-hts.
is doubtfuI if Truth ever fully talies a:
f o r us a n d will be dullforposterity,
of the
district
are
clear
The
limits
They have had the great misfortune
t c h e r o w n so stormy a spirit as was Bmilc enough. On one slde it is bounded by the
Tartar wall between two of the Great Gates,
be read for their .incidental filth, and
Zolas.
the Chien Men and the Hata Men, a stretch
place M. Zola, who
trying in
thecontrol of
own way t o vle with Taine and writc PEKIN T W O YEARS AFTER THE SIEGE of some half amileunder
the Amerlcans and Germans. Along the top
TheOrigins of ContemporaryFrance;
of it there is a pleasant if rough walk, from
PEKIN, August 14, 1902.
in the posltion of a Universal purveyor
which, especially a t t h e two ends,
can
Two years ago today, the armies
of thc
of theImpure.Tosuch
a misconcep alhed
watch the interesting hfe of the great clty
Powers,
hurrying
to
the
rescue
tion his preference for the baser
man> forced theirentranceintothecapltal
beneath.Theimportance
of holdmg this
o
festatlons of human nature lent only to( China, and relleved the hard-pressed Lega.
plece IS obvious, as I t
down upon
much color.
tions.Thiscitywas
vmted with 6 r e ani and commands the ground below: if during
But since the naturalistic theory wen1 sword, and the old Pekin can never be it. the siege our soldiers, who clung t o It with
self agam. Yet, to the newly arrived stran, suchobstmatebravery.hadlostit,the
bankruptlong
ago, a n d Zolas
disci.
American
Legation
would have become
ples, most of whom have gone before tht ger there is little at first slght that recall:
untenable
Immediately.
Under thesecirir violentdestruction. It isnotalwayseasl
master,alldriftedawayfromhim
cumstances
the
Germans
have
fortifled
t o distinguish a wall that has been batterec
various
directions-the
most faithful by bullets
an
one that
has
decayec their end withamassivestonetower,
from
Maupassant, into finer reticence and se
example our Governmenthas not seen fit
through age andneglect.
The quarters 01
lectlve art; Daudet into a very persona: the town that were burned over have growvr to follow; and the Germanshave
shown
sentimentalism; thesurvlving Huysmane UP again,as crowded as ever, the Britist
t h e r opinion of our action or inaction by
a strong iron fencebetween
into
sheer
mysticism-we
m a y more Legation does not necessarily suggest an) putting
ours, bothaboveand
at
nem thelrsectionand
flttmglydwell upon the navels written particular historical interest, and the
PeltangCathedralseemspeaceful
enough the foot of the wall. .On theotherthree
after he had passed fifty, and upon the
the sides the Legation quarter is marked off by
heroism with which he bravedall Francf Until one notices the bulletholesin
a broadboulevard s o that no enemy may
organ.
In
the
centre
of
centres,
behind
thc
in behalf of theforgottenmartyr
of
neax cover for an attack.The end of
Walls of the Forbidden City, t h e
Devils Island.These
later novelsshow mysterious
tge
American
barracks,
however, projects
life of the Court goes on much as of old.
a new idealism struggling to express itCloser observation, however, aided by a beyond the general lme, and the new Cathself In the terms of naturalism. Lour- few explanations, reveals many things. The olic hospital and the Methodist buildings,
des IS a vast allegory of the emotion oi traveller coming by tramfrom
Tientsin being in the ground thatis supposed to
be kept open, would probably
have
to
plety, Rome of rehgious
authority,
no longer has t o allght outside the town
be destroyed a t the outbreak of hostilitles.
to rlde five mlles in a cart
or sedan chair
regeneration.
These
Paris of social
books are imbued m t h a finer spirit than before arriving at his destinatlon. To-day, The preparations along the outer line vary
theauthorhadpreviouslyshown.
But the rallway Passes calmly through a breach tccording t o the Ideas of the dlfferent
holdingterritory.Everywhere
we
they are still inchoate as art a n d intem- inthe wall, it sklrts f o r some timethe
high brlckwalls.usuallywithplaces
outeredge of theChinesecity,andthen,
perate as thinking.Theyshow,
howrunning along below the great wall of the %mbraaures,andsometimes wlth aditch.
ever, a broadhumanity,
which i nt h e
rhe German defences are evidently the
Tartar city. it ends at the Water Gate. The
still later volume, FBcondit6, treating of freight terminus, reached through another
most formidable. the Americantheleast
thebless~ngthatattendsfruitfulness,
30.
We also do notkeepany cannon.
breach, isright
by theentrancetothe
and the curse that falls
barrenness, Temple o! Heaven. It wasthrougha
Inside the quarter the great lines
of dioftenfinds grave andnobleexpression.
passageunder
theWaterGatethatthe
mion are made by thebroadLegation
Xreet, runnlng
parallel
Britishreliefforcemade
them wayand
t o theTartar
It is curious to recall that Zola was worksall, and
the canal at right angles t o it.
Ing upon this great idyllat t h e time when thus won the glory of being the first to get
to the Legations. At the station, now, orall thenations,theEnglishhavethe
his generalaccusation
of themilitary
aer is maintained
Sikhs, while there
nostland,
as theyhaveadded
t o their
cabalthatcondemnedAlfredDreyfus
lescend from the train throngs of bustlmg
:ormer and already spaclous grounds until
made him the most hated man in Paris.
It must
Zhinamen, and oficers and soldlers of many :hey now hold over thirtyacres
As he shaped his patriarchal dreams of listant lands.
le remembered, m this connection, that, in
marital felicity, he could hear the cries
Threeminuteswalkfromthestation
?ekln, foreigngovernmentshaveto
proof
Zolu!
bas les Juifs!
ride n o t only for the offices of their min>rings one to the Legstlon quarter, where
sters,hutalso
for thew homes, a s well
)ne finds a state of thingsunlque In the
His mind
had
wrought
inquiringly
those of the secretarles and Interpreters,
the
siege
and
the
upon the evidence in t h e D r e y f u s case, nodern world. After
or the barracks of the guards, stables, etc.
had detected
g r e a t i n j u s t ~ c eand taken .estoration of order, the representatives of
.he Powers had to set to work t o provide
Ihus, f o r perhaps the first time, an Amerfire, and the whole force of will and feor thefuture.
In some ways theyhad a
representativeabroadwilllivein
a
rocity of temperament of the man imbedbuilding belonglng t o the UnitedStates.
abula rasa, for most of the region had been
deditselfuponthepagethatwasadJnfortunately,
yet, our new Legation is
Iurned over and it was easy t o expropriate
dressed to the President of the Republic, and,leaving t o thehelpless,aswellas
lot even begun;andbefore
it can be mas mdeserving, Chinese Government the charge shed, our representativesarethreatened
but fell upon France and the world
thesummonstodojustice.Thls
hu- tf indemnifyinganyformerownersthat
nth evlction at the hands of Korea, which
lappened t o be still alive.The
ministers
Our
as,.bought our present quarters.
man document was conceived in hatefettered only by the instructions
arracks, on the other hand, look very satsavageindignation at a natlonal injus)f their home Governments, and by the
ifactory; indeed, we haveland enough, if
tice, not compassion for Alfred Dreyfus,
nly it were not broken up Into fragments
monfllctlng claims of them varlous interests
his
stung an
movedZola;but
t
evldent that the prevailing idea in the
Y theinterveningpossessions
of Korea,
entirepeople. as in old days Peter the
of reconstructionwasthehkelihood
Lolland, and the Russo-Chinese Bank. Our
Hermits rapt God wills it had called
If anotheroutbreak,
and the consequent
uard is a little less than one hundred and
t h e m to the holy war. Zolas deed begot
lecessity of providing
therefor
as
effif t y men. with two officers. one of whom 18
hatreds that are hardlydimlnlshedtolently
possible. In thereservedterrimilitaryattache.
Most
the