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Understanding Waves
1. Motion of Waves
A wave front is a line or plane on which the vibration of every points on it are in phase
and are at the.(same/different) position from the source of the water.
2. When we use a fingertip to touch the surface of water repeatedly, ....(circular/plane)
wavefronts are produced.
3.
Types of waves
There are 2 types of waves :(a) .
(b) .
4. Transverse wave
(i). Transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
at .. (parallel/perpendicular) to the direction of propagation of the wave.
A
A = .(crest / compression)
B = ..(rarefaction /trough)
(ii). Example of transverse wave:
i. ..
ii...
iii..
5. Longitudinal waves
(i) A longitudinal is a wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
.(parallel / proportional) to the direction of propagation
of wave.
P
P
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B
C
Figure 6.20
6. Equilibrium position is .
7. One complete oscillation of the pendulum occurs when the pendulum bob moves from
............
8. The period, T of a vibrating system is ...
9.
Frequency, f is
The S.I. unit is ..
Figure 6.10
10. (a)
(b)
Figure 6.11
Answer:
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12.
Displacement/cm
13.
5
0
Time/s
-5
Calculate the frequency of the given wave above.
Answer : T = 4s
1
f=
Hz
T
= 0.25 Hz
Displacement/cm
5
0
-5
14.
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Distance/cm
16. A girl moves a long slinky spring at a frequency of 3 Hz to produce a transverse wave
with a wavelength of 0.5 m. What is the wave speed of the waves along the slinky
spring?
Answer:
17. . A given wave travels at a speed of 2 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz,
Calculate the wavelength
18. Damping is a ..
19. When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of oscillation .
(decreases/increases) slowly until the system stops oscillating.
20. Damping is usually caused by :(i) external frictional forces such as air resistance
(ii) internal forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of heat.
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5 Hz
= 6. cm
V=f
= 7.5 cm s-1
4.5 cm
7.
The figure shows a wavefront pattern in a ripple tank produced by a vibrating dipper at
frequency of 5 Hz. What is the wave speed?
Answer:
f
= 5 Hz
= 4.5/3 = 1.5 cm
V=f
= 7.5 cm s-1
20 cm (5)
8.
A mechanical stroboscope has 12 slits and rotates at a frequency 5 Hz. The stroboscope
is used to observe water waves. The observer notes there are 6 successive bright bands at
a
distance 20 cm. Calculate the speed of the water waves.
Answer:
f=np
= 12 x 5
= 60 Hz
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= 20/5
= 4 cm
V=f
= 60 x 4
= 240 cm s-1
The figure shows a loudspeaker produces a sound with a frequency 300 Hz. Calculate
(a) the wavelength.
(b) the speed of sound
Answer:
(a) 0.6 m
(b) V = f
= 300 x 0.5
= 150 m s-1
10. A given wave travels at a speed of 2 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz,
Calculate the wavelength
Answer:
= v/f
2 x10 5
=
= 200 m
1000
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Figure 6.12
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22. Damping is a ..
23. When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of oscillation .
(decreases/increases) slowly until the system stops oscillating.
24. Damping is usually caused by :(i) external frictional forces such as air resistance
(ii) internal forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of heat.
Resonans
the
phenomenon when the oscilating system is driven at its natural frequency by
A resonance is
a periodic force.
..
E
A
B
D
C
6.2
1.
Reflection of a wave occurs when a wave strikes an obstacle such as barrier, plane
reflector, mirror and wall.
2.
..
3.
When the reflection of a wave happened , the wavelength ,, the frequency, f and the
speed, v .but the direction of propagation of the wave changes.
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(b)
(b)
Water waves
Ripple tank
Screen
B = Bright
D = Dark
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1.
When rays of light strike any surface the rays are reflected , unless the surface is
black, when they are absorbed.
A plane mirror is a flat smooth surface which reflects regularly most of the light
falling on it.
Figure 6.20
The characteristics of reflection of light waves:
2. The bright and dark bands of the wave pattern formed on the screen because the
surface of water acts as lenses. The crest of water waves similar with .
(concave lens /convex lens) and the trough of water waves similar with
(concave lens /convex lens).
Exercise 6.21
The diagram shows a single ray of light being directed at a plane mirror. What are the
angles of incidence and reflection?
(a)
(b)
35o
35 = 55o
70 o
2.
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Answer:
i =r = 90
i =r=
Figure 6.21
2. The sound wave from the stopwatch experience a reflection after striking the smooth
wall.
to
The angle of incidence, i isequal
.(equal
to /more than/less than) the angle of
reflection, r.
Exercise 6.22
1.
The diagram shows a student shouting in front of a school building. Calculate the
time taken by the student to hear the echo of his voice.
[The speed of sound in air is 340 m s-1 ]
Answer:
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If an echo is heard
one second after the holler and reflects
off canyon walls which are a distance of 170 meters away, then what is the speed of the
wave?
Answer:
2s = v x t
= 2 (170)
1
6.3
= 340 m s-1
ANALYSING REFRACTION OF WAVES
Figure 6.30
1.
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Deep
shallow
Figure 6.31
towards
1. When the water wave travel from a deep area, the direction of the waves is refracted
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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Why are the speed and wavelength of waves in the middle of the sea almost uniform?
2. What do you think would happen to the wave speed if the depth of water is increased?
..
.
3. Why do the distances between the wavefronts decrease as the waves approach the
beach?
4.
Why is the water in the bay stationary compared to the water at the cape?
The energy of the water wave spreads to a wider area as compared to the region near the cape
The amplitude of the water wave near the bay is low and hence the water at the bay is
comparatively still
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normal
air
glass block
Figure 6.33
1. When a ray propagates from one medium to an optically denser medium, the ray refracts
towards
(towards
/ away from) the normal.
2. The speed of light decreases
.(decreases/increases) as it propagates in the glass block,
causing it to alter the direction of propagation.
Refraction of Sound Waves
refracted
3. This causes sound waves to be
. (reflected/refracted) away from the Earth.
4. On a cool night, the sound waves travel slower
.(slower/faster)in the cooler layer of air
near the surface of the Earth than in the upper, warmer air. The waves are refracted
towards the Earth.
night
Hence, sound can be heard over a longer distance on a cold
.(night/day) compared
with a hot day.
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speed
Exercise 6.4
Complete the diagrams below by drawing the wavefronts to show the diffraction of water waves.
(a)Wider
Narrow
(b)
gapgap
>
(c)Wider obstacle
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Figure 6.1(b)
Wide slit
1.
The diffraction of light waves occur when the light waves pass through a small slit or
small pin hole.
2. The wider middle bright fringe shows that the light waves diffracted after pass
through a narrow slit.
less
3. If the slit becomes wider, diffraction pattern becomes ..
(less/more) distint.
Figure 6.42
A listener is requested to stand on the other side of the corner of the wall so that the radio
is beyond his vision.
2. The listener is able to hear the sound of the radio although it is behind the wall.
3. It is because the sound of the radio spreads around the corner of the wall due to diffraction
of sound.
1.
1. Interference is the superposition of two waves from two coherent sources meet
amplitude
frequency
2. Two waves are in coherent if they are of the same .and
,
3. There are two types of interference :
3.
4. (a)
Constructive Interference
+
Before superposition
During superposition
Before superposition
Figure 6.50 (b)
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During superposition
When the vertical displacemet of two waves are in the same direction as in Figure 6.50
constructive
(a) and (b), (constructive/destructive)
interference occurs.
(b)
Destructive Interference
+
Before superposition
During superposition
Figure 6.51
If a wave with a positive displacement meets another with a negative displacement of
the same magnitude, they cancel each other and the combined amplitude becomes
zero.
.
Inteference of Water Waves
At the points of constructive interference, the water moves up and down with a
large
(large/
small) amplitude
2.
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antinodes
Exercise 6.5
B
C
A
Figure 6.53
1.
Figure 6.53 shows the interference pattern of water by two coherent sources of water
waves.
constructive interference.
(i)
At point A, two crest meet resulting in ..
constructive
(ii)
At point B, two through meet resulting in ..interference.
destructive
(iii)
At point C, a crest meet a trough resulting in interference.
2.. Complete the table below.
Before superposition
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During
superposition
After superposition
3.
4.
.
The diagram shows a full-scale interference pattern of a ripple tank experiment 2
seconds after vibration started. The crests of the water ripples are repsented by the
dark
lines.
(a) What is represented at P at this instant?
.
(b) What is the frequency of the vibrator?
5.
Two dot vibrators which has a separation of 5.0 cm are placed on a water surface in
a ripple tank. The distance between two adjacent antinodes on a screen is 3.0 cm. If
the perpendicular distance between the dot vibrators and the screen is 10.0 cm, what
is the wavelength of the water waves?
Answer:
1. Interference occur when at least two coherent light waves overlap or superpose
2. The superposition of 2 rays produces:
(i)
(ii)
3.
4.
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(b)
14 mm
2. The wavelength of light can be determined with a double-slit plate. The diagram
above shows the pattern of interference fringes obtained in a Youngs double-slit
experiment. The separation distance of the two slit is 0.20 mm and the distance
between the screen and the double-slit plate is 4.0 m.
Calculate the wavelength of the light used in the experiment.
Answer:
7x = 14 mm
x = 2 mm = 2 x 10-3 m
D = 3.0 m
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a = 0.2 mm = 2 x 10-4 m
=
= 1 x 10-7 m
a = ..
distance between two consecutive loud places
x = .
perpendicular distance between the speakers and
D = .
the loud
Exercise 6.52
1. Two loud speakers placed 2 m apart are connected to an audio signal generator that
is
adjusted to produce sound waves of frequency 550 Hz. The detection of loud and soft
sounds as a person moves along a line is at 4.0 m from the loudspeakers.
Calculate the
(a) wavelength
(b) speed
of the sound waves.
Answer:
(a)
(b) f = 550 Hz
V=f
= 550 x 0.6
= 330 m s-1
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frequency
Echo is
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Application
Sound waves of high energy are directed
to the kidney stones to destroy them in
the cavity of the kidney.
Sound waves of high energy are directed
to the kidney stones to destroy them in
the cavity of the kidney.
Industry
perpendicular
interference.
Source
Electrical oscillating
circuit
Microwave
= 10-3 10-1 m
Oscillating electrical
charge in a microwave
transmitter
Infrared
= 10-6 10-3 m
Visible light
= 10-7 m
Ultraviolet
radiation
= 10-9 10-7 m
X-ray
= 10-11 10-9 m
Gamma rays
= 10-14 10-10 m
Exercise 6.70
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Application
(a)
(b)
telecommunications
broadcasting : tv and radio
transmission
(a) satellite transmissions
(b) radar
(c) cooking
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
night vision
thermal imaging and physiotherapy
remote controls
sight
photosynthesis in plants
photography
Radiotherapy
Detection of cracks in building
structures
(a) Cancer treatment
(b) Sterilisation of equipment
(c) Pest control in agriculture
1. The diagram below shows the pattern of spectrum electromagnetic. In the boxes
provided, write the names of the parts given .
Radiowave microwave gamma ray x-ray visible ray infra-red ray ultraviolet ray
wavelength
Gamma
ray
X-ray
Ultra
Violet
Visible
light
infrared
microwave
radiowave
frequency
2.
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Uses
Remote control
Radar system
Photograph
Kill cancerous cells
8 Hz.
1/8 Hz
4 Hz.
Hz
12 Hz
x-ray.
Gamma ray
water wave
microwave.
4.
x-ray
gamma ray
sound wave
light wave.
4 cm
8 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
6.
A given wave travels at a speed of 4 x 105 ms-1. If the frequency of the wave is 1000 Hz,
calculate the wavelength
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
100 m
200 m
300 m
400 m
500 m
9. Which of the following electromagnetic waves are arranged in the order of increasing
wavelength.
A.
B.
C.
10.
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Figure 1
1. Figure 1 shows the use of sonar equipment to measure the depth of the sea.
(a) State the phenomenon of sound wave applied in sonar equipment.
Reflection
.
[1 mark]
(b) Sound waves with frequency of 6.0 x 105 Hz are used to determine the depth of
the sea. [speed of sound in sea water = 1500 m s-1]
(i)
(ii)
[2 marks]
If the time interval between the instant the sound wave is sent to the
instant the echo is received is 1.5 s, what is the depth of the sea
[2 marks]
2.
Figure 2
A ping pong ball is held with a string and placed near a loudspeaker as shown
in Figure 2
The loudspeaker emits a low frequency sound and the ping-pong ball seems
to vibrate to it.
(a) Explain how the sound from the loudspeaker produces vibration on the ping
pong ball.
The vibration of the loudspeaker moves the air molecules around it.
The sound wave produced by the loudspeaker transfers energy to the ping
pong ball and causes it to move
(b) What will happen to the vibration of the ping pong ball if the loudness emits
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2.
(a)
(i)
Figure 3 shows two sets of ripple tanks used to study diffraction of waves.
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
What is meant by the diffraction of waves.
Diffraction is the spreading out of waves when they move through a gap
or around an obstacle
(ii)
Which of the two sets will show a bigger effect of diffraction. Explain your
answer.
The set shown in Figure 4.1 will show a bigger effect of diffraction. This is
because the narrower the gap, the more the waves spread out.
(iii)
Redraw and complete Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 to show the between the
two diffraction patterns.
(iv)
Part C: Essay
1. Figure 3.0 shows the arrangement of the apparatus for an experiment to study a wave
phenomenon.
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Figure 3.0
Figure 3.1 shows the bright and dark bands of the waves pattern formed on the white
paper when plane waves passes through the narrow and wide gaps.
Narrow gap
Figure 3.1(a)
Wide gap
Figure 3.1(b)
[1 mark]
Explain how the dark and light bands are formed on the white paper.
[4 marks]
Figure /
Crests act as a
convex lens
(ii) Observe Figure 3.2(a) and (b). Compare the waves patterns and the wavelength of
the waves before and after they pass through the gaps.
Relate the size of the gaps, the waves patterns and the wavelengths to deduce a
relevant physics concept.
[5 marks]
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Figure 1.3 shows the seashore of a fishing village. During the rainy season, waves
are big. One year the waves eroded the seashore, caused the jetty to collapse and
damaged the fishermens boats.
Figure 3.3
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest building retaining walls
and relocating the jetty.
Make further suggestion of ways to help the fishermen solve their problems.
You should use your knowledge of reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to
explain these suggestions, to include the following aspects.
(i)
the design and structure of the retaining wall,
(ii)
the location of the new jetty
(iii)
the size or energy of the waves
[10 marks]
Answer:
1. Build slanting barrier to reduce speed of wave
2. Build the rough barrier to reduce reflection of the waves
3. Build the new jetty at the bay because the water is calm at the bay
4. Build the small opening surround the bay because diffraction happens at the opening
5. Build the barrier at the bay because the wave is spread according to the shape of the
bay
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