Proe Afterburning Stirling Comparison

Proe Power Systems, LLC
Proe Power Systems
Proe Afterburning Cycle for 21st Century Power

Stirling Engine Cycle Comparison
Leakage
Makeup
Gas
Supply
EXTERNAL HEAT
SOURCE (IE SOLAR)
COMPRESSOR
EXPANDER
REGENERATOR
HEAT
OUT
WORK
IN
Stirling Engine Diagram
Page 1
Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

and Proe Afterburning Cycle Engine are protected by
US Patents Number: 5,894,729; 6,390,185 and 7,028,476
For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

at (800)315-0084 (in USA) or 1-(330)723-4469 (International)
raproe@proepowersystems.com
WORK
OUT
Proe
Power
Systems
Engines Convert Energy To Make it Useable
Input Energy:
Non Combustion
- Solar
- Nuclear
- Geothermal
-
Engine
Useable Energy:
Rotating Shaft
Electrical Generation
Combustion
- Dedicated Combustion
- Waste Heat from Industrial Combustion
- Waste Heat from other Engine Exhaust
Page 2


Proe
Power
Systems
Efficiency Determines the Cost of Conversion
Efficiency =
Useable Energy
Input Energy
The Higher the Efficiency, the better the engine
Page 3


Proe
Power
Systems
Time Out for Some Thermodynamics

Carnot Efficiency:
The maximum possible for an engine operating between two temperature reservoirs
Heat In
Th
The Carnot Cycle: The Perfect

Engine
Temperature
1-2 Compression without heating (dS=0)

2-3 Constant Temperature Expansion (dT=0)
3-4 Expansion without heating (dS=0)
4-1 Constant Temperature Compression (dT=0)
Heat In = Qin = ThS
Heat Out = Qout = TcS
Work = Qin Qout = (Th-Tc)S
Tc
Efficiency = = Work/Heat In
= (Th-Tc)S/ThS
Heat Out
Entropy
Page 4

= 1-Tc/Th

Proe
Power
Systems
A Practical Approach to Carnot

Efficiency: the Non Combustion Stirling
Cycle
Leakage
Makeup
Gas
Supply
EXTERNAL HEAT
SOURCE (IE SOLAR)
COMPRESSOR
EXPANDER
REGENERATOR
HEAT
OUT
WORK
IN
Stirling is the Only Way to Go for

Non-Combustion Power Generation:
Simple and Efficient
Page 5


WORK
OUT
Proe
Power
Systems
In a Perfect World, The Stirling Engine Has

Carnot Efficiency
Heat In
Heat Recovered
1-2 Constant Temperature Compression

from v0 to v1with Heat Removal
2-3 Constant Volume Heat Addition
(Regenerator)
3-4 Constant Temperature Expansion
from v1 to v0 with Heat Addition
4-1 Constant Volume Heat Removal
(Regenerator)
Heat In = Qin = ThS
Heat Out = Qout = TcS
Work = Qin Qout = (Th-Tc)S
Heat Out
Efficiency = = Work/Heat In
= (Th-Tc)S/ThS
= 1-Tc/Th
Page 6


Proe
Power
Systems
And, In the Real World, Non-Combustion (i.e. Solar)

Stirling Engines Can Achieve Excellent Efficiency
Typical
Performance
Envelope
Page 7


Proe
Power
Systems
BUT.The Combustion Stirling Cycle Faces A

Burner Barrier To High Efficiency
FUEL
CONTROL
VALVE
Leakage
Makeup
Gas
Supply
FUEL
IN
SECONDARY
BURNER
HOT
BURNER
EXHAUST
COMPRESSOR
PRIMARY
BURNER
EXPANDER
HEAT
OUT
REGENERATOR
AIR IN
WORK
IN
The Stirlings Hot Burner

Exhaust Throws Heat
Energy Away
Page 8

WORK
OUT

Proe
Power
Systems
The Stirling Cycle with a Burner Cannot Approach

Carnot Efficiency
Closed cycle engines are
constrained by burner efficiency
b = Heat Transferred to Engine
Heat of Combustion
b = (Hf-Hexit)/(Hf-Hamb)
Where Hf = flame enthalpy
Hexit = exhaust exit enthalpy
Hamb = Burner entrance
enthalpy
Overall Cycle Efficiency is:
= bCarnot
Q3-4 = Q6-7
Heat is wasted
in the burner
exhaust
= b(1-Tc/Th)
Page 9


Proe
Power
Systems
Actual Combustion Fired Stirling Cycle Engines are

Greatly Disappointing
Burner Penalty
Many Would Be Manufacturers

Even Aggravate the Problem
by Using Too High a Head
Temperature!
Page 10


Proe
Power
Systems
Recuperated Combustion Stirling Cycle

Functional Block Diagram
Leakage
Makeup
Gas
Supply
BURNER EXHAUST
SECONDARY
BURNER
FUEL
FUEL
IN
CONTROL
VALVE
R
E
C
U
P
E
R
A
T
O
R
PRIMARY
BURNER
COMPRESSOR
EXPANDER
REGENERATOR
HEAT
OUT
WORK
IN
Adding a Burner Exhaust Recuperator

& Blower Can Recover Wasted Heat
But Add Cost & Complexity
Page 11

BLOWER
WORK AIR IN
OUT

Proe
Power
Systems
The Stirling Cycle with a Recuperated Burner Still

Faces an Efficiency Barrier
85%
Recuperated
Burner
Efficiency
Burner Penalty
Page 12


Proe
Power
Systems
Combustion Water Heater with Stirling

Cycle Functional Block Diagram
Leakage
Makeup
Gas
Supply
FUEL
IN
Cold
Water In
Hot
Water
Out
HOT
BURNER
EXHAUST
FUEL
CONTROL
VALVE
SECONDARY
BURNER
COMPRESSOR
PRIMARY
BURNER
EXPANDER
HEAT
OUT
REGENERATOR
AIR IN
WORK
IN
Most Current Commercial Applications

are to Augment a Water Heater by
Providing a Small Power Output
Page 13

WORK
OUT

Proe
Power
Systems
A Practical Approach to Carnot Efficiency with a

Combustion Engine: the Proe Afterburning Engine Cycle
Legend
Low Pressure Air
High Pressure Air
Fuel
AFTERBURNER
Combustion Products
Proe 90tm Gas

Turbine
Recuperator
Heat Transfer
Mechanical Work
FUEL
CONTROL
VALVE
FUEL
IN
EXHAUST
COMPRESSOR
AIR IN
HEAT
OUT
EXPANDER
WORK
IN
WORK
OUT
Proe Afterburning is the Only Way

to Go for Combustion Power
Generation: Simple and Efficient
Page 14


Proe
Power
Systems
The Proe Afterburning Engine can Approach

Carnot Efficiency with a Combustion Engine
Heat In
1-2 Constant Temperature Compression
from Po to P1 with Heat Removal
2-3 Constant Pressure Heat Addition
(Recuperator)
3-4 Expansion from P1 to Po without
Heat Addition
4-5 Constant Pressure Heat Addition
(Combustor)
5-4 Constant Pressure Heat Removal
(Recuperator)
T*h
Heat Recovered
= 1-Tc / T*h
T*h is the Mean Upper
Temperature as Shown
Heat Out
Page 15


Proe
Power
Systems
There is No Contest in the Combustion Engine

Efficiency Race
Page 16


Proe
Power
Systems
So Why Not A Stirling Engine Instead?

Why an Afterburning Ericsson Engine
Stirling Cycle is Outstanding for Non-Combustion Heat Source

- Very simple closed cycle
- In Theory, Can approach Carnot Cycle Efficiency limit
- Has been very successful in solar and nuclear applications
(Also extremely successful when run backwards as a refrigerator cycle)
But
the Stirling Cycle Consistently Fails as a Combustion Engine
- Cannot integrate the combustion and engine processes

- The burner is always a separate, counter-productive, process
- Burner air must be heated from room temperature to flame temperature
- Hot Burner air only can give heat to the engine as it is cooled from
flame temperature to expander temperature
- Energy is wasted as the burner exhaust cools from expander to room
temperature
- Or: Burner heat can be recovered but only with additional complexity
- Requires a burner recuperator and blower
(A leading Stirling developer has approached Proe Power Systems to
use our Proe 90 Ericsson Recuperator for their Stirling Engines)
- The Stirling engine then incurs the cost and heat and flow losses of
two heat exchangers, both a regenerator and a recuperator
Page 17


Proe
Power
Systems
Conclusion:
The Heat Source Determines the Engine
Why an Afterburning Ericsson Engine
Heat Source
Non-Combustive Heat Sources:
Best Engine Match

Closed Cycle (Stirling)
Solar
Nuclear - Radioisotope
Geothermal
Air Combustion Heat Sources:
Open Cycle
(Proe Afterburning Engine)
Combustion of Fossil Fuel Gases, Liquids or Solids

Combustion of Biowaste Gas (methane etc.)
Combustion of Biowaste Liquid (corn oil, waste cooking oil etc.)
Combustion of Biowaste Solids (wood chips, corn etc.)
Combustion of Village Power Fuels (solid waste, dung etc.)
Waste Heat from Industrial Combustion Processes
Waste Engine Exhaust Heat (Proe HRPG Heat Recovery Power Generator)
Page 18


Proe
Power
Systems

Proe Afterburning Stirling Comparison

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Proe Power Systems, LLC

Proe Power Systems

Proe Afterburning Cycle for 21st Century Power

Stirling Engine Diagram

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

Engines Convert Energy To Make it Useable

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

Efficiency Determines the Cost of Conversion

The Higher the Efficiency, the better the engine

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

Time Out for Some Thermodynamics

The Carnot Cycle: The Perfect

1-2 Compression without heating (dS=0)

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

A Practical Approach to Carnot

Stirling is the Only Way to Go for

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

In a Perfect World, The Stirling Engine Has

1-2 Constant Temperature Compression

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

And, In the Real World, Non-Combustion (i.e. Solar)

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

BUT.The Combustion Stirling Cycle Faces A

The Stirlings Hot Burner

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

The Stirling Cycle with a Burner Cannot Approach

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

Actual Combustion Fired Stirling Cycle Engines are

Many Would Be Manufacturers

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

Recuperated Combustion Stirling Cycle

Adding a Burner Exhaust Recuperator

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

The Stirling Cycle with a Recuperated Burner Still

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

Combustion Water Heater with Stirling

Most Current Commercial Applications

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

A Practical Approach to Carnot Efficiency with a

Proe 90tm Gas

Proe Afterburning is the Only Way

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

The Proe Afterburning Engine can Approach

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

There is No Contest in the Combustion Engine

Afterburning Ericsson Cycle Engine, Proe 90 Recuperator,

For Additional Information Contact Richard Proeschel

So Why Not A Stirling Engine Instead?

Stirling Cycle is Outstanding for Non-Combustion Heat Source