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Episode17:TheBuddhaandHisTime|15MinuteHistory

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Episode17:TheBuddhaandHisTime
PostedonApril3,2013byChristopherRose
Host:ChristopherRose,CenterforMiddleEasternStudies
Guest:KeelySutton,doctoralstudent,DepartmentofAsianStudies

Buddhismisunquestionablyoneoftheworldsmajorfaithtraditions,butitsoriginsare
somewhatshroudedinmythologyandlegendsurroundingitsfounder,SiddhartaGautama,
thehistoricalBuddha.Whowashe?Whenandwheredidhelive?Andwhatwerethesocial
currentsandforcesinhisowntimethatshapedhisworldviewandledhimtorenouncethe
worldinanefforttosavehumanityfromitself?
GuestKeeleySuttonfromUTsDepartmentofAsianStudieshelpsusunderstandthe
historicalBuddhaandtheerainwhichhelived.
00:00

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StandardsAlignment|Transcript|DocumentsandFurtherReading

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BuddhastatuefromtheGuptaPeriod.
Buddha[India](69.222).InHeilbrunn
TimelineofArtHistory.NewYork:The
MetropolitanMuseumofArt,2000.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/worksof
art/69.222(October2006)

WhatisBuddhism?
Thatsadifficultquestion.Somepeoplesaythatitsareligionorareligioustraditionother
peoplewouldmaybesaythatitsmoreofaphilosophyorapracticesomethingyoupractice
morethansomethingyoubelieve,whichiswheretheresadisconnectbetweeneastand
west.
WhenwetalkaboutthedevelopmentofBuddhism,whattimeperiodarewelookingat,
historicallyspeaking?
Well,thedatesofthehistoricalBuddha,SiddhartaGautama,hasbeenshiftedaroundabit
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overtheyears.Ithinkthatscholarsarenowlookingatmaybe470,480BCEasan
approximationofwhenhewasborn.Helivedfor80years,accordingtohisbiographiesin
someofthecanons.So,thatputshimataround400BCEwhenhepassedaway.Priorto
this,theyhaddatesalittleearlier,inthe500s.
WhatwasgoingoninIndiaatthetime?IbelievethatKarenArmstrongdescribesthis
periodastheAxialAge.Therewasalotofreligiousfervorwithnewmovements
springingup.Whatwasgoingthatwascontributingtothat?
Aroundthattimeperiod,youhavesomeshiftsinBrahmanicalthought.Brahmanismishow
earlyreligioninIndiawastalkedabout,thenamegiventoit.Thathassomeoftheaspectsof
whatstillexistsinHinduismtoday,oneofwhichisthecastesystem.YouhaveBrahmins,
K?atriya,Vai?yas,andS?drasitsafourpartcastesystem.
TheBrahminswerethepriestsK?atriyaweretherulersorkingsVai?yaswerethe
merchantsorpastoralists,theywereherderstheyherdedcattle,ortheygrewcropsand
theS?dras,whoweretheservants.Theywerethebottom,andtheywerentallowedaccess
totheritualsystem.IfyoureVai?yasorK?atriya,youcouldhaveBrahminsperform
sacrificesforyou.Thesesacrificesinitiallywereforthenormalkindofmundanethingslong
life,riches,havingasonandintheoldliterature,whicharetheVedas,youseeconcerns
forbeingrebornintoheaven,even.Therewasntanideaofrebirthlikeyouseelater.
But,whenyougetmoretowardstheBuddha,towardtheAxialage,somethingnewwas
happeninganurbanizationwasgoingon.So,insteadofhavingsmallkingroups,youhave
rulerswhoarerulingoverseveralkingroupsyouhavethegrowthofcities,andwiththatyou
hadpeoplewhoweremoresettledandnotmovingaroundasmuch.Maybetheyhad
surpluses,surplusoffood,asurplusofmoney,thingslikethat.So,peoplewithsurpluses
havetheabilitytogiveittopeople.
Atthesametime,youhavetheseSramanamovements,whichmeansascetic,or
renouncing,movements.ThiswashappeningwithintheVedic/Brahmanicalworldaswell.
Andatthattime,thatswhenyoustartseeingconceptssuchasSa?s?ra,whichisthewheel
ofbirthandrebirth,thisideaofbeingbornandrebornbackintotheworld.Andtheideaof
karma,whichoriginallymeantactiononlyintheritualsphere,sowhenyoutalkedabout
karmayouweretalkingabouthowtheBrahminpriestssacrificeditwastheirsacrificial
actions.Instead,thistookonthenewunderstandingthatwhatyoudidinthisworldwould
affecthowyouwerereborn.AndthenyoustartgettingtheideatoointheUpanishads,which
arethelaterVedictexts,ofmokshatheideaisthatyouwanttobereborn.
Thatyouwanttobeabletocontrolhowyourereborn
right!Andactuallygetoutofthesystemrelease,mokshameansreleaseorliberation.

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WheredoestheBuddhafitintoallofthesedevelopments?
Hewaswithinthiswholesphere,sotheseideaswereprobablyfloatingaroundtoacertain
extenttheideaofSa?s?ra,theideaofkarma.AndtherewasalsotheideaofBrahman.
Brahmanistheunchangingandhighestrealitythatexistsinandevenbeyondtheworld.
Anotherconceptthatsrelatedisthatof?tman,whichistheessenceandtrueselfofthe
individual.Itsperhapslooselyanalogoustoasoul.
Now,intheUpanishadictextsthebigkindofaha!momentwaswhenyourealizethat?
tmanequalsBrahman.So,BrahmannotthepriestsBrahmin,butBrahmanthereality,what
thingsreallyare.IntheUpanishadic,theVedic,theBrahminicalsphere,thewaytoreach
releasewastorealizethatyouareactuallytheUltimate,Brahman.Thatiswhoyoureally
are:your?tman,yourself,isBrahman.
Obviously,youandIwouldbereleasedrightnowifitwasjustaintellectualunderstanding.
Butweretalkingaboutareallydeepunderstandingthatcomesaboutafteryearsofstudy
andmeditation.Sothatwaskeybecause?tmaninthissystem,theBrahminicalsystem,
equalsBrahman.
Well,BuddhacameintothissystemtheBuddha,SiddhartaGautamaandwhatheended
upunderstandingisthatthereisnoself.Thiswasamajorshift,fromaself,asoul,your?
tmanbeingBrahmanmeaningthatyouhaveaneternalselfhesaidno,theresnosuch
thingasaself.So,hewasclearlyreactingtothis.
Anotherwaythathereactedtoitofcoursewasthathewasveryegalitarian.Soinsteadof
Brahminsbeingthepeoplewhoweretheconduitbetweenthegodsandthepeople,andalso
thisrigidcastesysteminwhichwhereyouwereborniswhereyouwere,hesaid,No,come
one,comeall,basically.Womenwereeventuallyallowedintothesystem.Itdidntreally
matterwhatyourcastewas,aswell.
LetstalkalittlebitabouttheBuddhaspersonalbiography
Sure.
Whohewas,wherehewas,whathisstationwasinlife,andhowhecametoa
religiouslife.
BiographiesoftheBuddhastartedbeingwrittenafewhundredyearsafterhisdeath.Oneof
themostfamousonesisA?vagho?asBuddhacarita,whichmeansAHistoryofthe
Buddha.
Theysayhewasaprince.IthinkhesaidwithinsomeofthePaliCanonthathewasaK?
atriya,hewouldtellpeoplethathewasaK?atriya.Hedefinitelywasofarulingfamily.This
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particularstorywasalreadyinfusedwiththemythologyoftheBuddha.Alotofthingshappen
thatpointforwardtowhohewouldbecome
right

ReliefofQueenMayasDream.FromtheSungaPeriod(2ndcenturyAD).Stupade
Bharhut.Sculpture.Calcutta.IndianMuseum.

So,hismother,forinstancehadavisionofawhiteelephantenteringherside.Andthen,later
thestorysaysthatshewasonherwaytoherfamilyshousetohavethebaby,whichis
customary,andshestoppedatthisparticulargrove,andshehadtheBuddhawithoutpain,
standingup.TheBuddhawasbornfullyaware,hetooksevensteps,andhespoke.So,
thatswhattheBuddhacaritasays.Itfurthergoesontotalkabouthowhewasbecauseof
alloftheseauspiciousthingsthathappenedaroundhimhewentandspoketosomewise
menorBrahminsandtheysaid,Well,yoursonwillbeauniversalking,orhewillbeareally
wisesage,areligiousascetic.Hewillrenouncetheworld.
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Well,theking,hisfather,didntwanthimtobecomearenouncer,hewantedhimtobecome
aworldking.Thestorysaysthatheputhiminapalace,andhemadesurethathesawno
suffering,nothingbad.Andhewaslavishedwithallofthesensorydelightsthatyoucould
imagine.Eventually,hegotmarriedatage29,andhehadason.But,thegodshadto
interveneaccordingtothisstory,andonedaywhenhewasoutinthecity,theysentcertain
thingsforhimtosee.
Oneofthesewasasickperson,onewasadeadperson,onewasanoldperson,andfinally,
anasceticarenouncerwhowasinsaffronrobeswithashavenhead.Thepointofallthis
wasthatwhenhesawthefirstthree,herealizedthatyoucannotescapecertainkindsof
suffering.Youcantescapesickness,death,oroldage.Andthesekindoftormentedhim.
Andwhenhesawthemonk,hehadtoask,Whoisthat?Andwhenhischarioteertoldhim,
itstartedthisthoughtprocess,Ithink,inhishead.

MiniatureoftheyoungPrinceSiddharta,encounteringsuffering.(miniatureofinkand
goldleafonpaper,Thailand,1776).

Andfromthatpoint,heleftthepalace

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Episode17:TheBuddhaandHisTime|15MinuteHistory

right
andbeganhisreligiousjourney
right
WhatwashisearlyIdontknowifministryistherightwordtouseintermsofthe
Buddha,butclearlyheattractedfollowers.Whatwastheimpactofhissmallreligious
cultduringhislifetime,orasfaraswecantell?
Wedontreallyhavealotofevidencefromthattime.WehavethePaliCanon,whichwasnt
evenwrittendownuntilafterhisdeath,thatstheearliesttext.WealsohavetheTherigatha,
whicharesongsoftheelders,themenandthewomen.Weknowthat,asIsaidbefore,you
hadtheseotherrenouncingmovements.Therewerealotofthemgoingon,andyouhad
Jainismgoingonaswell.Idontknowweknowthatitwaspatronized,obviously,butwe
dontknowhowmuchitwasevenseenasaseparatemovementontheground.People
probablypatronizedalotofdifferenttraditions.Peoplewouldhavethesamekindofthing,
theywouldcomebegging.

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BuddhaAmoghasiddhiwithEightBodhisattvas[Tibet(Centralregions)]
(1991.74).InHeilbrunnTimelineofArtHistory.NewYork:TheMetropolitan
MuseumofArt,2000.http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/worksof
art/1991.74(September2008)

Howdidhisthoughtschangeandevolveoverhislifetime?Dowehaveasenseofhow
theymatured,whatsortofmessagesheleftbehind?
ThemainkindofideasaretheFourNobleTruths,andyoucankindofseeitfromthestory,
tooagain,thatwaswrittenafterhisdeath
right
itsallencompassedverynicely.

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Alllifeissuffering,firstofall.And,thiswassomethingthatwasunderstoodalreadyinthe
milieuofVedicthoughtanyway,itwasjusthowyoudealtwithitthatdiffered.Bysuffering,it
doesntmeansharp,shootingpain.Maybeabettertranslationisunsatisfactoriness.So,in
theBuddhistunderstanding,whenwereanxiousaboutschoolworkorwereanxiousabout
work,orwevegottherestlessfeeling,orwerejustalittlesad,orwegetsomethingthat
wantandthenwerealizethatmaybethatsnotwhatwewanted,oritsnotenoughyouget
whatyouwantbutthenyourealizethatyourehappyforadaybutthenyourebacktowhere
youwereallthisissuffering.So,thatsthefirsttenet,orthefirstNobleTruth:alllifeis
suffering.
ThesecondNobleTruthisthatsufferingiscausedbydesire.So,becausewewantthings
andwanttoownthemandhavethem,thatswhatcausesthesuffering.
Thethirdnobletruthisthatthereisawaytostopsuffering.Hesaid,wecanstopit.Itsnot
somethingthatwehavetolivewith.
AndthefourthNobleTruthistheEightfoldPath,whichishisparticularprescription.Thisis
setupalmostlikesomethingadoctorwoulddo.Helooksattheproblem,hefindstherootof
it,hefiguresoutwhetherornotitcanbecured,andthenhegivesyouthecure.So,thisis
thecure,theNobleEightfoldPath.
Aretheresimilaritiesbetweensomeoftheseconceptsandsomeofthosethatwe
associatewithHinduism?
Well,youdefinitelyhaveSa?s?ra,whichisthewheeloflifeanddeathandrebirth.Youve
gotkarma.Insteadof?tman,theBuddhasaidtheresnoself,infactoneourourbig
fundamentalproblemsisthatwethinkthatweexist,wethinkthatwehaveasoul,butwe
reallydont.AndthatsdiametricallyopposedtoBrahminism.But,interestinglyenoughthe
waythatBuddhismdriedupandleftIndiaisnottotallyclear,peoplepointtoalotofdifferent
reasons,butoneofthethingsthatpeopledosayisthataftertheseSraminamovementsof
theVedicworldofBrahminismwiththeseUpanishadicunderstandings,butthenyoualso
havelatertheBhaktimovements.Bhaktimeansdevotion.AndlateryouhavetheseBhakti
movementsgrowingthroughoutIndiaandsomepeoplearguethatBuddhismwaskindof
incorporatedintosomeoftheseothermovements.SomeoftheBhaktimovements,oreven
someoftheVedicmovementsmovementsthatarebasedontheVedas.
Asamatteroffact,vegetarianism,whichalotofpeoplethinkactuallystartedwithJainism,
whichstartedaroundthesametimeastheBuddhaBuddhismkindofadoptedit,andthen
Hinduismadoptedit.
VishnueventuallyincorporatedtheBuddhaashisninthavatar.So,thetenmajoravatarsof
Vishnu,whichwerewrittenaboutlater,tookhimastheninthavatar.

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YoumentionthattheBuddhamarriedandhadason
yes,R?hula,hisnamewas,whichmeansbinding.
wasthereanyvenerationofthefamily?
No.
So,wedontreallyknowwhathappenedtothelineofdescendantsafterthat?
No,wesuredont.AtleastnotasfarasIknow.
Healwayssaidthattheimportantthingwastheteaching.Infact,theBuddhapromotedthe
ideathatthisunderstandinghasalwaysexisted.TherehavebeenBuddhasbeforehim,and
therewillbeBuddhasafterhim.Whathappensisthat,say,theBuddhawhichmeans
awakenedone,literallyhisgivenfamilynamewasSiddhartaGautama,hewasalso
knownastheTath?gata,whichmeanstheThusComeOne,sohehasvarioustitlesand
things.TheBuddhaisatitleforsomeonewhocomestothisunderstandingaloneatatime
whentheworldhasforgottenit,andthenheteachesittootherpeople.So,someonewho
comesafterhimandbecomesenlightened,youbecomeanArahant(oranArhatinPali),but
aBuddhaissomeonewhospecificallyhasnoteacher,discoversitonhisown,andthen
teachesit.
YoumentionthattheBuddhalivedtobe80yearsold.Washeconsideredtohave
died?Didheascend?Whatarethetraditionssurroundingtheendofhisearthly
existence?
Heissaidtohavediedfromfoodpoisoning,frompork
astrongvegetarianmessagethere,Isuppose!
maybe.Idontknowifitsavegetarianmessagesomuchasjustmundaneandhighlights
thefactthathewasjustaman.Hegotitfrombeggingtheywouldacceptwhateverpeople
gavethem.Beggarscantbechoosers.
Whenhedied,therearesayingsaboutshowersofflowersandthingslikethis.Hereached
whattheycallparinirvana,finalnirvana.Youdonthavetodietoreachnirvana,butwhenyou
dodie,andyourereleasedandyourenotcomingback,youreachparinirvana.Thisisa
conceptthatconfusespeoplesometimes,becausetheywonderifyouhavetodietoreach
thisstate.Hereachedfinalnirvana,whichmeanshesdone.Hesnotcomingback.
Thenhewascremated,andtheashesweredividedamongthesestupas.Stupasarethese
burialdomes,andyoucircumambulatethem.
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TheresapilgrimagerouteinnorthernIndia,ifImnotmistaken
yes,thereis.Imnotfamiliarwithit,butIimagineitshisbirth,hisfirstsermon,andhis
death.Peoplegothereandcircumambulate.Peopleusedtogothereandtheywoulddonate.
Theresawealthofinscriptionalevidencethatwehave.Itgivesyoupeoplesnamesand
whattheydid.Theywouldhavetheirnamescarvedonbrickandputinthesestructures,you
couldseewheretheywerefrom,whattheydid,whatkindofclasseswereparticipatingin
Buddhisminthistimeperiod.Itsreallyinteresting.
Itsfunny,Ithinkwehaveasimilarsystemgoingonwithsomeofthenewbuildings
hereonthiscampus.
Right?<laughs>

DocumentsandFurtherReading
TeachingTheBuddha
AcollectionofmaterialsdevelopedtoaccompanythePBSdocumentaryTheBuddha.
BuddhismandBuddhistArt
Articles,images,andessaysfromTheMetropolitanMuseumofArtsHeilbrunnTimelineof
ArtHistoryisfundedbytheHeilbrunnFoundation,NewTamarindFoundation,andZodiac
Fund.TheTimelineofArtHistorypresentstheMetscollectionviaachronological,
geographical,andthematicexplorationofglobalarthistory.Targetedatstudentsand
scholarsofarthistory,itisaninvaluablereference,research,andteachingtool.Authoredby
theMetsexpertspredominantlymadeupofcuratorsbutalsoofconservators,scientists,
andeducatorstheTimelinecomprises300timelines,930essays,closeto7,000objects,
andarobustindex,andisregularlyupdatedandenrichedtoprovidenewscholarshipand
insightsonthecollection.
TheArtofSouthandSoutheastAsia:AResourceforEducators
ByStevenM.KossakandEdithW.Watts.Agreatandearlycivilizationaroseonthe
subcontinentofSouthAsiathatintimespreadnorthwardtotheHimalayanregionand
eastwardtoSoutheastAsia,avastareaincludingCambodia,Thailand,Laos,Indonesia,
Vietnam,Malaysia,andMyanmar.Thisresourceintroducesworksofartfromthisarea
selectedfromthesuperbSouthandSoutheastAsianandIslamiccollectionsofThe
MetropolitanMuseumofArt.IncludedareexamplesofBuddhistandHindutempleartandthe
latercourtartsofSouthAsiatheserangefromminiaturepaintingandluxurioustextilesto
elegantpersonalpossessions.Aswellasdescriptionsofthevisualqualitiesandsymbolic
meaningsoftheart,alsoprovidedareasummaryofSouthandSoutheastAsianhistory,a
sectionaboutBuddhismandHinduism,atimelineandmap,classroomactivities,lesson
plans,abibliography,andaglossary.Theseeducationalmaterialsweremadepossibleby
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TheMiriamandIraD.WallachFoundation.

StandardsAlignment
TexasEssentialKnowledgeandSkills(TEKS)
ThispodcastaddressesthefollowingstandardsinthehighschoolWorldHistorycourse:
1)History.Thestudentunderstandstraditionalhistoricalpointsofreferenceinworldhistory.
Thestudentisexpectedto:
(B)identifymajorcausesanddescribethemajoreffectsofthefollowingeventsfrom
500BCtoAD600:thedevelopmentoftheclassicalcivilizationsofGreece,Rome,
Persia,India(MauryaandGupta),China(Zhou,Qin,andHan),andthedevelopmentof
majorworldreligions
(3)History.Thestudentunderstandsthecontributionsandinfluenceofclassical
civilizationsfrom500BCtoAD600onsubsequentcivilizations.Thestudentisexpectedto:
(A)describethemajorpolitical,religious/philosophical,andculturalinfluencesof
Persia,India,China,Israel,Greece,andRome,includingthedevelopmentof
monotheism,Judaism,andChristianity
(23)Culture.Thestudentunderstandsthehistoryandrelevanceofmajorreligiousand
philosophicaltraditions.Thestudentisexpectedto:
(A)describethehistoricalorigins,centralideas,andspreadofmajorreligiousand
philosophicaltraditions,includingBuddhism,Christianity,Confucianism,Hinduism,
Islam,Judaism,Sikhism,andthedevelopmentofmonotheismand
(B)identifyexamplesofreligiousinfluenceonvariouseventsreferencedinthemajor
erasofworldhistory.
(25)Culture.Thestudentunderstandshowthedevelopmentofideashasinfluenced
institutionsandsocieties.Thestudentisexpectedto:
(A)summarizethefundamentalideasandinstitutionsofEasterncivilizationsthat
originatedinChinaandIndia
ThispodcastaddressesthefollowingstandardsinthehighschoolWorldGeography
course:
(17)Culture.Thestudentunderstandsthedistribution,patterns,andcharacteristicsof
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differentcultures.Thestudentisexpectedto:
(B)describemajorworldreligions,includinganimism,Buddhism,Christianity,
Hinduism,Islam,Judaism,andSikhism,andtheirspatialdistribution

NationalStandardsforHistory,BasicEdition
ThispodcastaddressesthefollowingstandardsinWorldHistoryEra3
Standard3D:ThestudentunderstandsreligiousandculturaldevelopmentsinIndiaintheera
oftheGangeticstatesandtheMauryanEmpire.
DescribethelifeandteachingsoftheBuddhaandexplainwaysinwhichthose
teachingswerearesponsetotheBrahmanicsystem
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