Chapter-5

Resistivity Logging
By

Dr. Jorge Salgado Gomes

3/4/2013

Chap -5

Duration of this chapter: 4 classes1(180)

Educational Outcomes

Applications of resistivity logs

Review basic concepts (Resistance vs Resistivity)
Resistivity as a function of fluid salinity
Impact of geothermal gradient
Temperature profile versus depth in a well
Relationship between conductivity and salt concentration
Effects of pressure on the density of water
A review of the resistivity tools
Unfocused, focused, micro-resistivity
Shallow, Medium and Deep measurements

Resolution of different resistivity tools

What can we obtain from these tools (Examples)
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Chap -5

Applications of resistivity logging

Determination of hydrocarbon intervals

Determination of transition zones
Determination of tight zones
Determination (approximate) of permeable
zones
Comparing shallow and deep resistivity
measurements

Determination of moveable oil

Detection of asphaltenes
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Chap -5

Resistance versus Resistivity

NaCl Concentration (ppm or grains/gal @ 75 F)

Resistivity of Solution (Ohm.m)

Geothermal Gradient

Ra

Introduction to Resistivity Tools

Origin of Electrical Logging

Electrical Survey
Laterolog
Induction Tools
Laterolog or Induction?
Micro Resistivity Tools

Surface Prospecting

Electrode Arrangement for First

Electrical Log

Resistivity Tools
UNFOCUSSED
Normal
Lateral
Microlog
FOCUSSED
Induction
Phasor Induction
Array Induction
Laterolog
Azimuthal Laterolog
Spherically-Focused
MICRORESISTIVITY
Microlaterolog
Proximity Log
Micro-SFL
Formation Microscanner

Laterolog

Limitations of Electrical Survey

Needs conductive bore-hole fluid
Inaccurate for high Rt/Rm
Inaccurate or useless when:
Bed thickness < tool spacing

Current path is uncontrolled

Typical Response of Normal Survey

Focussed & Non-focussed Tools

Focusing System

FOCUSSED

Induction
Phasor Induction
Array Induction
Laterolog
Azimuthal Laterolog
Sperically-Focused

Induction (Conductivity) Tool

6FF40 Induction

INDUCTION TOOL TYPES

6FF40
6 Coils, Fixed Focus, 40 T-R
6FF28 (SMALL DIAMETER)
6 Coils, Fixed Focus, 28 T-R

DUAL INDUCTION
6FF40 & 5FF40

PHASOR DUAL INDUCTION

Variable Frequency (10, 20, 40kHz)
Uses X signal

ARRAY INDUCTION

Induction Geometric Factors

Laterolog Devices

Azimuthal Resistivity Imager

Identify Inhomogeneities
High Resolution
Detection of Fractures
Formation Heterogeneity
Formation Dip
Resistivity in Dipping Beds
Horizontal Wells

Induction Tools

Principle
Skin Effect
Geometric Factors
Vertical Resolution
Depth of Investigation
Anomalous Responses
Annulus
Thin Shales
Pyrite
Horizontal Wells

Filtrate Profiles:
Vertical & Horizontal Wells

Formation of Low-Resistivity Annulus

Observing Bitumen on Resistivity Logs

Sb-331
In presence of Bitumen, MSFL rises to
meet the deep resistivity at the base
of reservoir.

MSFL

Deep resistivity

Bitumen
Base of Reservoir

GR

Bitumen

Comparing Resistivity Response

WITH Bitumen

North
Sb-331

South
Sb-325

Bitumen
Base of reservoir

Confirmed by core

WITHOUT Bitumen

Induction versus Laterolog

Induction
Composed of transmitter
receiver coil pairs.
Induction system does not
require the transmission of
electricity through the
drilling fluid.
Applicable for wells drilled
with fresh mud, air or oil
base mud.

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Laterolog
It is a focused or guard
electrod system
Requires saline drilling
fluids
Normally used in high
resistivity, low porosity
formations in the presence
of saline drilling muds
Superior device in high
resistivity (> 100 Ohm.m)
formation
Chap -5

30

Induction vs Laterolog

Microresistivity Logs

Microlaterolog
Proximity Log
Micro-SFL
Formation Microscanner

Microlog Tool

MicroResistivity Current Distribution

Microlaterolog Pad

MicroSFL Pad & Current Distribution

Pseudo-Geometric Factors for

Shallow Reading Tools

LETS RECAP THE FUNDAMENTALS

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Chap -5

39

Summary

(Rmc)

Tool is run in hole and current

is sent using electrodes
The separation between the
electrodes defines the depth
of investigation.
The larger the separation of
the electrodes the deeper is
the penetration (reading).
There are different electrode
geometries and also different
techniques to deploy current
downhole (by induction or by
direct current).

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Mud
Cake

Borehole
with
Mud
(Rm)

Invaded
or flushed
zone
(Rxo)
Virgin
Zone
(Rt)

Chap -5

Resistivity
tool

40

Resistivity logs depth of investigation

Flushed zone (Rxo)

Invaded zone (Ri)

uninvaded (virgin)
Zone (Rt)

Microlog (ML)

Laterolog-8 (LL8)

Laterolog-7 (LL7)

Microlaterolog (MLL)

Spherically foc. log (SFL)

Laterolog-3 (LL3)

Proximity log (PL)

Laterolog shallow (LLs)

Laterolog deep (LLd)

MicroSpherically

Induction log medium (ILm)

Induction log deep (ILd)

Focused log (MSFL)

by Lecturer

Resistivity Responses

Example
Rmf > Rw

Microlaterolog
Laterolog-shallow
Laterolog-deep
Indicate
permeable zone

Estimate pore
fluid
Baker Atlas, 2002

Radial resistivity profile in a permeable layer

radial profile of fluids radial profile of properties

water bearing

hydrocarbon bearing

resistivity

Rt
Rxo

Ro

Rmc

Rm

Pc, Transition Zone, OWC, FWL

Transformation in
fluid saturation
vs. depth z

Dry oil
h

Pc

Swi

Sw-Indication in
a resistivity log
Rt

Depth z

Cap. pressure
curve, measured
at core

Transition
Zone

OWC
FWL

Sw
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Water
Chap -5

45

An example to demonstrate the Sw

determination

clean sandstone: r = 2.34 g/cm3 Rt = 14 Ohm m Rw = 0.05 Ohm m

r ma r
2.65 2.34 0.31

0.20 20%
r ma r fluid
2.65 1.1 1.55
Rt R0 S w

Rw F S w
1
n

Rw a
S w
m
Rt

1
n

Rw

Sw

a=1 m=2 n=2

Rw a
0.05 1
0.05 1
S w
m
2

0.42 S w 42%
2
14
14 0.2
Rt

RESISTIVITY CHARTS

CORRECTION
for
INVASION

DUAL LATEROLOG - Rxo DEVICE

DUAL INDUCTION - SFL

PHASOR DUAL INDUCTION - SFL

DUAL INDUCTION - SFL

BACKUP SLIDES

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52

Log Reading Practice What do you see ?

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55

Log reading Practice What do you see ?

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56