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z
H1 =12m
Sand layer 1:
1 =18.5kN/m3
c1 =0; 1 =30
H2 =8m
Sand layer 2:
2 =19kN/m3
c2 =0; 2 =35
Qu Qs Qt K zCK z sin lz t Nq At t
z0
Since the pile penetrates two soil layers, the above equation can be written as:
Derived parameters
1 = 30
Figure 4.5,
Table 4.1
Kz(1) = 0.300logV +
1.459 = 1.189
Figure 4.6,
curve (c)
1/1 = 0.84, so 1 =
25.2,
CK(1) 0.94
1= 18.5kN/m3, H1 = 12 m
N/A
Figure 4.5,
Table 4.1
Kz(2) = 0.600logV +
2.369 = 1.828
Figure 4.6,
curve (c)
2/2 = 0.84, so 2 =
29.4,
CK(2) 0.91
2= 19 kN/m3, H2 = 8 m
N/A
Figure 4.8
t 0.65
Figure 4.9
Nq 75
Layer 1
2 = 35
Displaced soil volume: V =
0.1256 m3/m
Layer 2
2 = 35, L=H1+H2 = 20 m, B
= 0.4 m, L/B = 50
2 = 35,
Q =800kN
z
Homogeneoussand:
1 =18.5 kN/m3
c1 =0; 1 =35
D=0.3m
Qu K zCK z sin lL t Nq t
The perimeter of the pile is: l B 3.14 30 cm 94.2 cm=0.942 m
1
At B2 706 cm 2 0.071 m 2
4
The cross-sectional area at the pile toe is:
The effective stress at the pile toe:
t 18.5 L
Note the limiting value of t is 150 kPa.
Given: = 35, displaced soil volume: V = 0.071 m3/m, find Kz from Table 4.1:
Kz=0.600logV+2.369=1.680
FromFigure4.6,curvec,find/=0.7,so=24.5.
From Figure 4.7, using /=0.7and = 35, find CK0.85
Averagez=18.5L/2=9.25L(kN/m2)
So:
To satisfy FS = 3:
Qu 3Q 3 800 2400 (kN)
Use trial-and-error:
z
10m
Undrained claylayer 1:
sat(1) =18.5kN/m3
cu1 =90kPa; 1 =0
5m
Undrained claylayer 2:
sat(2) =19.5kN/m3
cu2 =120kPa; 2 =0
D=0.4m
Since the subsoil is undrained clay, use the -method. Since = 0, the undrained shear
strength su= cu.
The unit skin resistance is:
fs ca su
Three methods are used to determine and compare , as shown in the following table.
Soil
Methods
Input values
Figure or
Strata
equation used
Tomlinson
L/B = 10/0.4=25,
su= 90kPa.
(1979)
Terzaghi et
Layer 1
su= 90 kPa
al. (1996)
(1979)
su= 90 kPa;
C1 = 0.5;
q =(18.59.81)10/2=43.4kPa
L/B = 5/0.4=12.5,
su= 120 kPa.
Smooth steel pile.
Terzaghi et
Sladen
(1992)
Tomlinson
Layer 2
al. (1996)
0.45
0.36
Figure 4.12
0.47
Figure 4.12
0.42
e is: l = B = 1.25 m
Layer 2:
Qs fs(1) A1 fs(2) A2
451.251050.41.255
877.5 kN
The unit toe resistance is:
0.45
q
C1
su
1
At B2 0.125 m2
4
The cross-sectional area at the pile toe:
Layer 1:
0.50
q
C1
su
interpolation)
Figure 4.12
Sladen
(1992)
0.75 (use
Figure 4.12
0.48
and
Rc ;k =
Assuming the geotechnical parameters are the result of only one ground test per clay
layer,3 and 4 are assumed both equal to 1.4 as suggested in EN-1997-1:2004 (Design
approach 2). Hence, using Terzaghis method for and assuming also that the material
properties are design values (as if they were already multiplied by their corresponding
partial factor of safety):
Rc ;k =
Rc ;k =
136.08+893.47
=735.39 kN
1.4
and assuming that toe = skin = 1.1 (Note that these might change locally and according to
the chosen design approach)
Rc ;d =
8m
Claylayer 2:
sat(2) =19kN/m3
cu2 =120kPa; 2 =0
To significant
depth
fs ca su
To avoid using trial-and-error, use the Sladen method (1992) to directly calculate L.
In layer 1:
q
C1
su
=0.30
q
C1
su
0.45
65.5 4.6L
0.5
120
l = B = 1.25 m
1
At B2 0.196 m2
4
The cross-sectional area at the pile toe:
The total skin resistance is:
Qs fs(1) A1 fs(2) A2
301.25 8120 1.25 L
300150 L (kN)
The unit toe resistance is:
FS
512150 L
3
Q
250
Qu
0.45
q
C1
su
0.45
65.5 4.6L
0.5
120
applicable. Hence, an alternative solution in which the pile length required to satisfy that
Rc;d Fc;d (where Rc;d is the design resistance and Fc;d is the design value of all forces
imposed on the pile) is proposed.
1
At B2 0.196 m 2
4
The cross-sectional area at the pile toe:
The forces imposed on the pile should include both the forces and the self-weight of the
pile. In the calculation below it is assumed that both of these forces are permanent and
unfavorable, as well as included in the load of 250 kN. Hence the partial factor of safety
G =1.35. Assuming that the pile will have to penetrate into the third soil layer by a length
L, and noting that the scour zone is neglected in the calculation, then
Fc;d = V G G
Fc ;d =250 1.35
Fc;d = 337.50 kN
Noting that partial factors of safety for geotechnical parameters are all equal to 1.00 for
the design approach used here. Also assuming the geotechnical parameters are the result
of only one ground test per layer,it can be found that the characteristic value of the
bearing capacity of the pile is the minimum of:
Rc ;k =
and
Rc ;k =
But because 3 and 4 are assumed both equal to 1.4 when only one test is available, as
suggested in EN-1997-1:2004 then,
Rc ;k =
The skin resistance for each layer can then be calculated. The aim is to leave the total
skin resistance as a function of the penetration of the pile into layer 3 (L)
In layer 2 (clay):
su= 100 kPa; C1 = 0.5; q =(18-9.81)8/2=33 kPa
0.45
q
C1
su
=0.30
f s (2)= s u=0.30 100=30 kPa
In layer 3 (clay):
Rskin ;cal (3) = su Bl = 0.421200.5L = 79.17L[kN]
su= 120 kPa; C1 = 0.5;
0.45
q
65.5 4.6L
C1 0.5
120
su
f s (3 )= su=120
The perimeter of the pile is:
l = B = 1.25 m
1.4
1.4
Rc ;k =365.49+107 L
and assuming that toe = skin = 1.1 (Note that these might change locally and according to
the chosen design approach)
Rc ;d =
0.45
q
C1
su
0.45
65.5 4.6L
0.5
120
( (
65.5+4.6 L
192.44+136.36 0.5
120
0.45
) ) L 337.50
This means that the length of the pile should be at least 2 m + 8 m + 1.34m
length.
11.5 m in
5. A concrete pile is designed to support a load of 4600 kN. The pile is driven into a
homogeneous drained clayey sand with c = 50 kN/m2 and = 32. The unit weight
of the subsoil is 19 kN/m3. The concrete pile is square in cross section with a width
of 30 cm. Use FS = 3. Determine the minimum length of the pile.
Solution:
Since the subsoil is drained clay, the -method is used.
Assume the minimum length of the pile is L in meter.
The unit skin resistance is: fs
t = 19L(kN/m2)
qt Nt t 3019L 570L
The ultimate toe bearing capacity is:
Qt At qt 0.09570L 51.3L
The total ultimate bearing capacity of the driven concrete pile is:
Qu Qt Qs 51.3L 4.56L2
Qu
51.3L 4.56L2
3
Q
460
Solve L and find: L = 12.66 m
FS
6. As shown in Figure 4.24, a concrete pile is driven into the top two layers of subsoil
strata. The subsoil profile and properties are shown in the figure. The piles
diameter is 50 cm throughout the pile. Determine the ultimate bearing load of the
pile.
5m
Sand, layer 2:
1 =18kN/m3
c1 =0; 1 =35
Clay, layer 1:
2 =19kN/m3
c2 =100kN/m2; 2 =25
10m
l B 1.57m
1
At B2 0.196 m 2
4
The cross-sectional area at the pile toe:
Determine the skin resistance in the top sand layer.
0 = 185/2 = 45 kN/m2.
Use Figure 4.14, and given sandy soil with = 35, select = 0.40.
Qt qt At 8400.196 164.6 kN
The total ultimate bearing capacity of the driven concrete pile is:
Qu = Qs(sand) + Qs(clay) + Qt(in clay) = 141.3+668.0+164.6 = 973.9 kN
7. A pile group is comprised of four circular concrete piles. The diameter of each pile
is 40 cm. The spacing between two adjacent piles is 120 cm. The pile group is
driven into a homogeneous sandy riverbed to support a bridge pier. It is assumed the
river flows year-round. The saturated unit weight of subsoil is 19 kN/m 3, the
cohesion is zero, and the internal friction angle is 36. The pile length is decided to
be 12 m. Determine the ultimate bearing capacity and pile group efficiency of the
pile group.
Solution:
Given parameters: b = 0.4 m, s = 1.2 m, L = 12 m, sat = 19 kN/m3, c = 0, = 36.
The plan view of the pile group is show in the figure below.
Assume 0.4m
b =0.4m
s =1.2m
Assume 0.4m
The subsoil is sandy (cohesionless) soil. The unit skin resistance is fs, the unit toe
resistance qt.
At( g)
0.41.2 0.4
4m
As 0.412 15.07 m2
At 0.22 0.1256 m2
Use Figure 4.14 and given sandy soil with = 36, find = 0.41
Average effective stress: 0 = (19-9.81)12/2 = 55.1 kN/m2
fs 0.4155.1 22.6 kN/ m2
Use Figure 4.15, and given sandy soil with = 36, find Nt67.
The effective overburden stress at the toe is:
Qu( g)
nQu
31724.4
41268.5 = 6.25
8. A 30-m long closed-end steel pipe pile group is driven into layered undrained clay.
The pile cap is square and the nine piles are evenly spaced. The layout of the pile
group is shown in Figure 4.25. The topsoil layer has a unit weight of 18 kN/m 3,
undrained cohesion of 100 kN/m2, and a thickness of 10 m. The second layer has
unit weight of 19 kN/m3, undrained cohesion of 150 kN/m2, and it extends to great
depth. The groundwater table is at the ground surface. Determine the ultimate
bearing capacity and pile group efficiency of the pile group.
b=0.5m
s=1.5m
0.5m
Ground surface
sat(1) =18kN/m3
cu1 =100kN/m2
L1 =10m
L2 =20m
Lg =Bg =3.5m
Groundwater
table
2 Lg Bg cu(1)L1 2 Lg Bg cu(2)L2
Qu Qp Qs
Qp Apcu(2)Nc* 0.252 150 9 264.9 kN
Use -method to calculate the friction resistance of single pile. The values are
determined usingTergazhis method (Figure 4.12).
l = B = 1.57 m
The perimeter of the pile is:
Layer 1:
Layer 2:
491.5710 601.57 20
2653.3 kN
Qu Qp Qs 264.9 2543.3 2918.2 kN
Qu( g)
nQu
72537.5
9 2918.2 = 2.76
9. The subsoil profile of a riverbed is shown in Figure 4.23. It is determined that a pile
group comprising four piles is needed to support the bridge pier. The four piles are
evenly spaced. The center-to-center spacing is three times of the pile diameter, and
each piles outside circumference is assumed to align with the edge of the pile cap.
Each concrete piles diameter is 50 cm, and length is 15 m. Determine the ultimate
bearing capacity and pile group efficiency of the pile group.
Solution:
The subsoil condition is shown below:
Groundwater table
2m
8m
Claylayer 2:
sat(2) =19kN/m3
cu2 =120kPa; 2 =0
5m
The plan view of the pile group is show in the figure below. Pile length L = 15 m
0.25m
b=0.5m
s=1.5m
0.25m
L
12
2
Nc 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 70 9
B1
B2
2
2
q
C1
su
=0.30
q
C1
su
0.45
88.5
0.5
120
0.43
l = B = 1.25 m
1
At B2 0.196 m2
4
The cross-sectional area at the pile toe:
The total skin resistance is:
Qs fs(1) A1 fs(2) A2
301.25 851.61.255
622.5 (kN)
The unit toe resistance is:
The total toe resistance is:
Qu( g)
nQu
18400
4 834.1
= 5.51
10. A 15-m long closed-end steel pipe pile group is driven into a homogeneous clay.
The pile cap is square and the nine piles are evenly spaced. The layout of the pile
group is shown in Figure 4.25. The pile group is subjected to a vertical load of 5200
kN. The soil has a unit weight of 18.5 kN/m 3, cohesion of 100 kN/m2, friction angle
of 10 degrees. The clay layer is 100 m deep and beneath the clay layer is dense
sand. The groundwater table is at the ground surface. Preliminary laboratory testing
found the clays void ratio is 0.45, compression index is 0.3, swell index is 0.08,
and the clay is overconsolidated. The preconsolidation pressure is 200
kN/m2.Determine the primary consolidation settlement of the pile group.
Solution:
Subsoil parameters: sat = 18.5 kN/m3, c = 100 kN/m2, = 10, e0 = 0.45, cc = 0.3, cs =
0.08, c= 200 kN/m2.
b=0.5m
s=1.5m
0.5m
The 2:1 method is used to calculate the vertical stress increases due to the pile group
loading. The vertical stress increases are assumed to occur starting at the depth of two
thirds of the pile length.
(1)
Determine the depth of the soil layer for which the consolidation settlement should
be calculated. The consolidation settlement should be considered to a depth of z
0.1 0.
pB2
B z
Groundwater
table
Ground surface
sat =18.5kN/m3
Layer 1: 2m
8m
z
4m
Layer 2: 4m
B=4m
Layer 3: 7m
The vertical stress increases, the average vertical stress increase, and the average
effective stress in each layer are calculated and listed as follows. Note, the vertical
stress increase is calculated from a depth of 10 m, while the effective stress is
calculated from the ground surface.
The average vertical stress increase uses Equation (3.55):
1
z(av) z(top) 4 z(mid) z(bo)
6
(m)
Vertical stress
increase
(kN/m2)
325.0
208.0
144.4
81.2
52.0
9.5
28.5
13
18.0
Average vertical
Layer
stress increase,
z(av)
(kN/m2)
#1
216.9
#2
86.9
#3
30.7
Average in-situ
effective stress,
0(av) (kN/m2)
(18.5-9.81)9=78.2
(18.59.81)12=104.3
(18.59.81)17.5=152.1
Precon-solidation
pressure, c
(kN/m2)
Thickness,
H (m)
180
180
180
In layer #1: c=200 kN/m2 <0(av) +z(av) = 78.2+216.9=295.1 kN/m2, the soil is
overconsolidated.
(z)av
cH
cH
Sc s log c c log 0(av)
1 e0
0(av)
1 e0
c
0.08 2
200 0.3 2
78.2 216.9
log
log
1 0.45
78.2 1 0.45
200
0.115 m = 11.5 cm
cH
Sc s log 0(av)
1 e0
0(av)
0.08 4
104.3 86.9
log
1 0.45
104.3
0.058 m 5.8 cm
cH
Sc s log 0(av)
1 e0
0(av)
0.08 7
152.1 30.7
log
1 0.45
152.1
0.031 m 3.1 cm