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Ps
Ps
July, 2007
CONTENTS
NOMENCLATURE........................................................................................................................................3
1.
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................4
2.
SAFETY AGAINST SHEAR FORCE...................................................................................................5
3.
SAFETY AGAINST JOINT SEALING..................................................................................................6
4.
COMBINED SAFETY - SEPARATION AND SHEAR FORCE ............................................................7
5.
BOLT SAFETY ....................................................................................................................................7
6.
GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION .......................................................................................................9
7.
BOLT SIZING PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................10
Step 1 Calculate the required preload .................................................................................................10
Step 2 Calculate the minimum tensile stress area...............................................................................11
Step 3 Select from tables the minimum bolt size.................................................................................11
Step 4 Calculate back the effective final safety ...................................................................................12
8.
EXAMPLES FOR METRIC BOLTS ...................................................................................................14
EXAMPLE 1: SHEAR FORCE SLIDING PROBLEM..........................................................................14
EXAMPLE 2: JOINT SEALING PROBLEM ...........................................................................................15
EXAMPLE 3: BOLT SAFETY PROBLEM..............................................................................................16
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................18
NOMENCLATURE
Kb Estimated effective stiffness of the bolt or cap screw in the clamped zone
F0 Minimum required sealing compression force, per bolt. Divided by the sealing area will give
the sealing required pressure (when applicable)
Safety factors :
nslide Safety factor against shear load to prevent the relative sliding of the joint
members,
nsep - Safety factor against tensile load to prevent joint members separation
nseal - Safety factor against tensile load to prevent joint leakage due to joint members
compression alleviation , i.e., to ensure that there will always be sufficient sealing
pressure on gasketed joints,
nb - Bolt safety factor to ensure that the maximum load on bolt is always less than bolts
proof load,
ncomb Combined safety factor to prevent both sliding and separation of the joint
members,
Multiplication factor. Applied to the proof load gives the recommended preload for the
specific bolt: = 0,75 for a reusable fasteners condition, = 0,9 for a permanent connection.
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the present document is to describe a simple and integrated method for bolt sizing, based
on the safety considerations for the bolt itself and for the joint.
The method considers that a joint can be submitted to a loading, which, in a general case, is defined by
two different kind of loads: an external tensile load P, acting normally to the joint and a external shear load
Ps, acting parallel to the joint.
The method is based on the assumption that both P and Ps loads on the bolt, are known. These forces
are calculated from direct and torsion shear, and from direct and bending tensile loads on the joint,
Based on the Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design, 8th edition, 8-7 item: Tension Joints The
External Load, the force in the bolt, Fb, and the force in the joint members, Fm, can be calculated by the
following Eq.s, respectively:
Fb = Fi + CP
(1)
Fm = Fi (1 C )P
(2)
Note that Fm in Eq. (2) is considered positive and represents the compression load on the joint members,
and Fb is positive and represents the bolt load. Both depend on the preload Fi. C is the stiffness constant
of the joint [C=Kb/(kb+km)].
One important condition assumed in this approach is that, in principle, the bolts shall not undergo shear
load. The compression force on the joint should be sufficient to cancel, via friction, the shear force applied
to the joint. And so, the bolt should be capable of withstanding the shear load in case of a joint
compression failure. Therefore, the safety of the bolt against direct shear should be also investigated and
assured.
Both shear and tensile loads must be considered to establish the required safety against joint failure.
The consequent relevant safety issues that need to be evaluated are the following:
I. Safety against shear force to prevent the relative sliding of the joint members,
II. Safety against joint members separation1, to prevent the joint from opening with the loading,
III. Safety against leakage due to joint members compression alleviation, i.e., to ensure that there will
always be sufficient sealing pressure on gasketed joints,
IV. Bolt safety to ensure that the maximum load on the bolt is always less than its proof load,
V. And finally, the bolt shear in the emergency case, where the bolt had not been tightened.
The approach consists in selecting the lowest calculated preload Fi that satisfies the requirements from I to
IV above. The fifth requirement will be used to check the selected bolt size for residual shear strength.
All safety factors, i.e., safety against shear force, safety against joint members separation, safety against
joint leakage, and bolt safety, must be equal to or greater than the one specified by the designer to the
whole design. These factors are defined in such a way that they only affect the external tensile load and
the external shear load on the joint.
f m Fm Ps
(3)
f m (Fi (1 C )P ) = n slide Ps
(4)
Fi slide = n slide
Ps
+ (1 C )P
fm
(5)
n slide =
Fi (1 C )P
Ps
fm
(6)
Fm F0
(7)
or
Fi seal (1 C )n seal P = F0
(8)
Fi seal = F0 + (1 C )n seal P
(9)
n seal =
Fi F0
(1 C )P
(10)
Fm 0
(11)
Fi sep (1 C )nsep P = 0
(12)
Fi sep = (1 C )nsep P
(13)
or
nsep =
Fi
(1 C )P
(14)
P
Fi comb = ncomb s + (1 C )P
fm
ncomb =
(15)
Fi
(16)
Ps
+ (1 C )P
fm
Fi = (ncomb 1)(1 C )P
(17)
5. BOLT SAFETY
In so far as the bolt is concerned, our aim is to ensure that the total force on the bolt, Fb, will not exceed,
by no means, the proof load, Fp. This is equated by:
Fb FP
(18)
Considering Eq. (1) and introducing a bolt strength safety factor, it is obtained:
Fi + Cnb P = Fp
(18a)
and the respective maximum safe preload to install on the bolt is:
Fi b = FP Cnb P
(19)
For known preload the bolt strength safety factor, nb, is calculated by:
nb =
FP Fi
CP
(20)
The maximum efficiency of the bolted joint calls for a as highest as possible preload. A recommended
preload is taken for a specific bolt, and the here above safety factors calculated, its adequacy assessed
and reiteration done whether necessary.
This recommended preload is related to the proof load by the multiplier factor as follows:
Fi = FP
FP =
or
(21)
Fi
(22)
0,5
0,1
0,6
0,7
Fi=0,75FP
0,8
0,9
FP
nbCP=0,25FP
Fi=0,9FP
nbCP=0,1FP
Figure 1 Bolt preload representation
Substituting Fp in Eq. (20) it will result:
Fi + C nb P =
Fi
(23)
And the required preload, from the bolt strength safety point of view, is given by:
Fi b =
Cnb P
1 1
(24)
On the other hand, for a known preload, the safety factor can be calculated back by:
Fi 1 1
nb =
CP
(25)
6. GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION
The bolt and members forces versus the external separation load P are represented in Figure 2.
Fm; Fb
Fb
(1-)FP
nbCP
Fb
Fi
P1* =
CP
Fi F0
(1 C )
Fm
F
m=
Fi
(1-
C)
Fi-F0
(1-C)P
nseal(1-C)P
FP
450
CP
=F i+
P2* =
F0
P *1
P *2
Fi
(1 C )
Joint
Separation
Joint
Separation
Load
Figure 2 Influence of the external load P on the bolt and members forces
Loads: Ps; P;
Required minimum safety factors against different effects: nslide; nseal; nsep; ncomb; nb. (Same value for all
of the safety factors are arbitrarily assumed);
One or another of the following two joint conditions are considered: reusable fasteners = 0,75, or
permanent connection = 0,90;
As the bolt size is not known, the C value (stiffness constant of the joint) is also unknown. A good starting
value for steel bolts and members can be C=0,25.
As soon as we have achieved the first guess for the bolt size, the due C is calculated using the
approaches of sections 8.5 and 8.6 of the book, and the bolt selection process reiterated as necessary.
Fi slide = nslide
Ps
+ (1 C )P
fm
(5)
Preload required to ensure that there will always be sufficient sealing pressure on
gasketed joints:
Fi seal = F0 + (1 C )nseal P
(9)
10
Fi sep = (1 C )nsep P
(13)
Fi comb = ncomb s + (1 C )P
fm
(15)
Preload required to ensure that the total force in the most demanding bolt does not
exceed the proof load:
Fi b =
Cnb P
1 1
(24)
Should one wish to use Eq. (15) (combined safety) then Eq. (5) (sliding) and Eq. (13) (separation) need
not to be used.
Select the maximum value of the required preload as: Fi max = Max{ Fi slide ; Fi seal ; Fi sep ; Fi comb ; Fi b }
Fi max = At S P
(26)
At
Fi max
S P
(27)
11
Ps
S
< P
As 2nd
(28)
n slide =
n seal =
nsep =
ncomb =
Fi (1 C )P
Ps
fm
Fi F0
(1 C )P
Fi
(1 C )P
Fi
Ps
+ (1 C )P
fm
F Fi
nb = P
CP
or
Fi 1 1
nb =
CP
(6)
(10)
(14)
(16)
(20)
(25)
When following the above procedure, increasing the bolt size, or the material strength class, or the initial
number of bolts, or even improving the bolt arrangement, may turn out to be necessary in order to get a
satisfactory bolted joint design.
In most cases, the effective final safety against sliding is larger than calculated by Eq. (6). In this
expression, the most demanding pair P and Ps is used. If the other bolts in the same joint are all similar
and assembled with the same preload value, but less loaded, then their safety against sliding will be
higher than the safety for the most demanding bolt. This leads to an overall sliding safety margin for the
joint that is higher than the one calculated via expression (6).
12
Specify:
Forces: Ps, P, F0;
Minimum safety factors: nslide; nseal, nsep, ncomb, nb;
Friction coefficient: fm;
=0,75 or 0,9;
Proof Strength: Sp.
Assume C=0,25 (to be confirmed later)
Iterate
13
Fi b = 18,0 kN
The maximum value is: Fi required =414,0 kN, from combined safety.
Step # 2:
Minimum tensile stress area, using Eq. (27) is: At 1452,8 mm2
Step # 3:
Minimum bolt size taken from Table 8.1, for coarse threads, is bolt M48. This bolt has a tensile stress area
of: At=1470 mm2, giving FP=559,7 kN, and Fi=419,8 kN.
The shear stress caused by Ps, in the minor diameter area of As=1380 mm2, is 36,2 MPa, and the proof
shear stress is SP/2=190 MPa. Consequently, there is no risk of shear failure if the bolt is not tightened.
Step # 4:
The safety against the different effects is as follows:
nslide=2,06; nseal=59,26; nsep=59,97; ncomb=2,03; nb=46,65.
14
Fi b = 36,0 kN
15
Example 2
180
160
140
Fb;Fm (kN)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
P(kN)
P*1=72,3 kN
P*2=143,7 kN
Figure 3 Influence of the external load P on the bolt and members forces for Joint Sealing Problem
Fi b = 135,0 kN
The maximum value is : Fi required = 135,0 kN from the bolt safety requirement.
16
Step # 2:
Minimum tensile stress area, using Eq. (27) is : At473,7 mm2
Step # 3:
Minimum bolt size got from Table 8.1, for coarse threads is bolt M30. This bolt has a tensile stress area of:
At=561 mm2, giving FP=213,2 kN, and Fi=159,9 kN.
The shear stress caused by Ps, in the minor diameter area of : As=519 mm2, is 5,8MPa, and the proof
shear stress is SP/2=190MPa. Consequently, there is no risk of shear failure if the bolt is not tightened.
Step # 4:
The safety against the different effects is as follows:
nslide=8,95; nseal=2,95; nsep=3,05; ncomb=2,48; nb=2,37.
The results of this example are graphically shown in Figure 4.
Example 3
260
Fb;Fm (kN)
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
P*1=221,3 kN
P*2=228,4 kN
Figure 4 Influence of the external load P on the bolt and members forces for Bolt Safety Problem
17
REFERENCES
[1] Shigleys Mechanical Engineering Design, 8th edition.
[2] Robert C. Juvinall/ Kurt M. Marsheh Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, updated third
edition.
18