Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Charles Goodchild
Principal Structural Engineer

Course Outline
17th

Charles
April 2013
Goodchild

Basics

24th

Jenny
April 2013
Burridge

Beams

EC0, EC1, Materials, Cover

Bending, Shear, Detailing

1st May 2013

Charles
Goodchild

Columns

8th

Jenny
Burridge

Slabs

Jenny
Burridge

Foundations

May 2013

15th

May 2013

Axial load, Column Moments, Buckling

Serviceability, Punching Shear

Pads, Piles, Retaining Walls

Basics
Lecture 1
17th April 2013

Summary: Lecture 1 Basics

Background & Basics
Eurocode 0 & load combinations
Eurocode 1 loads/actions
Eurocode 2
Background
Materials
Cover
Analysis

Background & Basics

Setting the scene

Eurocodes are
being/ will be
used in:
EU countries
EFTA Countries
Malaysia
Singapore
Vietnam
Sri Lanka
Others?

CEN National Members

Austria Belgium
Cyprus Czech Republic
Denmark Estonia Finland
France Germany Greece
Hungary Iceland Ireland
Italy Latvia Lithuania
Luxembourg Malta The
Netherlands Norway
Poland Portugal Romania
Slovakia Slovenia Spain
Sweden Switzerland
United Kingdom
6

The Eurocodes

BS EN 1990 (EC0) : Basis of structural design

BS EN 1991 (EC1) : Actions on Structures

BS EN 1992 (EC2) : Design of concrete structures

BS EN 1993 (EC3) : Design of steel structures

BS EN 1994 (EC4) : Design of composite steel and concrete structures

BS EN 1995 (EC5) : Design of timber structures

BS EN 1996 (EC6) : Design of masonry structures

BS EN 1997 (EC7) : Geotechnical design

BS EN 1998 (EC8) : Design of structures for earthquake resistance

BS EN 1999 (EC9) : Design of aluminium structures

Eurocode Hierarchy
These

EN 1990
Basis of Design

+ NA

Structural safety, serviceability

and durability

affect
concrete
design

EN 1991
Actions on Structures
EN 1992
EN 1993
EN 1994
EN 1995
EN 1996
EN 1999

+ NA

EN 1997
Geotechnical
Design

Concrete
Steel
Composite
Timber
Masonry
Aluminium
EN 1998
Seismic
Design

+ NA

+ NAs

Actions on structures

Design and detailing

+ PDs

+ NA

Geotechnical & seismic

design
8

Challenges of the Eurocodes

58 Parts to Eurocodes plus National
Annexes
Culture shock / steep learning curve
New symbols and terminology
Affects all materials
Confusion over timescales
Costs:

Training

Resources
9

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Main text and annexes (which must
be as produced by CEN)

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Main text and annexes (which must
be as produced by CEN)
Annexes - can by normative and/or
informative

Format of the Eurocodes

National Annex (NA)

National Annex
The National Annex provides:

Values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)

(NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability)

Example: Min diameter for longitudinal steel in columns

fmin = 8 mm in text fmin = 12 mm in N.A.

The decision where main text allows alternatives

Example: Load arrangements in Cl. 5.1.3 (1) P

The choice to adopt informative annexes

Example: Annexes E and J are not used in the UK

Non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI)

Example: PD 6687 Background paper to UK National Annexes

In this presentation UK Nationally Determined

Parameters (NDPs) are shown in blue!

Features of the Eurocodes

The Eurocodes contain Principles (P) which comprise:
General statements and definitions for which there is no
alternative, as well as:
Requirements and analytical models for which no
alternative is permitted
They also contain Application Rules, which are generally rules
which comply with the Principles
The Eurocodes also use a comma (,) as the decimal marker

Eurocode 0
BS EN 1990:2002
Basis of structural design

EN 1990 provides comprehensive information and guidance

for all the Eurocodes, on the principles and requirements for
safety and serviceability.
It gives the safety factors for actions and combinations of
action for the verification of both ultimate and
serviceability limit states.

Limit State Design

Limit states are conditions beyond which some design criterion is
violated.
Generally the structure shall be verified at:
Ultimate Limit State:
Any condition that concerns the safety of people or structure
Serviceability Limit State:
Corresponds to conditions in use of the structure. The limit state could be
related to cracking, deformation or vibration.

Limit State Design

Ultimate Limit State:
Loss of equilibrium

(EQU)

Ed,dst Ed,stb
Internal failure or excessive structural deformation

(STR)

Ed Rd;
Failure or excessive deformation of ground

(GEO)

Failure caused by time dependent effects such as fatigue

(FAT)

Verification by Partial Safety

Factor Method

Principle: In all relevant design situations no relevant

limit state is exceeded when design values
for actions and effects of actions are used in
the design models

Design Value of Action

Fd
Where:

gf Frep

Frep = representative value of action

= y Fk

And:

gf
y

= partial factor for actions

See NA to BS EN 1990: Table NA.A1.2
converts the characteristic value of action
to the representative value.

Compare to
Fd = gf Fk

BS8110

Representative Values of
Variable Actions
Each variable action may take one of four representative values,
the main one being the characteristic value.
Other representative values are obtained by the application of y
factors
can take one of four values, namely, 1.00 or y0 or y1 or y2.
y = 1.00 when only one variable action is present in a combination.
y0Qk is the combination value of a variable action.
y1Qk is the frequent value.
y2Qk is the quasi-permanent value.

Representative Values of
Variable Actions

Ref: Gulvanessian, H ICE Proceedings, Civil Engineering 144 November 2001 pp.8-13

Combination of Actions
For each critical load case design values of the effects of actions are
determined by combining the effects of actions that are considered to
act simultaneously
Either
S gG, jGk,j

+ gQ,1 Qk,1

+ SgQ,iy0,iQk,i

Exp. (6.10)

Or (for STR and GEO) the more adverse of

SgG, jGk,j

+ gQ,1 y 0,1Qk,1 + SgQ,iy0,iQk,i

Exp. (6.10 a)

or
S x gG, jGk,j + gQ,1Qk,1

+ SgQ,iy0,iQk,i

The value for x for the UK is 0.925

Exp. (6.10 b)

Eurocode ULS (GEO/STR)

Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and transient design
situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference

Permanent actions
Unfavourable

Favourable

Leading
variable
action

Accompanying variable
actions

Eqn (6.10)

G,j,sup Gk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Q,1 Qk,1

Eqn (6.10a)

G,j,sup Gk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Eqn (6.10b)

G,j,supGk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Q,1 Qk,1

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Eqn (6.10)

1.35 Gk

1.0 Gk

1.5 Qk,1

1.5 0,i Qk,i

Eqn (6.10a)

1.35 Gk

1.0 Gk

Eqn (6.10b)

0.925x1.35Gk

1.0 Gk

Main(if any)

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Q,10,1Qk,1

1.5 0,1 Qk
1.5 Qk,1

Others

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

1.5 0,i Qk,i

1.5 0,i Qk,i

UK Values of y Factor
Table NA.A1.1 UK National Annex of BS EN 1990

Action
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
Category F : traffic area, < 30kN
Category G : traffic area, 30 160 kN
Category H : roofs
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l.
Wind loads on buildings

y0

y1

y2

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5

0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.5
0
0.2
0.2

0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.3
0
0
0

Example: ULS Combination of

Actions
Partial Factors for Actions (ULS)
gG = 1.35

(NA 2.2.3.3 and Table NA.A1.2)

gQ = 1.5

(NA 2.2.3.3 and Table NA.A1.2)

Relevant y factors
y0 office areas = 0.7

(Table NA.A.A1.1)

y0 wind = 0.5

(Table NA.A.A1.1)

Example: ULS Combination of

Actions
1.35 Gk

1.5 Qk,1

+ 0.75Qk,w

Exp. (6.10)

Or the more adverse of

1.35Gk

1.05 Qk,1

+ 0.75Qk,w

Exp. (6.10 a)

1.5

+ 0.75Qk,w

Exp. (6.10 b)

or
1.25Gk

Qk,1

Factor, F (Ultimate load = F x Gk)

Eqn (6.10), (6.10a) or (6.10b)?

3.0

Eqn (6.10)
Eqn (6.10a)
Eqn (6.10b)

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0
1

4
Gk/Qk

Ratio Gk/Qk

4.5

Eurocode ULS (EQU)

Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and transient design
situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference

Permanent actions
Unfavourable

Favourable

Leading
variable
action

Accompanying variable
actions

Eqn (6.10)

G,j,sup Gk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Q,1 Qk,1

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Eqn (6.10)

1.10 Gk

0.9 Gk

1.5 Qk,1

1.5 0,i Qk,i

Main(if any) Others

Eurocode SLS
Partial Factors for Actions (SLS)
gG = 1.00
gQ = 1.00
Combinations of Actions (SLS)
Characteristic combination
(typically irreversible limit states)
Frequent combination
(typically reversible limit states)

Gk,j + Qk,1 + Sy0,IQk,I

Gk,j + y1,1Qk,1 + S y2,IQk,I

Quasi permanent combination

Gk,j + S y2,IQk,I
(typically long term effects and appearance of the structure)
y0 - combination value
y1- frequent value.

y2- quasi-permanent value.

Load combinations are also dealt with elsewhere

EC2: Load cases & combinations

EC2: Cl 5.1.3 gives one option:

Concise: 5.4.2

EC2 NA additional load cases

EC2 & UK NA Load Arrangements

(BS EN 1992, Cl 5.1.3)

Concise: 5.4.2

The UK National Annex allows the use of simplified arrangements

similar to BS 8110.
gGj.Gkj

gQj.Qkj

NB: gGj.Gkj on all spans for

STR/GEO (but not EQU)

Alternate spans
loaded

Adjacent spans
loaded

All spans loaded

EC2 cl 5.1.3

UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

NA gives additional options:

Concise: 5.4.2

Alternate spans loaded

1.5 Qk

1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk

All spans loaded

1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk

Geotechnical design EC7

The UK National Annex refers only to Design Approach 1. Two
combinations of partial load and partial soil factors need consideration.
Partial material factor, gm

Partial load factor

gGk

gQk

tan f

cu

Combination 1

1.35

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

Combination 2

1.0

1.3

1.25

1.25

1.4

Note: where variable action is favourable gQ = 0

f angle of shearing resistance (in terms of effective stress)
c cohesion intercept (in terms of effective stress)
cu undrained shear strength

Normally Combination 2 will be critical for sizing the foundation

The loads from Combination 1 should be used to design the concrete section

Load Arrangement Exercise

Q1.Overhanging cantilever beam. Determine the gF factors that should
be applied to Gk and Qk:a) for equilibrium (EQU) (BS EN 1990, Table A1.2(A) & UK NA)
b) for structural strength (STR) (BS EN 1990, Exp (6.10) & UK NA)

Q2. Continuous single-way slab. Assuming permanent actions = 6

kN/m2 and variable actions = 4 kN/m2, calculate the value of ULS
total loading (kN/m2) using Exps (6.10), (6.10a) and (6.10b) (see
BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B) & UK NA).

Load Arrangement Exercise

Span gGGk + gQQk

Q1

(pro forma)
Cant gGGk + gQQk

EQU
STR
STR

l
Q2
(6.10)
(6.10a)
(6.10b)

gGGk

a
gQQk

Load Arrangement Solution (1)

Span gGGk + gQQk

Q1

Cant gGGk + gQQk

EQU

0.9 Gk

1.10 Gk + 1.5Qk

STR

1.0 Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

STR

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.0 Gk

l
Q2

gGGk

gQQk

(6.10)

1.35 x 6

+ 1.5 x 4

= 14.1 kN/m2

(6.10a)

1.35 x 6

+ 1.5 x 0.7 x 4

= 12.3 kN/m2

(6.10b)

1.35 x 0.925 x 6

+ 1.5 x 4

= 13.5 kN/m2

Load Arrangement Exercise

Solution (2)
1. Overhanging cantilever beam
a) Combination for equilibrium (EQU)
BS EN 1990 Table A.1.2 (A) & UK NA
1.5Qk

0.9Gk

1.1Gk

b) Combination for structural strength (STR) BS EN 1990 Table A.1.2 (B) & UK NA
and BS EN 1992-1-1, Cl 5.1.3 & UK NA
1.5Qk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.5Qk
1.35Gk

1.35Gk

Load Arrangement Solution (3)

Continuous single-way slab
(using BS EN 1990 and UK NA and BS 1992-1-2 Cl 5.1.3 & UK NA)

5m

5m

5m

a) Value using Combination from BS EN 1990 Expression (6.10)

gG G k + gQ Q k
1.35 x 6 + 1.5 x 4 = 14.1 kN/m2
b1) Value using Combination from BS EN 1990 Expression (6.10a)
and UK National Annex
gG Gk + gQ y0Qk
1.35 x 6 + 1.5 x 0.7 x 4 = 12.3 kN/m2
b2) Value using Combination from BS EN 1990 Expression (6.10b)
and UK National Annex
gG x G k + gQ Q k
1.35 x 0.925 x 6 + 1.5 x 4 = 13.5 kN/m2

Expression (6.10b) gives the most economic design

EC1 Loads/Actions
BS EN 1991
Actions on Structures

Eurocode 1
Eurocode 1 has ten parts:
1991-1-1

Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

1991-1-2

Actions on structures exposed to fire

1991-1-3

Snow loads

1991-1-4

Wind actions

1991-1-5

Thermal actions

1991-1-6

Actions during execution

1991-1-7

Accidental actions due to impact and explosions

1991-2

Traffic loads on bridges

1991-3

Actions induced by cranes and machinery

1991-4

Actions in silos and tanks

Eurocode 1
Eurocode 1 Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

Bulk density of mass concrete is 24 kN/m3

Bulk density of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m3

This represents 1.84% reinforcement

Add 1 kN/m3 for wet concrete

The UK NA uses the same loads as BS 6399

Plant loading not given

Eurocode 1 UK NA - Extracts
Category

Example Use

qk (kN/m2)

Qk (kN)

Char. value of
udl

Char. value
of pt load

A1

All uses within self-contained dwelling units

1.5

2.0

A2

Bedrooms and dormitories

1.5

2.0

A3

Bedrooms in hotels and motels, hospital wards and toilets

2.0

2.0

A5

Balconies in single family dwelling units

2.5

2.0

A7

Balconies in hotels and motels

4.0 min

2.0

B1

Offices for general use

2.5

2.7

C5

Assembly area without fixed seating, concert halls, bars,

places of worship

5.0

3.6

D1/2

Shopping areas

4.0

3.6

E12

General storage

2.4 per m ht

7.0

E17

Dense mobile stacking in warehouses

4.8 per m ht
(min 15.0)

7.0

Gross vehicle weight 30 kN

2.5

10.0

Imposed load reductions

EC1 allows the imposed load for large floor areas and
several storeys to be reduced by applying the factors
aA and/or an.
The NA modifies the equation in EC1.
aA = 1.0 A/1000 0.75
where A is the area (m2) supported

an = 1.1 n/10

1n5

an = 0.6

6 n 10

an = 0.5

n > 10

where n is the number of storeys supported

BS EN 1991 1-3 (NA)

Snow loads

BS EN 1991 1-4 (NA)

Wind speeds
vb,map

Eurocode 2

BS EN 1992
Design of concrete structures
Materials

Eurocode 2: Context
Date

UK

CEB/fib

1968

CP114 (CP110 draft)

Blue Book (Limit state design)

1972
1975
1978
1985

CP110 (Limit state design)

Red Book
Treaty of Rome
Model code

BS8110

1990
1993
2004
2005
2006
2010

Eurocode 2

Eurocode 2 (EC)
Model Code
EC2: Part 1-1(ENV) (CEN)

BS110/EC2
EC2

EC2: Part 1-1 (EN)

UK Nat. Annex.
PD 6687
Model Code 2010

Eurocode 2 is more extensive than old codes

Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than old codes
Eurocode 2 can give more economic structures [?]
54

Eurocode 2: Design of
Concrete Structures

BS EN 1992-1-1: General Rules and Rules For Buildings

BS EN 1992-1-2: Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures
BS EN 1992-2:

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete

Bridges

BS EN 1992-3:

Liquid Retaining Structures

Eurocode 2: relationships

BS EN 1997
GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN

BS 8500
Specifying
Concrete

NSCS
DMRB?

BS EN 206
Concrete
BS EN 13670
Execution of
Structures

BS EN 1990
BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN

BS EN 1991
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES

BS EN 10138
Prestressing
Steels

BS EN 1992

BS EN 10080
Reinforcing
Steels

DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

Part 1-1: General Rules for

Structures
Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design

NBS?
Rail?
CESWI?

BS EN 1994
Design of
Comp.
Struct.

BS EN 1998
SEISMIC DESIGN

BS EN 1992
Part 2:
Bridges

BS EN 1992
Part 3: Liquid
Ret.
56
Structures

BS 4449
Reinforcing
Steels
BS EN 13369
Pre-cast
Concrete

Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared

1. Code deals with phenomenon, rather than element types so Bending,
Shear, Torsion, Punching, Crack control, Deflection control (not
beams, slabs, columns)
2. Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
3. No derived formulae (e.g. only the details of the stress block is given,
not the flexural design formulae)
4. No tips (e.g. concentrated loads, column loads, )
5. Unit of stress in MPa
6. Applicable for ribbed reinforcement fy 400MPa 600MPa (Plain or
mild steel not covered but info on plain and mild steel given in PD
6687)
7. Notional horizontal loads considered in addition to lateral loads
8. High strength, up to C90/105 covered
9. No materials or workmanship

57

Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared

Differences -2
EC2:
10)Cover related to requirements for durability, fire and bond also subject to
allowance for deviations due to variations in execution
11)Variable strut inclination method for shear
12)Punching shear checks at 2d from support
13)Rules for determining anchorage and lap lengths.
14)Serviceability checks
15)Decimal point replaced by comma
16)Units of stress MPa
17)1/1000 expressed as
18) Axes changed from x, y to y, z
19) Part of the Eurocode system

Eurocode 2
Concrete properties (Table 3.1)
Strength classes for concrete
fck (MPa)

12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80

fck,cube (MPa)

15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105

fcm (MPa)

20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88

98

fctm (MPa)

1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8

5.0

Ecm (GPa)

27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42

44

fck
fcm
Ecm

90

= Concrete cylinder strength

fck,cube = Concrete cube strength
= Mean concrete strength
fctm
= Mean concrete tensile strength
= Mean value of elastic modulus

BS 8500 includes C28/35 & C32/40

For shear design, max shear strength as for C50/60

59

Design Strength Values

(3.1.6)

Design compressive strength, fcd

fcd = acc fck /gc
Design tensile strength, fctd
fctd = act fctk,0.05 /gc

acc (= 0.85 (flexure) and 1,0 (shear)) and act (= 1,0) are
coefficients to take account of long term effects on
the compressive and tensile strengths and of
unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load
is applied

Concrete strength at time t

(3.1.2)

Expressions are given for the specification of concrete

at a time other than 28 days

To specify concrete strength at an age t

fck(t) = fcm(t) - 8 (MPa) for 3 < t < 28 days
= fck

for t 28 days

Concrete Strength at Time t (3.1.2)

Expressions are given for the estimation of strengths at
times other than 28 days for various types of cement.
Types of cement are defined in EN 197-1
(Class N is normally used in the UK)
fcm(t) = bcc(t) fcm
Where fcm(t) is the mean concrete compressive
strength at an age of t days
bcc(t) = exp {s [1- (28/t)1/2]}
s is a coefficient depending on type of cement
= 0,20 for Class R (rapid hardening)
= 0,25 for Class N (normal hardening)
= 0,38 for Class S (slow hardening)

Tensile Strength/Splitting
Strength (3.1.2)
An approximate relationship between the axial tensile strength and
splitting strength is:
fct = 0,9fct,sp
An approximate expression is given for the estimation of tensile
strength with time, fctm(t).
Where this information is important for design, tests should be
carried out.

fctm(t) = (bcc(t))a fctm

Where a = 1 for t < 28 days
= 2/3 for t 28 days

Elastic Deformation

(3.1.3)

Values given in EC2 are indicative and vary according to

type of aggregate.
Ecm(t) = (fcm(t)/fcm)0,3Ecm
Tangent modulus, Ec , may be taken as 1,05 Ecm
Poissons ratio
for uncracked concrete = 0,2
for cracked concrete = 0
Linear coeff. of thermal expansion = 10 x 10-6 K-1

Creep

Inside conditions RH = 50%

Example: 300 thick slab, loading at 30 days, C30/37 - j = 1,8

t0
1
2

(3.1.4)

3
5

C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
C55/67
C60/75
C70/85
C80/95
C90/105

10
20
30
50
100
7,0

6,0

j (, t 0)

5,0

4,0

3,0

2,0

1,0

100

300

500

700

900

1100 1300 1500

h 0 (mm)

h0 = 2Ac/u where Ac is the cross-section area and

u is perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere

Shrinkage

(3.1.4)

Shrinkage Strain, ecs, is composed of two components:

Drying Shrinkage Strain, ecd, develops slowly
Autogenous Shrinkage Strain, eca, develops during the hardening of the
concrete.

Drying shrinkage, ecd

ecd(t) = bds(t,ts)kh ecd,0
Autogenous shrinkage, eca
eca(t) = bas(t)eca()

(EC2, Exp (3.9)

(EC2, Exp (3.11)

Creep and Shrinkage

Annex B

Creep
j0 is the notional creep coefficient (in Figure 3.1 the notation
used is j(,t0))
j(t,t0) is the creep at any time, t after time of loading, t0

Shrinkage
ecd,0 is the basic drying shrinkage strain
ecd,(t) = bds(t,ts)kh ecd,0 (Section 3)

Concrete Stress Blocks

For section analysis

For structural analysis

Schematic

sc

(3.1.5 and 3.1.7)

Parabola-rectangle

sc

fcm

sc

f ck

fck

f cd

fcd

Bi-linear

0,4 fcm
tan

= E cm

a
e c1

e cu1

ec1 (0/00) = 0,7 fcm0,31

ecu1 (0/00) =
2,8 + 27[(98-fcm)/100]4 fcm)/100]4
for fck 50 MPa otherwise 3.5

ec

e c2

c = fcd 1
c = fcd for

e cu2

ec

ec
1 for 0 e c < e c2
e c2

e c2 e c e cu2
n

n = 1,4 + 23,4 [(90- fck)/100]4

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 2,0

ec2 (0/00) = 2,0 + 0,085(fck-50)0,53

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 2,0

ecu2 (0/00) = 2,6 + 35 [(90-fck)/100]4

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 3,5

e c3

ecu3

ec

ec3 (0/00) = 1,75 + 0,55 [(fck-50)/40]

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 1,75

ecu3 (0/00) =2,6+35[(90-fck)/100]4

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 3,5

Rectangular Concrete Stress Block

(3.1.7, Figure 3.5)
ecu3
Ac

h fcd
Fc

lx

x
d

As

Fs

es
l = 0,8 for fck 50 MPa
= 0,8 -

h = 1,0

(fck - 50 )
400

for 50 < fck 90 MPa

for fck 50 MPa

= 1,0 (fck 50)/200 for 50 < fck 90 MPa

Change in Shape of Concrete

Stress Block for high strength
concretes

Strain at maximum
stress increases

Stress

C90/105

up to C50/60
Ultimate strain
reduces

Strain

Flexural Tensile Strength

(3.1.8)

The mean tensile strength, fctm,fl, depends on the mean axial

strength and the depth of the cross section
fctm,fl = max{(1,6 h/1000)fctm; fctm}
This relationship also applies to the characteristic tensile values
For Serviceability calculations care should be taken in using fctm,fl
(See Section 7)

Confined Concrete

(3.1.9)
sc

s1 = fck,c

fck,c
fck
fcd,c
A

s2

s3 ( = s2)
0

fck,c = fck (1.000 + 5.0 s2/fck)

for s2 0.05fck

= fck (1.125 + 2.50 s2/fck) for s2 > 0.05fck

ec2,c = ec2 (fck,c/fck)2

ecu2,c = ecu2 + 0,2 s2/fck

ecu ec2,c

ecu2,c ec

Reinforcement (1)

(3.2.1 and 3.2.2)

EC2 does not cover the use of plain or mild steel

reinforcement
Principles and Rules are given for deformed bars,
decoiled rods, welded fabric and lattice girders.
EN 10080 [!] provides the performance characteristics
and testing methods but does not specify the material
properties. These are given in Annex C of EC2

Reinforcement (2) From

Annex C
Product form

Class
Characteristic yield
strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa)

Bars and de-coiled rods

cold worked

Wire Fabrics

400 to 600
hot rolled

seismic

k = (ft/fy)k

1,05

1,08

1,15
<1,35

1,05

1,08

1,15
<1,35

Characteristic strain at
maximum force, euk (%)

2,5

5,0

7,5

2,5

5,0

7,5

Fatigue stress range

(N = 2 x 106) (MPa) with
an upper limit of 0.6fyk

150

100

The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, fyk, = 600
MPa, but 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS 4449 and BS 4483 for normal supply.

Reinforcement (3)
(3.2.4, figure 3.7)
s

s
ft = kfykt

ft = kf0.2k
f0.2k

fyk

e
euk

Hot rolled steel

0.2%

euk
Cold worked steel

The design value for Es may be assumed to be 200 GPa

Extract from BS 8666

76

Reinforcement (4)
Different Types of Steel

Reinforcement (4) Annex C

(Normative)
Bendability: Bendability shall be verified by the bend and rebend
tests in accordance with prEN 10080 and EN ISO 15630-1. In situations
where verification is carried out just using a rebend test the mandrel
size shall be no greater than the minimum specified in Table 8.1 of
EC2. In order to ensure bendability no cracking shall be visible after
the first bend.
Bond: Where it can be shown that sufficient bond strength is achievable
with fR (projected rib factor, a measure of the rib size) values less than
specified, the values may be relaxed. In order to ensure that sufficient
bond strength is achieved, the bond stresses shall satisfy Expressions (C.2)
and (C.3) when tested using the CEB/RILEM beam test:
tm 0.098 (80 1.2f)
(C.2)

tr 0.098 (130 1.9f)

(C.3)
where: f nominal bar size (mm)
tm mean value of bond stress (MPa ) at 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mm slip
tr the bond stress at failure by slipping

Reinforcement (5) Design

Stress/Strain Curve (3.2.7, Figure 3.8)
Alternative design stress/strain relationships are permitted:
- inclined top branch with a limit to the ultimate strain horizontal
- horizontal top branch with no strain limit

Idealised

kfyk

kfyk/gs

fyk
fyd = fyk/gs
Design

k = (ft/fy)k

eud= 0.9 euk

fyd/ Es

e ud euk

UK uses horizontal top

branch

Prestressing Steel (1)

(3.3.1 and 3.3.2)
Unlike prEN 10080 the harmonised standard for prestressing steel,
prEN10138, provides all the mechanical properties. The reason
given is that there are only a few types of prestressing steel and they
can all be included within the Standard. But there is still neither EN!
In the meantime BS have published BS 5896:2012 High tensile steel
wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete.
Adequate ductility is assumed if fpk/fp0,1k 1.1
the mean density of prestressing tendons may be taken as 7850
kg/m3
Prestressing steel losses are defined for:
Class 1: wire or strand ordinary relaxation
Class 2: wire or strand low relaxation
Class 3: hot rolled and processed bars
Use BS5896!

Pre-stressing Strands Commonly

Used in the UK
Strand
type

Steel
Number

Nominal
tensile
strength
(MPa)

Nominal
diamete
r (mm)

Crosssectiona
l area
(mm2)

Nominal
mass
(kg/m)

Characteristic
value of
maximum
force (kN)

Maximum
value of
maximum
force
(kN)

Characteristic
value of
0.1% proof
force
(kN)

12.9
Super

1.1373

1860

12.9

100

0,781

186

213

160

12.7
Super

1.1372

1860

12.7

112

0.875

209

238

180

15.7
Super

1.1375

1770

15.7

150

1.17

265

302

228

15.7
Euro

1.1373

1860

15.7

150

1.17

279

319

240

15.2
Drawn

1.1371

1820

15.2

165

1.290

300

342

258

Prestressing Steel (2) Design

Stress/Strain Curve (3.3.6, Figure 3.10)
The properties of prestressing steel are given in EN10138

Idealised

s
fpk

fpk /gs

fp0,1k
fpd = fp0,1k/gs
Design

eud= 0.9 euk

If more accurate information is
not known :

eud = 0,02 and

fp0,1k/fpk = 0,9

fpd /E p

eud

The design value for Ep for strand may be taken as 195 GPa
for wires and bars may be taken as 205 GPa

Prestressing Devices

(3.4)

Anchorages and Couplers should be in accordance with

the relevant European Technical Approval.
External non-bonded tendons situated outside the original
section and connected to the structure by anchorages and
deviators only, should be in accordance with the relevant
European Technical Approval.

Eurocode 2
Durability and Cover

Eurocode 2 - Cover
Nominal cover, cnom
Minimum cover, cmin
cmin = max {cmin,dur; cmin,b ; 10 mm}
bond f

durability as per BS 8500

Allowance for deviation, cdev

10 mm

Axis distance, a
Fire protection
Tables in Section 5 of part 1-2

85