Torsion by ACI 318-11-3SlidesPerPage.272121622

Design
for Torsion by ACI 318-11

Basile G. Rabbat
Consultant
Mt. Prospect, IL
bgrabbat@gmail.com
September 25- 26, 2013
Learning Objective
Determine when design for torsion is
mandated by Code
Distinguish between:
Equilibrium Torsion
Compatibility Torsion
Design torsion reinforcement

Detail torsion reinforcement
2!
Two-Way Flat Plate w/Spandrel Beams

(13.6.3)
Design spandrel for torsion
3!
3!
Torsion in Canopy Spandrel Beam
Design for Torsion

4!
11.5 Design for Torsion

Based on Thin-Wall Tube, Space
Truss Analogy
Applies to:
R/C & P/S
Hollow and Solid Sections
Tc = 0
5!
Solid vs. Hollow Section Strength
Source: MacGregor, ACI 318-11 Ref. 11.31
6!
R11.5 Thin-Wall Tube Analogy
7!
11.5 Design for Torsion

Compute Tu (from analysis)
If Tu < Tcr /4 (threshold torsion)
Ignore torsion
Cracking at ! = 4 fc
If Tu Tcr /4 Design for torsion
Equilibrium torsion?
Compatibility torsion?
Design torsion reinforcement
Transverse & longitudinal reinf.
8!
11.5.1(a) Threshold Torsion

Nonprestressed Concrete
Threshold torsion (Tcr /4)
! A2 $
Tu < !" f # cp &
#p &
" cp %
'
c
9!
11.5.1(b) Threshold Torsion

Prestressed Concrete
! A2 $
f
Tu < !" f # cp & 1+ pc
#p &
4 " fc'
" cp %
'
c
fpc = compressive stress in concrete, after prestress

losses, at centroid of cross section
10!
11.5.1(c) Threshold Torsion

Nonprestressed w/Axial Force
! A2 $
Nu
Tu < !" fc' # cp & 1+
#p &
4Ag ! fc'
" cp %
Nu = factored axial force normal to cross section
occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu; positive
for compression and negative for tension
11!
11.5.1 Acp & pcp

Members cast monolithically with a slab
Effective flange width per 13.2.4
hf
(h hf ) 4hf
bw
Acp = Shaded area

pcp = Perimeter of shaded area
12!
11.5.1 Threshold Torsion

Determine Acp and pcp
Neglect overhanging flange(s) when:
Acp2
pcp
Beam with flange(s) <
Acp2
pcp
Beam w/o flange(s)

13!
11.5.1 Threshold Torsion
Hollow sections
Replace Acp with Ag in equations for
threshold torsion
14!
R11.5.2.1 Equilibrium Torsion
Design torque may not be

reduced, because moment
redistribution is not possible
15!
R11.5.2.2 Compatibility Torsion
Design torque for spandrel beam

may be reduced because moment
redistribution is possible
16!
11.5.2.2 Compatibility Torsion

Tn
Torque
Tcr = Tu,comp
Tu,comp = 4 fc
Acp2
pcp
Twist
17!
11.5 Design for Torsion - Recap

Compute Tu (from structural analysis)
If Tu < Tcr /4 Ignore torsion
Tu Tcr /4 Design for torsion
Equilibrium torsion? Design for Tu (analysis)
Compatibility Torsion?
Design for Tu,comp = Tcr (compatibility)
Redistribute T = Tu Tu,comp = Tu - Tcr

18!
11.5.2.2 Compatibility Torsion, Tu,comp

R/C
P/S
" A2 %
Tu ! ! 4" fc' $ cp '
# pcp &
" A2 %
f
Tu ! ! 4" fc' $ cp ' 1+ pc
4" fc'
# pcp &
" A2 %
u
R/C w/Axial T ! ! 4" f ' $ cp ' 1+
u
c
p
Force
4Ag " fc'
# cp &
Note: Do not replace Acp with Ag
19!
11.5.2.3 Slab/Spandrel Torsion

Determine torsional moment
distribution through analysis
Assume torsion from slab to
spandrel to be uniformly
distributed
20!
11.5.2.4-.5 Critical Section

Distance from support
R/C d
P/S h/2
Exception: Concentrated torque within
distance d (R/C), or h/2 (P/S)
21!
11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Solid Section
Torsional Stresses
Shear Stresses
22!
11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Solid Section
Circular interaction
2
! Vu $ ! Tu ph $
#" b d &% + # 1.7A2 &
"
w
oh %
! V
$
' ! # c + 8 fc' &
" bw d
%
23!
11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Hollow Section
Torsional Stresses
Shear Stresses
24!
11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Hollow Section
Linear interaction
! Vu $ ! Tu ph $
! Vc
$
'
+
'
!
+
8
f
c&
#" b d &% # 1.7A2 &
#" b d
%
"
w
w
oh %
25!
11.5.3.3 Thin Wall Section
If t < (Aoh /ph ) Replace
! Tp $
! T
$
u
## u h2 && with ##
&&
" 1.7Aoh %
" 1.7Aoht %
26!
Space Truss Analogy
Torsional Cracks Spiral Around Section
Courtesy : Dr. Michael Collins, University of Toronto
27!
Concrete Shell Spalls
Courtesy : Dr. Michael Collins, University of Toronto
2828
!!
Concrete Shell Spalls

Stress Trajectories
Tension in Hoop
Compression
in Concrete
Outside of
Concrete
Compression
in Concrete
Tension in Hoop
Source: Collins & Mitchell, Prestressed Concrete Structures
29!
11.5.3 At Maximum Torque

Concrete shell spalls
Aoh = Area within stirrup centerline
Assume Ao = 0.85Aoh
30!
10
Fig. R11.5.3.6(b) Definition of Aoh
31!
R11.5.3.6(a) Space Truss Analogy

Stirrups
xo
T
= 30o to 60o
Cracks
yo
V1
V4
V2
Longitudinal Bar
V3
Concrete Compression Diagonals
For R/C = 45o
For P/S = = 37.5o

32!
11.5.3.6 Transverse Reinforcement

Atfyt
Atfyt

s
yocot

V2 =qy o =
V2 yo = center-to-center
length of closed
stirrup
Af
T
y o = t yt y o cot !
2Ao
s
33!
11

Atfyt
Atfyt
V2 yo = center-to-center
length of closed
stirrup

s
yocot

Tn =
2Ao At fyt
s
cot !
where Ao = 0.85Aoh = 0.85xoyo

34!
11.5.3.6 Torsional Moment Strength

Tn Tu
= 0.75
Tn =
(9.3.2.3)
2Ao At fyt cot (11-21)

s
35!
Determine transverse reinforcement

required for torsion
At
s
Tu (or Tu,comp)
2Aofyt cot

Ao = 0.85Aoh
36!
12
11.5.5.2 Minimum Transverse Reinf.
At
Av
+
s
2s
Minimum
0.375 f c bws 25bw
fyt
fyt
Av
V Vc
= u
2s
2fyt d

37!
11.5.3.7 Longitudinal Reinforcement

Afy/2
D2
yo
N2 /2
V2
N2
os
y oc
N2 /2

N2 =V2 cot ! = A!fy
V2 =
At fyt
s
y o cot !
38!
11.5.3.7. Longitudinal Reinforcement

Afy/2
N2 /2
D2
yo
y oc
V2
N2
os
N2 /2

A! =
f
At
p yt cot 2 !
s h fy
ph = perimeter of centerline of exterior stirrup/hoop

39!
13
11.5.3.7 Longitudinal Torsional Reinf.
fyt

At

2
A =
s ph

fy cot

(11-22)
40!
11.5.5.3 Minimum Longitudinal Reinf.
A,min =

f
5 fc Acp

A
t
ph
yt

fy
s

fy
At
25bw
s
fyt
41!
11.5.3.6-.7 Torsion Reinforcement
A"
At @ s
bw
42!
14
11.5.3.9 Details of Longitudinal

Reinforcement
Determine longitudinal reinforcement
required for flexure
Combine longitudinal reinforcement
required for torsion with that required for
flexure
A added to Aflexure on tension side
A may be reduced in flexural compression
zone of member by Mu/(0.9dfy)
43!

Torsional Reinforcement
Minimum one longitudinal bar in every corner
44!

12 (typ.)
45!
15

db s/24
db 3/8
46!
11.5.6.3 Details of Torsion

Reinforcement
Extend torsion reinforcement

beyond theoretical cut-off point
a distance of (bt + d)
47!
11.5.6 Spacing of Transverse Reinf.

ph /8
12 in.
d/2
48!
16
Questions?
49!
17

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Design

for Torsion by ACI 318-11

September 25- 26, 2013

Design torsion reinforcement

Two-Way Flat Plate w/Spandrel Beams

Design spandrel for torsion

Torsion in Canopy Spandrel Beam

Design for Torsion

11.5 Design for Torsion

Solid vs. Hollow Section Strength

Source: MacGregor, ACI 318-11 Ref. 11.31

R11.5 Thin-Wall Tube Analogy

11.5 Design for Torsion

11.5.1(a) Threshold Torsion

11.5.1(b) Threshold Torsion

fpc = compressive stress in concrete, after prestress

11.5.1(c) Threshold Torsion

11.5.1 Acp & pcp

Acp = Shaded area

11.5.1 Threshold Torsion

Beam with flange(s) <

Beam w/o flange(s)

11.5.1 Threshold Torsion

R11.5.2.1 Equilibrium Torsion

Design torque may not be

R11.5.2.2 Compatibility Torsion

Design torque for spandrel beam

11.5.2.2 Compatibility Torsion

11.5 Design for Torsion - Recap

Design for Tu,comp = Tcr (compatibility)

Redistribute T = Tu Tu,comp = Tu - Tcr

11.5.2.2 Compatibility Torsion, Tu,comp

Note: Do not replace Acp with Ag

11.5.2.3 Slab/Spandrel Torsion

11.5.2.4-.5 Critical Section

11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Solid Section

11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Solid Section

11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Hollow Section

11.5.3.1 Adequacy of Hollow Section

11.5.3.3 Thin Wall Section

If t < (Aoh /ph ) Replace

Space Truss Analogy

Torsional Cracks Spiral Around Section

Courtesy : Dr. Michael Collins, University of Toronto

Concrete Shell Spalls

Courtesy : Dr. Michael Collins, University of Toronto

Concrete Shell Spalls

Source: Collins & Mitchell, Prestressed Concrete Structures

11.5.3 At Maximum Torque

Fig. R11.5.3.6(b) Definition of Aoh

R11.5.3.6(a) Space Truss Analogy

Concrete Compression Diagonals

For R/C = 45o

For P/S = = 37.5o

11.5.3.6 Transverse Reinforcement

11.5.3.6 Transverse Reinforcement

where Ao = 0.85Aoh = 0.85xoyo

11.5.3.6 Torsional Moment Strength

2Ao At fyt cot (11-21)

11.5.3.6 Transverse Reinforcement

Determine transverse reinforcement

11.5.5.2 Minimum Transverse Reinf.

0.375 f c bws 25bw

11.5.3.7 Longitudinal Reinforcement