English Adverbial Clauses and Turkish Adverbial Phrases-Signed

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL
CLAUSES
AND
TURKISH
ADVERBIAL
PHRASES
yksel gknel
2015
WWW.YUKSELGOKNEL.COM
ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Note: The aim of this colored revised version of this book is not to make the
pages look colorful, but to show the functional parts of the words in different
colors.
They are as follows:
1. Subject pronouns and personal allomorphs are blue.
2. Verb roots, verb stems and verb frames, and the derivational
allomorphs that change noun roots or stems, and adjective roots into
verbs are red.
3. Objects, nouns, coordinating conjunctions and the last suffixes that
turn words into nouns are black.
4. Adverbs, adverbials, adverbial phrases, prepositions or
postpositions, subordinating conjunctions, adverb clauses, and the
inflectional allomorphs that change nouns into adverbs are green.
5. Subject and object complements are brown.
6. Adjectives and noun modifiers, and the purple allomorphs attached to
nouns and verbs that change them into adjectives, and the a, an,
the ariticles are purple.
In short, when you see a black allomorph attached to the end of a Turkish
or an English word, that word together with the black allomorph is a noun.
The green underlines indicate either English adverbial clauses

or Turkish adverbial phrases.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Postpositional Adverbial Phrases
In general, we can transform Turkish simple sentences into timeless
adverbial phrases to furnish them with the concepts of time, contrast,
cause, purpose, result, manner, degree, and place, etc. However, when
we want to build up a conditional sentence, we attach eith3er [se] or [sa]

allomorphs to the ends of simple sentences to produce the only Turkish
conditional clauses.
English adverbial clauses are structurally simple sentences that are
connected to main clauses by subordinating conjunctions, which are
characterized by some fundamental adverbial concepts mentioned above.
On the other hand, Turkish simple sentences undergo some
transformational changes before they are used as adverbial phrases.
Therefore, we can say that the English adverbial clauses are structurally
adverbial sentences (clauses) as they have finite verbs at the ends of all
adverbial clauses.
TIME
BEFORE (NCE)
This time concept is expressed in main verb- [me-den] or [ma-dan] +
nce in Turkish.
Ev dev-im-i yap-t-m. Sonra okul-a gel-di-im. (im = benim) (m = ben)
I did my homework. Then I came to school.
One can understand from these sentences that the time of the first sentence
is before the time of the second one. To furnish the first English sentence
with a previous time concept, The Past Perfect Tense may be used to
convey this time difference and the conjunction before is put in the beginning of the second sentence without its simple sentence order being
changed.
I had done (or did) my homework
simple sentence
before
I came to school.
subordinating conj
simple sentence
adverbial clause
Although the normal order of the English sentence is like the sentence
above, the regular order of the Turkish sentence is Before I came to school,
I had done my homework. If we think about how this sentence is produced,
we can find out that there are two simple sentences underlying it in our
minds:
(Ben) ev dev-im-i yap-t-m. (Ben) okul-a gel-di-im.
In order to add a "before" time concept to the sentence "I came to school",
only the word "before" is put in the beginning of the English sentence.
However, in Turkish, to add the same concept "before (nce)" to the Turkish

sentence, the sentence "Ben okul-a geldim + nce" is transformed into
"ben okul-a gel-me-den nce", which is a timeless postpositional phrase.
ben okul-a geldim + nce ben okul-a gel-me-den nce
(Ben) okul-a gel-me-den nce (ben) ev dev-im-i yap-t-m. (m = ben)
subject
infinitive-den
posp
|
|
postpositional adverbial phrs
predicate
definite object
verb+subj
(Ben) ev-e git-e.cek-im + nce ben ev-e git-me-den nce

(Ben) ev-e git-me-den nce biraz meyve al-a.cak-m. (m = ben)
subject
infinitive-den
postp
|
postp adverbial phrase
indefinite object
predicate
|
verb+subj
I will go home + before before I go home

I will buy some fruit before I go home.
subj
verb
object
predicate
adverbial clause
In the sentence above, the [me, ma] allomorphs are a cause of confusion in
Turkish. They are considered either as the allomorphs of infinitive
allomorphs [me, ma] or the negative making allomorphs [me, ma].
Therefore, Turkish students tend to build up English sentences like *"I had
done my homework before I didn't come to school. This is because the
syllable stress in speech is generally used on the verb root or stem
(gel*me*den), not on the [den, dan] allomorphs, which misleads the learners
of English. In fact, these are the infinitive allomorphs; if they were not, the
[den, dan] allomorphs would not be attached to them.
The sentence order above may also change as follows:
Ev dev-im-i okul-a gel-me-den nce yap-m-t-m. (im = ben-im)
|
definine object
infinitive-[den]
postp
postpositional phrs of time
predicate
|
verb
|
subject
(ben / e*v*de*vi*mi / o*ku*la / gel*me*den / n*ce / yap*m*tm )

The sentence order above is used when the adverb of time is stressed.
The adverbial clauses in English start with subordinating conjunctions,
and both the main clauses and the subordinate clauses in such complex
sentences have finite verbs, which mean that both clauses are structurally
simple sentences. When a subordinating conjunction such as before,
after, since, although, until, when, or while, etc. is placed before
one of these sentences, these subordinating conjunctions transform them
into adverbial clauses, which are furnished by the concepts of these

conjunctions. On the contrary, when adverbial phrases are formed in
Turkish, the simple sentences are transformed into postpositional phrases
before they become adverbials.
If we think about how this sentence is produced, we can see that there is a
simple sentence underlying the phrase "ben-im istasyon-a var-ma-am" such
as in the following example. (var-ma-am = ben-im var-ma-am
(Ben) istasyon-a var-d-m + nce "(ben-im) istasyon-a var-ma-am-dan + nce
(Ben) istasyon-a var-d-m + nce "ben istasyon-a var-ma-dan + nce"

(Ben-im) istasyon-a var-ma-am-dan nce tren git-ti (git-mi-ti).
Ben istasyon-a var-ma-dan (nce) tren git-mi-ti.
Tren (Ben-im) istasyon-a var-ma-am - dan nce
subj
noun + infinitive compound-dan

postpositional phrase of time
predicate
postp
git-mi-ti
|
verb
This sentence is like the English sentence, The train had left before my
arriving at the station. In this sentence, ben-im istasyon-a var-ma-am is a
noun + infinitive compound. stasyon-a is an adverbial which is composed of a noun-[E]. Ben-im istasyon-a var-ma-am is a nominal phrase.
As all nouns can be followed by [], [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] morphemes,
this nominal phrase can be followed by a [dan] allomorph. nce is a
postposition used after a noun-[DEN] such as: le-den nce, okul-dan
nce, sen-den nce, yemek-ten nce, sen gel-me-den nce. Therefore,
ben-im istasyon-a var-ma-am-dan nce is a noun compound-dan + nce,
which is a postpositional phrase functioning as an adverb of time.
There are two kinds of important subjects in Turkish sentences. One of them
in the beginning of a sentence as a pronoun, and the other one as a personal allomorph attached to the verb at the end. The personal allomorphs attached to the ends of the sentences are essential because the pronouns
are always optional. The other two-sided expressions are the noun compounds. They have possessive personal allomorphs attached to the possessive and the noun parts of the compounds, such as in Arkda-n gel-di sentence,
the n allomorph means sen-in. Therfore, sen-in is always omitted.
Ben istasyon-a var-ma-dan (nce) tren git-mi-ti.

(ben / is*tas*yo*na / var*ma*dan / n*ce / tren / git*mi*ti )
Before I arrived at the station, the train had left.
Tren, ben istasyon-a var-ma-dan (nce) git-mi-ti.
(tren / ben / is*tas*yo*na / var*ma*dan / n*ce / git*mi*ti )
The train had left before I arrived at the station.

Cevap ver-me-den (nce) dn.
(Cevap is a noun, ver-me is an infinitive, ver-me-den is an adverbial)
(ce*vap / ver*me*den / n*ce / d*n )
Think before you answer.
Unut-ma-dan (nce) onu defter-im-e yaz-a.cak-m. (m = ben)
(u*nut*ma*dan / n*ce / o*nu / def*te*ri*me / ya*za*ca*m )
I will write it in my notebook before I forget it.
Bro-un-a git-me-den (nce) tra ol-ma.l-sn. (un = senin, sn = sen
(b*ro*na / git*me*den / n*ce / tra / ol*ma*l*sn )
You must shave before you go to your office.
Dar-/y/a k-ma-dan (nce) ceket-in-i giy.
(d*a*r / k*ma*dan / n*ce / ce*ke*ti*ni / giy )
Put your coat on before you go out.
Kompozisyon-u-/n/u teslim et-me-den (nce), baba-/s/ yanl-lar--/n/
dzelt-mi-ti.
(kom*po*zis*yo*nu*nu / tes*lim / et*me*den / n*ce / ba*ba*s / yan*l*la*r*n / d*zelt*mi*ti )
Her father had corrected her mistakes before she handed in her composition.
la- al-ma-dan (nce) sie-/y/i iyi-(ce) calkala.
(i*la*c / al*ma*dan / n*ce / i*e*yi / i*yi*ce / al*ka*la )
Shake the bottle well before you take the medicine.
Cami-/y/e gir-me-den (nce) ayakkab-lar-n- kar-ma.l-sn.
(ca:*mi*ye / gir*me*den / n*ce / a*yak*ka*b*la*r*n / *kar*ma*l*sn )
You must take off your shoes before you enter the mosque.
Baz renci-ler zil al-ma-dan (nce) snf-tan k-t-lar. (lar = onlar)
(ba:*z / *ren*ci*ler / zil / al*ma*dan / n*ce / s*nf*tan / k*t*lar )
Some students (had) left the classroom before the bell rang.
Note: When the [e, a], [de, da, te, ta], [den, dan, ten, tan] and [le, la] allomorphs
attach to nouns or infinitives, these allomorphs turn them into adverbials.
mzala-ma-dan (nce) onu dikkat-le oku. (mzala-ma ileminden once.)
(im*za:*la*ma*dan / n*ce / o*nu / dik*kat*le / o*ku )
Read it carefully before you sign it.
Yat-ma-dan (nce) k-lar- sndr. (Yat-ma iinden once)
(yat*ma*dan / n*ce / *k*la*r / sn*dr )
Turn off the lights before you go to bed.

Sou-ma-dan (nce) orba-an- i. (sou-ma iinden once.)
(so*u*ma*dan / n*ce / or*ba*n / i )
Eat up your soup before it becomes cold.
(Sen) ack-ma-dan (nce) birey ye-me.
(a*ck*ma*dan / n*ce / bi*ey / ye*me )
Dont eat anything before you feel hungry.
Dn-me-den (nce) konu-ma. (dnme iini yapmadan nce)
(d*n*me*den / n*ce /ko*nu*ma )
Dont speak before you think.
Tiyatro-/y/a git-me-den (nce) piyes-i oku-mu-tu-um.
(ti*yat*ro*ya / git*me*den / n*ce / pi*ye*si / o*ku*mu*tum )
I had read the play before I went to the theatre.
Hava karar-ma-dan (nce) ev-e dn.
(ha*va / ka*rar*ma*dan / n*ce / e*ve / dn )
Come back home before it gets dark.
Satn al-ma-dan (nce) ikinci el bir araba-/y/ test et-me.li-sin.
(i*kin*ci / el / bir / a*ra*ba*y /sa*tn / al*ma*dan / n*ce / test / et*me*li*sin)
You must test a second-hand car before you buy it.
Okul-a git-me-den nce oku-/y/up yaz-a.bil-i.yor-du.
(o*ku*la / git*me*den / n*ce / o*ku*yup / ya*za*bi*li*yor*du)
He could read and write before he went to school.
Sev-dik-im program televizyon-da bala-ma-dan (nce) ev-de ol-a.cakm. (sev*di*im / prog*ram / te*le*viz*yon*da / ba*la*ma*dan / n*ce /
ev*de / o*la*ca*m )
Ill be home before my favorite program starts on TV.
Yemek-e gel-me-den (nce) el-ler-in-i yka-ma.l-sn.
(ye*me*e / gel*me*den / n*ce / el*le*ri*ni / y*ka*ma*l*sn )
You must wash your hands before you come to dinner.
k-ma-dan (nce) kasiyer-e de.
(k*ma*dan / n*ce / ka*si*ye*re / *de )
Pay the cashier before you leave.

AFTER (SONRA)
To transform a simple sentence into a sonra phrase, one should use
verb- [dik, dk, dk, duk, tik, tk, tk, tuk]-[ten, tan] + sonra composition
following the vowel and consonant harmony rules. Sonra is a postposition
used after noun-[DEN] + sonra such as okul-dan sonra, sen-den sonra, sen gel-dik-ten sonra, which are all postpositional adverbial phrases.
For example:
gel-dik-ten sonra, al-dk-tan sonra, oku-duk-tan sonra, se-tik-ten sonra, piir-dik-ten sonra, gr-n-dk-ten sonra, bekle-e-tik-ten sonra,
anla-tk-tan sonra, pi-ir-il-dik-ten sonra, ben-den sonra, etc.
Note: The word verb covers both the verb roots, stems, frames,
and verbal compositions.
In the composition above, the [dik, dk, dk, duk, tik, tk, tk, tuk]
allomorphs produce infinitives that are attached to [den, dan, ten, tan]
allomorphs that are followed by the "sonra" postposition. This composition
produces a timeless prepositional adverbial phrase whose time is inferred
from the time of the finite verbs at the ends of the sentences.
Like all infinitives, this composition does not convey a time concept. Its time
concept is inferred from the time concept of the finite verb that is used
together with the postpositional adverbial phrase: Follow the examples:
(O)
ev dev-i-/n/i yap-tk-tan sonra yat-t.
subj
definite obj of yap infinitive-tan postp

postp adverbial phrase of time
predicate
|
verb
He went to bed after he had done (he did) his homework.

ocuk-lar zil al-dk-tan sonra futbol oyna-mak iin dar-/y/a k-a.cak
subject
infinitive- tan
postp
postp adverb phrs of time
The boys will go out

subject
verb
adv
infinitive
postp
|
postp adverb phrs of cause adverbial
predicate
to play football
after the bell rings.
prep phrs of cause

predicate
adverbial clause of time
Bitir-dik-ten sonra kompozisyon-um-u teslim et-ti-im.

(bi*tir*dik*ten / son*ra / kom*po*zis*yo*nu*mu / tes*lim / et*tim )
After I had finished, I handed in my composition.
Onlar k-tk-tan sonra al-ma-/y/a bala-d-m.
(on*lar / k*tk*tan / son*ra / a*l*ma*ya / ba*la*dm )
I began to study after they (had) left. (To study is an infinitive.)
|
verb

stanbul-dan ayrl-dk-tan sonra sana bir mektup yaz.a.cak-m.
(is*tan*bul*dan / ay*rl*dk*tan / son*ra / sa*na / bir / mek*tup /
ya*za*ca*m) I will write you a letter after I leave stanbul.
Bir ift yeni ayakkab al-dk-tan sonra ev-e git-ti.
(bir / ift / ye*ni / a*yak*ka*b / al*dk*tan / son*ra / e*ve / git*ti )
She went home after she (had) bought a new pair of shoes.
Emekli ol-duk-tan sonra bir ky-de yaa-ma-/y/a bala-d.
(e*mek*li / ol*duk*tan / son*ra / bir / ky*de / ya*a*ma*ya / ba*la*d )
He began to live in a village after he (had) retired.
Okul-dan ayrl-dk-tan sonra ne yap-a.cak-sn?
(o*kul*dan / ay*rl*dk*tan / son*ra / ne / ya*pa*cak*sn)
What will you do after you leave (have left) school?
Du yap-tk-tan sonra yat-t.
(du / yap*tk*tan / son*ra / yat*t )
He went to bed after he had (had) a shower.
Konser bit-tik-ten sonra bir restoran-a git-e.lim.
(kon*ser / bit*tik*ten / son*ra / bir / res*to*ra*na / gi*de*lim )
Let us go to a restaurant after the concert is over.
WHEN and WHILE
To transform a simple Turkish sentence into a when clause, verb[in.ce, n.ca, n.ce, un.ca] adverbial phrase is used. The [N.CE]
morpheme is a suffix that is attached to verb roots, stems or frames to
express the concept of when of the English language. Likewise, the [RKEN] morpheme, which has the allomorphs of [ir-ken, r-ken, r-ken, urken, er-ken, ar-ken], is attached to verb stems and frames to expresses
while. The [N.CE] and [R-KEN] morphemes correspond to the English
words when and while respectively. In the following examples, the
[N.CE] and [R-KEN] morphemes are attached to verbs that end with
consonants:
When
while
ben okul-a gel-in.ce

ben onu sat-n.ca
o gl-n.ce
sen ona dokun-un.ca
zil al-n.ca
okul al-n.ca
elma-lar sat-l-n.ca
ben okul-a gel-ir-ken

sen onu al-r-ken
sen ksr-r-ken
sen konu-ur-ken
sen elma-lar- e-er-ken
sen patates-ler-i soy-ar-ken
biz bahe-de gez-er-ken
10

When the verbs end with vowels, however, the allomorphs of [N.CE] are
attached to these verbs by the /y/ glides. On the other hand, when the
allomorphs of [R-KEN] are attached to verbs ending with vowels, the
coinciding vowels i-i, -, -, u-u, e-e, a-a combine:
when
while
sen durak-ta bekle-/y/in.ce

ben onu anla-/y/n.ca
ben oku-ma-/y/a bala-/y/n.ca
sen uyu-/y/un.ca
sen durak-ta bekle-er-ken

Ahmet horoz-u kovala-ar-ken
Mary sa--/n/ kurula-ar-ken
sen uyu-ur-ken
Besides the [N.CE] morpheme, there are two more adverbial alternatives
that convey the concept of when:
verb- [DK]-[possessive personal morpheme] + zaman, or
verb- [DK]-[possessive personal morpheme]-[de, da]
Okul-a git-in.ce retmen-in-i grecek-sin. (gi*din*ce) (sin = sen)
Okul-a git-tik-in zaman retmen-in-i grecek-sin. (git*ti*in / za*man)
Okul-a git-tik-in-de retmen-in-i grecek-sin. (git*ti*in*de)
The meaning of all the three sentences above is You will see your
teacher when you go to school, and the underlined expressions are the
equivalents of the English coordinating conjunction when.
We can explain how this mental composition is transformed as follows:
Sen onu grecek-sin + zaman "sen onu gr-n.ce, or sen onu grdk-n zaman, or sen onu gr-dk-n-de
O beni gr-d + zaman o beni gr-n.ce, or o beni gr-dk- zaman, or o beni gr-dk-n-de (gr*d*n*de).
You will see him + when when you see him
The basic English simple future sentence structure above transforms into
The Simple Present vocalized adverbial clause.
1. (Sen) okul-a git-in.ce (senin) retmen-in-i gr-e.cek-sin.
subject
adverbial of time
(noun comp-i) definite obj

predicate
verb+subj
(o*ku*la / gi*din*ce / *ret*me*ni*ni / g*re*cek*sin )

You will see your teacher when you go to school.
11

2. Okul-a git-tik-in zaman retmen-in-i gr-e.cek-sin.
(o*ku*la / git*ti*in / za*man / *ret*me*ni*ni / g*re*cek*sin )
3. Okul-a git-tik-in-de retmen-in-i gr-e.cek-sin.
(o*ku*la / git*ti*in*de / *ret*me*ni*ni / g*re*cek*sin )
When Turkish simple sentences are transformed into when adverbial
phrases, they lose their time concepts as they do in before and after
clauses. This time deficiency is fulfilled by the finite verbs at the ends of the
sentences. Although, the inflectional allomorphs attached to verb roots, stems
and frames are all secondarily stressed such as (gi*der*ken), (gi*din*ce),
(git*ti*in*de), (gi*der*sen), (git*mem), (git*mez*sen), only one of them can be
primarily stressed.
Follow the examples:
(Biz) al-n.ca (biz) ren-ir-iz.
(a*l*n*ca / *re*ni*riz )
We learn when we study.
(O) ben-i gr-n.ce glmse-di. (The third person singular verbs have no personal
(be*ni / g*rn*ce / g*lm*se*di )
She smiled when she saw me.
suffixes.)
(Siz) susa-/y/n.ca (siz) ne i-er-sin.iz?

(su*sa*yn*ca / ne / i*er*si*niz)
What do you drink when you are thirsty?
retmen snf-a gir-in.ce btn renciler ayak-a kalk-ar.
(*ret*men / s*n*fa / gi*rin*ce ~/ b*tn / *ren*ci*ler / a*ya*a / kal*kar)
All the students stand up when the teacher enters the classroom.
(Sen) haber-i iit-in.ce (sen) mutlu ol-a.cak-sn.
(ha*be*ri / i*i*tin*ce / mut*lu / o*la*cak*sn )
You will be happy when you hear the news.
(Sen) yabanc bir lke-/y/e git-tik-in zaman (sen) para-an- deitir-me.lisin. (ya*ban*c / bir / l*ke*ye / git*ti*in / za*man / pa*ra*n / de*i*tir*me*li*sin )
When you go to a foreign country, you must change your money.
(Ben-im) onu gr-dk-m-de (o) kiraz ye-i.yor-du.
(o*nu / gr*d*m*de / ki*raz / yi*yor*du )
She was eating cherries when I saw her.
12

Oku-ma-/y/ bitir-in.ce, ltfen kitap-m- geri gnder.
(o*ku*ma*y / bi*ti*rin*ce / lt*fen / ki*ta*b*m / ge*ri / gn*der )
Please send my book back when you have finished read-ing it.
Yorgun ol-duk-um zaman (ben) bir fincan kahve i-mek-ten zevk al-rm. (yor*gun / ol*du*um / za*man ~/ bir / fin*can / kah*ve / i*mek*ten /
zevk / a*l*rm ) I enjoy hav-ing a cup of coffee when I am tired.
Hazr ol-duk-um zaman ne yap-ma-am- iste-i.yor-sun?
(ha*zr / ol*du*um / za*man / ne / yap*ma*m / is*ti*yor*sun)
What do you want me to do when I am ready? (To do is an infinitive.)
Biz bir yanl-lk yap-n.ca retmen-im.iz dzelt-ir.
(biz / bir / yan*l*lk / ya*pn*ca / *ret*me*ni*miz / d*zel*tir )
When we make a mistake, our teacher corrects it.
Zaman-m ol-un.ca gel-ip sen-i gr-e.cek-im.
(za*ma:*nm / o*lun*ca / ge*lip / se*ni / g*re*ce*im )
I will come and see you when I have time.
Trafik k-lar- krmz-/y/a dn-n.ce dur-ma-l-/y/z.
(tra*fik / *k*la*r / kr*m*z*ya / d*nn*ce / dur*ma*l*yz )
We must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
Fatma gel-in.ce ders al-a.cak-z.
(fat*ma / ge*lin*ce / ders / a*l*a*ca*z )
We will study when Fatma comes.
stasyon-a var-n.ca bilet-in-i (satn) al-a.bil-ir-sin.
(is*tas*yo*na / va*rn*ca / bi*le*ti*ni / a*la*bi*lir*sin )
You can buy your ticket when you arrive at the station.
Note: The pronouns in parentheses are not generally used. They are put in
the sentences above to make the meaning clearer for the learners.
WHILE
In order to insert the duration concept of while into a transformed
adverbial phrase, you should use the verb-[ir-ken, r-ken, r-ken, urken, er-ken, ar-ken] duration allomorphs when action verbs are involved,
such as gel-ir-ken, git-er-ken, yaz-ar-ken, otur-ur-ken, beklen-ir-ken.
This morpheme is like the morpheme [.YOR] whose second syllable never
follows the vowel harmony rules. However, when you use adjectives,
13

nouns or prepositional adverbials, you should attach only ken
morpheme to these words to convey both when and while.
Note: The /y/ glide is used when a word ends with a vowel; but when a word
ends with a consonant only ken morpheme is attached to such words,
such as ev-de/y/-ken, okul-da/y/-ken, boyal/y/-ken, evli/y/-ken, bekr-ken, ocuk-ken, var-ken, kasap-ken, gen-ken, yal/y/-ken, bura-da/y/-ken, sokak-ta-/y/ken, etc.
The mental composition of "while" (duration) allomorphs are as follows:
Jack okul-a git-i.yor-du + duration Jack okul-a git-er-ken (gi*der*ken)
Jack okul-a git-er-ken bir kese altn para bul-du.
subj
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial phrase of time
|
indefinite object
predicate
|
verb
Jack was going to school + duration while Jack was going to school
Jack found a purse of gold coins while he was going to school.
subj
verb
indefinite object
predicate
Consider the example sentences below:

Oul-um bahe-de oyna-ar-ken eski bir para bul-du. (The /u/ drops, and
the /l/ attaches to /u/.) (o*lum / bah*e*de / oy*nar*ken / es*ki / bir / pa*ra /
bul*du)
My son found an old coin while he was playing in the garden.
Ben ev-de/y/-ken btn ev i-ler-i-/n/i kendim yap-ar-m. (Liaison)
(ben / ev*dey*ken / b*tn / e*vi*le*ri*ni / ken*dim / ya*pa*rm )
I do all the housework myself when I am at home.
Biz ocuk-ken televizyon seyret-e.me-i.yor-du-uk, nk televizyon
daha kefet-il-me-mi-ti.
(biz / o*cuk*ken / te*le*viz*yon / sey*re*de*mi*yor*duk / n*k~ /
te*le*viz*yon / da*ha / ke*fe*dil*me*mi*ti )
We couldnt watch television when we were children because it hadnt
been invented yet.
Ev dev-in-i ben bura-da/y/-ken yap.
(ev / *de*vi*ni / ben / bu*ra*day*ken / yap )
Do your homework while (when) I am here.
14

Ben yeni szck-ler-i ret-ir-ken Fatma pencere-den dar bak-.yor-du.
(ben / ye*ni / sz*ck*le*ri / *re*tir*ken / fat*ma / pen*ce*re*den / d*a*r
/ ba*k*yor*du )
While I was teaching the new words, Fatma was looking out of the window.
Ben bura-da/y/-ken grlt et-me.
(ben / bu*ra*day*ken / g*rl*t / et*me )
Dont make a noise while (when) I am here.
Radyo dinle-er-ken ders al-a.bil-ir mi-sin?
(rad*yo / din*ler*ken / ders / a*l*a*bi*lir / mi*sin )
Can you study while (when) you are listening to the radio?
Karde-in-i ders al-r-ken rahatsz et-me. (in means sen-in)
(kar*de*i*ni / ders / a*l*r*ken / ra*hat*sz / et*me )
Dont disturb your brother while (when) he is studying.
Ben dar-da/y/-ken kimse bana telefon et-ti mi?
(ben / d*a*r*day*ken / kim*se / ba*na / te*le*fon / et*ti / mi )
Did anyone telephone me when (while) I was out?
Fatma onsekiz ya-n-da/y/-ken ok gzel-di.
(fat*ma / on*se*kiz / ya*n*day*ken / ok / g*zel*di )
Fatma was very beautiful when she was eighteen.
Sen mutfak-ta megul-ken kedi btn st- i-ti.
(sen / mut*fak*ta / me*gul*ken / ke*di / b*tn / s*t / i*ti )
The cat drank up all the milk when you were busy in the kitchen.
Onlar rmak-ta yz-er-ken biri-/s/i onlar-n giysi-ler-i-/n/i al-d.
(on*lar / r*mak*ta / y*zer*ken / bi*ri*si / on*la*rn / giy*si*le*ri*ni / al*d )
Somebody stole their clothes while (when) they were swimming in the river.
Zaman-n var-ken ders-ler-in-i al. (n and in mean senin)
(za*ma:*nn / var*ken / ders*le*ri*ni / a*l )
Study your lessons while you have time.
Zaman-n ol-un.ca araba-/y/ yka-/y/a.bil-ir-sin. (n means senin)
(za*ma:*nn / o*lun*ca / a*ra*ba*y / y*ka*ya*bi*lir*sin )
You can wash the car when you have time.
Ko-ar-ken d-t-m.
(ko*ar*ken / d*tm )
I fell down while I was running.
15

Kz-m-a bir hikye anlat-r-ken uyu-/y/a.kal-d. (m means benim)
(k*z*ma / bir / hi*k:*ye / an*la*tr*ken / u*yu*ya / kal*d )
My daughter fell asleep while I was telling her a story.
Merdiven-den aa-/y/a in-er-ken dikkat-li ol.
(mer*di*ven*den / a*a* / i*ner*ken / dik*kat*li / ol )
Be careful when you are walking down the stairs.
Ev dev-in-i yap-ar-ken televizyon seyret-e.mez-sin. (in means senin)
(e*v*de*vi*ni / ya*par*ken / te*le*viz*yon / sey*re*de*mez*sin )
You can't watch television while you are doing your homework.
AS SOON AS
In order to express as soon as in Turkish, one should use a positive and
negative verb composition of The Simple Present Tense following one
another. The adverbial phrases that are built up with these verbal
compounds are timeless and their function is adverbial:
Zil ald. zil al-ar al-maz (a*lar / al*maz)
Jack eve geldi. Jack ev-e gel-ir gel-mez (ge*lir / gel*mez)
Gne doacak. gne do-ar do-maz (do*ar / do*maz)
Mary beni grd. Mary ben-i gr-r gr-mez (g*rr / gr*mez)
Mary odasna girdi. Mary oda-/s/-/n/a gir-er gir-mez (gi*rer / gir*mez)
As it is seen, the transformed phrases above are timeless and function as
adverbial phrases of time:
Jack ev-e gel-ir gel-mez dev-i-/n/i yap-ma-/y/a bala-d.
Gne do-ar do-maz yol-a koyul-a.cak-lar.
Mary ben-i gr-r gr-mez kap-/n/n arka-/s/-/n/a saklan-d.
Mary oda-/s/-/n/a gir-er gir-mez bir iskelet-le karla-t.
renci-ler zil al-ar al-maz bahe-de oyna-mak iin dar-/y/a k-t-lar.
subject
|
adv phrase of time
|
adverbial
infinitive postp
|
postp phrs of purpose adverbial
predicate
|
verb
As soon as the bell rang, the students went out to play in the garden.
The places of adverbs and nouns are arranged in sentences in accordance
with the importance given to these units. Therefore the following alternatives
of the sentence above may also be produced as follows:
renciler, zil alar al-maz bahe-de oyna-mak iin diar-/y/a kt-lar.
renciler, bahede oynamak iin zil alar almaz dar-y/a k-t-lar.
16

Zil alar almaz, bahede oynamak iin renciler dar-/y/a ktlar.
*Dar-/y/a ktlar renciler zil alar almaz bahede oynamak iin.
The last sentence above is understandable, but a Turkish teacher may not
accept it as a good sentence.
The main point in changing the places of the adverbial units above is that
the nearer to the verb, the more important these units are. However, in doing
this, the grammatical units should be kept intact. The grammatical units in
the sentences above are as follows:
1. renciler 2. zil alar almaz 3. bahede oynamak iin 4. dar ktlar.
Examples:
Yatak--/n/a yat-ar yat-maz uyku-/y/a dal-d. (I means kendisinin)
(ya*ta**na / ya*tar / yat*maz / uy*ku*/ya / dal*d )
He fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.
Sokak-ta-ki ocuk-u gr-r gr-mez fren-e bas-t.
(so*kak*ta*ki / o*cu*u / g*rr / gr*mez / fre*ne / bas*t )
He hit the brakes as soon as he saw the boy in the street.
Sen hazr ol-ur ol-maz dar-/y/a k-a.cak-z.
(sen / ha*zr / o*lur / ol*maz / d*a*r / *ka*ca*z )
Well go out as soon as you are ready.
Avc kaplan- gr-r gr-mez ate et-ti.
(av*c / kap*la*n / g*rr / gr*mez / a*te / et*ti )
The hunter fired as soon as he saw the tiger.
Vakt-in ol-ur ol-maz gel ben-i gr. (in means sen-in)
(vak*tin / o*lur / ol*maz / gel / be*ni / gr )
Come and see me as soon as you have time.
Gne do-ar do-maz yol-a koyul-du-lar. (lar means onlar)
(g*ne / do*ar / do*maz / yo*la / ko*yul*du*lar )
They set off as soon as the sun rose.
UNTIL (KADAR, DEK)
When the nouns, such as sabah, yarn, saat alt is chosen, they are
attached to the [e, a] allomorphs followed by the postposition kadar:
noun-[e, a] + kadar (dek)

(Onlar) sabah-a kadar al-a.cak-lar. They will work until morning.
subject
postp phrs of time

predicate
verb
subject
17
verb
prep phrs of time

predicate

Gece yars-/n/a kadar (dek) televizyon seyret-ti-ik. (ik means biz)
(ge*ce / ya*r*s*na / ka*dar / te*le*viz*yon / sey*ret*tik )
We watched TV until midnight. (Kadar and dek are postpositions.)
Saat -e kadar ben-i bekle.
(sa*at / *e / ka*dar / be*ni / bek*le )
Wait for me until three oclock.
Gelecek sene-/y/e kadar ngilizce al-ma-/y/a devam et-e.cek-im.
(ge*le*cek / se*ne*ye / ka*dar / in*gi*liz*ce / a*l*ma*ya / de*va:m /
e*de*ce*im ) I will go on study-ing English until next year.
If a simple sentence is chosen to be used as an adverb of time, verb-
[e.ne, a.na] + kadar structure, which is a timeless adverbial phrase of time,
is used to express until in Turkish. The logical development of "until" is as
follows:
Gne do-du + kadar gne do-a.na kadar (do*a*na)
Gne do-a.na kadar tarla-da al-t-lar. (lar means onlar)
The sun rose + until until the sun rose
They worked in the field until the sun rose.
Gne do-a.cak + kadar ne do-a.na kadar
Gne do-a.na kadar tarla-da al-a.cak-z. (z means biz)
The sun will rise + until until the sun rises
We will work in the field until the sun rises.
(Onlar) gne do-a.na kadar tarla-da alt-lar. (lar means onlar)
subject
adverbial
postp
|
postp adverbial phrs
adverbial
predicate
|
verb
They worked in the field until the sun rose

subject
verb
adv phrase
adverbial clause
predicate
(Sen) yarn-a kadar bekle. (You) wait until tomorrow.

subject noun-a postp
postp phrs of time
predicate
|
verb
subject
|
verb
prep phrs of time

adverbial
predicate
As an alternative to the above adverbial phrase verb-[in.ce-/y/e, n.ca/y/a, n.ce-/y/e, un.ca-/y/a] + kadar form can also be used:
Boya kuru-/y/un.ca-/y/a kadar duvar-lar-a dokun-ma.
(bo*ya / ku*ru*ya*na / ka*dar / du*var*la*ra / do*kun*ma )
Dont touch the walls until the paint dries.
18

Sen ev-e dn-e.ne kadar ders al-a.cak-m-a sz ver-i.yor-um.
(sen / e*ve / d*ne*ne / ka*dar / ders / a*l*a*ca**ma / sz /
ve*ri*yo*rum )
I promise I will study until you come back home.
Hava karar-a.na kadar ocuk-lar bahe-de oyna-d-lar.
(ha*va / ka*ra*ra*na / ka*dar / o*cuk*lar / bah*e*de / oy*na*d*lar )
The children played in the garden until it got dark.
(Sen) bir iftlik-e gel-e.ne kadar bu patika-/y/ izle.
(bir / ift*li*e / ge*le*ne / ka*dar / bu / pa*ti*ka*y / iz*le )
Follow this path until you come to a farm.
Yardm gel-e.ne kadar bekle-mek zor-u/n/-da kal-d-lar.
(yar*dm / ge*le*ne / ka*dar / bek*le*mek / zo*run*da / kal*d*lar )
They had to wait until the help came.
l-e.ne kadar sava-t-lar.
(*le*ne / ka*dar / sa*va*t*lar )
They fought until they died.
ar-l-a.na kadar dar-da bekle. (Passive)
(a*r*la*na / ka*dar / d*a*r*da / bek*le )
Wait outside untill you are called.
Bir ada-/y/a gel-e.ne kadar krek ek-ti-ler.
(bir / a*da*ya / ge*le*ne / ka*dar / k*rek / ek*ti*ler )
They rowed until they came to an island.
Yamur dur-a.na kadar bir yer-e sn-a.lm.
(ya*mur / du*ra*na / ka*dar / bir / ye*re / s**na*lm )
Let us shelter somewhere until it stops rain-ing.
Onlar gel-e.ne kadar bir ey yap-a.ma-/y/z.
(on*lar / ge*le*ne / ka*dar / bir*ey / ya*pa*ma*yz )
We cant do anything untill they come.
(Sen) zr dile-/y/e.ne kadar sen-in-le konu-ma-/y/a.cak-m.
(*zr / di*le*ye*ne / ka*dar / se*nin*le / ko*nu*ma*ya*ca*m )
I wont speak with you until you apologize.
Saat ka-a kadar (ben-im) bura-da bekle-me-em-i iste-i.yor-sun?
(sa*at / ka*a / ka*dar / bu*ra*da / bek*le*me*mi / is*ti*yor*sun )
Until what time do you want me to wait here?
19

(Sen) ben-i sev-dik-in-i syle-/y/e.ne kadar bura-da otur-a.cak-m.
(be*ni / sev*di*i*ni / sy*le*ye*ne / ka*dar / bu*ra*da / o*tu*ra*ca*m )
I am going to sit here until you tell me that you love me.
Sen-i l-e.ne kadar sev-e.cek-im.
(se*ni / *le*ne / ka*dar / se*ve*ce*im )
I will love you until I die. (Dont believe.)
BY and BY THE TIME
By or by the time means not later than in English. This time concept
is reflected into Turkish sentences by using The Future Perfect Tense, such
as: bitir-mi ol-a.cak-m, gel-mi ol-a.cak-lar, etc., preceded by a
noun- [e, a] + kadar, or "verb- [e.ne, a.na] + kadar", or "verb- [in.ce/y/e, n.ca-/y/a, n.ce-/y/e, un.ca-/y/a] + kadar" timeless adverbial phrases:
Consider the following:
(Ben)
yarn-a kadar
subject
postp phrs of time definite obj

predicate
i-im-i
bitir-mi ol-a.cak-m.
adjective
verb
will have finished my work by tomorrow.
subj
verb
object
prep phrs of time
predicate
If a simple sentence is needed to be transformed, verb- [e.ne, a.na] +

kadar structure is used in the adverbial phrase section of a sentence. The
logical process of this transformation is as follows:
Annem eve dnecek + o zamana kadar anne-em ev-e dn-e.ne kadar
Mother will come back home + by the time by the time mother comes back home
(Ben) anne-em ev-e dn-e.ne kadar i-im-i
subject
bitir-mi ol-a.cak-m.
postpositional phrase of time

definite object
predicate
verb
(an*nem / e*ve / d*ne*ne / ka*dar / i*i*mi / bi*tir*mi / o*la*ca*m )

I will have finished my work by the time my mother comes back home.
subj
verb
object

predicate
Dn-n.ce-/y/e kadar may also be used as an alternative to the above

expression:
Biz stadyum-a var-n.ca-/y/a kadar ma bit-mi ol-a.cak.
20

(biz / stad*yu*ma / va*rn*ca*ya / ka*dar / ma / bit*mi / o*la*cak )
The match will have been over by the time we get to the stadium.
Sen ev-e var-n.ca-/y/a kadar btn pasta-/y/ ye-mi ol-a.cak-lar.
(sen / e*ve / va*rn*ca*ya / ka*dar / b*tn / pas*ta*y / ye*mi / o*la*cak*lar)
They will have eaten up all the cake by the time you arrive home.
SINCE (BER)
If single nouns or modifier + noun compounds such as dokuz,
sabah, le, dn, "geen hafta", "geen ay", "geen yl" are
chosen to express, a noun-[den, dan] + beri or a possessive +
owned- [den, dan] + beri postpositional phrase structure is used to
express since nine, since morning, "since last year", since last summer,
or since you went away expressions. The word beri is a postposition.
The functions of these phrases are adverbial:
(Ben) onu geen hafta-dan beri
gr-me-di-im.
subject def obj postp adverbial phrs of time

predicate
verb
havent seen
subj
verb
her
since last week. (Since is a preposition.)
object prep phrase of time

predicate
Saat dokuz-dan beri bekle-i.yor-um.

(sa*at / do*kuz*dan / be*ri / bek*li*yo*rum )
I have been waiting since nine. (Since is a preposition.)
As dokuz, sabah. le, etc. are nouns, a noun + infinitive"-[DEN] +
beri can also be used in their places:
(Ben) seni gr-dk-m-den beri (ben-im) sen-i gr-dk-m-den beri
I saw you + since since I saw you (Since is a subordinate conjunction.)
(ben-im) sen-i gr-dk-m-den beri
noun compound-den
postp
postpositional adverbial phrase of time
(Sen) (ben-im) sen-i gr-dk-m-den beri birsey yap-ma-d-n

subject
noun comp-den
postp
postp adverbial phrase of time
predicate
|
object
You havent done anything since I saw you.

subj
verb
object
predicate
21
|
verb

Sen-i ilk gr-dk-m-den beri sev-i.yor-um.
(se*ni / ilk / gr*d*m*den / be*ri / se*vi*yo*rum )
I have been in love with you since I saw you first.
(Sen-in) stanbuldan ayrl-dk-n-dan beri sen-den bir mektup al-ma-d-m.
(is*tan*bul*dan / ay*rl*d*n*dan / be*ri / sen*den / bir / mek*tup / al*ma*dm )
I havent received a letter from you since you left stanbul.
(Ben) (sen-in) ev-den k-tk-n-dan beri birsey yap-ma-d-m.
(ev*den / k*t*n*dan / be*ri / bir / ey / yap*ma*dm )
I havent done anything since you left home.
Sen-i son gr-dk-m-den beri ne yap-.yor-sun?
(se*ni / son / gr*d*m*den / be*ri / ne / ya*p*yor*sun )
What have you been doing since I saw you last?
Kz-lar-dan baz-lar- snf-a gir-dik-ler-i/n/-den beri gl--p konu-u.yor-lar.
(kz*lar*dan / ba*z*la*r / s*n*fa / gir*dik*le*rin*den / be*ri / g*l*p /
ko*nu*u*yor*lar )
Some of the girls have been chatting and giggling since they came into
the classroom.
Bura-/y/a gel-dik-in-den beri ne kadar oldu? or
Sen bura-/y/a gel-e.li ne kadar ol-du?
(sen / bu*ra*ya / ge*le*li / ne / ka*dar / ol*du)
How long is it (has it been) since you came here?
Biz-im komu-/n/un u aptal kopek-i ben ev-e gel-dik-im-den beri havla-.yor.
(bi*zim / kom*u*nun / u / ap*tal / k*pe*i / ben / e*ve / gel*di*im*den /
be*ri / hav*l*yor )
That stupid dog of our neighbors has been barking since I came home.
Otobs- kar-dk-m-dan beri bura-da bekle-i.yor-um.
(o*to*b*s / ka*r*d*m*dan / be*ri / bu*ra*da / bek*li*yo*rum )
I have been waiting here since I missed the bus.
Yamur bala-dk-/n-dan beri otobs durak-/n/-da bekle-i.yor-um.
(ya*mur / ba*la*d*n*da*dan / be*ri / o*to*bs / du*ra*n*da / bek*li*yo*rum ) I have been waiting at the bus stop since it started rain-ing.
Kpek ben-i gr-dk-n-den beri arka-am-dan gel-i.yor.
(k*pek / be*ni / gr*d*n*den / be*ri / ar*kam*dan / ge*li*yor )
The dog has been following me sice it saw me.
22
CAUSE OR REASON
As, since or because subordinating conjunctions are used in English
to express cause or reason. In Turkish, in place of as or since, iin
postposition is used. Since all postpositions follow nouns in Turkish, iin
can also follow a noun, a pronoun, an infinitive, or a noun + infinitive
compound. All noun + infinitive and modifier + noun compounds are
syntactic nominal phrases. Follow the simple sentences below:
Ben eve ge gel-di-im + iin (ben-(im) ev-e ge gel-dik-im iin
I came home late + as as I came home late
As the (ben-im) parts in the noun compounds are generally ignored, only
the owned parts of the noun compounds are used as gel-dik-im and ge
gel-dik-im. Since these parts are the owned parts of the noun compounds,
they are also nouns, and so, they can be followed by the postposition
iin:
(onlar) (ben-im) okul-a ge gel-dik-im iin ben-i cezalan-dr-d-lar.
subject
noun + infinitive compound

postp
|
postpositional phrase of cause
def obj
predicate
|
verb
Note: (Ben-im) and (onlar) are not generally used. They are put there so that
the noun compounds should be well understood. The personal suffixes [im,
m, m, um, em, am] attached to the ends of the main verbs, which mean
ben-im, are enough to express the possessive pronouns. Similarly, the [ler,
lar] allomorphs are also enough to express the pronoun onlar.
They
subject
punished me as I came to school late,

verb
object
adverbial clause of cause

predicate
Okul-a ge gel-dik-im iin ben-i cezalandr-d-lar.

(o*ku*la / ge / gel*di*im / i*in / be*ni / ce*za:*lan*dr*d*lar )
They punished me as I came to school late.
Soru-lar g ol-duk-u iin (onlar-n) ok-u-/n/a cevap ver-e.me-di-im.
(so*ru*lar / g / ol*du*u / i*in / o*u*na / ce*vap / ve*re*me*dim )
As the questions were difficult, I couldnt answer most of them.
ok yamur ya-dk- iin stadyum-a zaman-/n/-da var-a.ma-d-lar.
(ok / ya*mur / ya*d* / i*in / s*tad*yu*ma / za*ma:*nn*da / va*ra*ma*d*lar )
They couldnt get to the stadium in time as it was raining heavily.
23

(Ben-im) gzlk-m- (ben-im) ev-de unut-tuk-um iin retmen-in
tahta-/y/a yaz-dk-lar--/n/ gr-e.me-di-im.
(gz*l**m / ev*de / u*nut*tu*um / i*in / *ret*me*nin / tah*ta*ya /
yaz*dk*la*r*n / g*re*me*dim )
As I had left my glasses at home, I couldnt see what the teacher was
writing on the board.
The two "ben-im" words above are put there to show the compounds
clearly. They are not used in current speech, and "retmen-in tahta-ya yazdk-lar- is a noun + infinitive compound.
Saat be ol-duk-u iin al-ma-/y/ brak-sa-ak iyi ol-ur.
(sa*at / be / ol*du*u / i*in~ / a*l*ma*y / b*rak*sak / i*yi / o*lur )
As it is five, we had better stop work-ing. (Work-ing is a nominal gerund.)
The conjunction nk is used in Turkish as because is used in
English:
Yava yava yr-.yor-du, nk ar bir sepet ta-.yor-du.
She was walking slowly because she was carrying a heavy basket.
ok al-ma.l-sn nk yarn snav-a gir-e.cek-sin.
You must study hard because you will have an examination tomorrow.
Yznden, den dolay or nedeniyle complex postpositions can be
used in Turkish as because of preposition is used in English:
iddet-li yamur yz-/n/-den (neden-i/y/-le) ma- ertele-mek zor-u/n/-da
kal-d-lar. (id*det*li / ya*mur / y*zn*den / ma* / er*te*le*mek / zo*run*da / kal*d*lar ) They had to postpone the match because of the heavy
rainfall.
Youn trafik yz-/n/-den (neden-i/y/-le) okul-a ge kal-d-m.
(yo*un / tra*fik / y*zn*den / o*ku*la / ge / kal*dm )
I came to school late because of the heavy traffic.
Otobs grev-i yznden ev-e yr-/y/e.rek git-mek zorunda kal-d-k.
(o*to*bs / gre*vi / y*zn*den / e*ve / y*r*ye*rek / git*mek / zo*run*da /
kal*dk ) We had to walk home because of the bus strike.
Yksek fiyat-lar yznden hi birey satn al-a.ma-d-m.
I couldnt buy anything because of the high prices.
24

Fatma gzel gz-ler-i nedeni/y/-le ekici-dir.
(fat*ma / g*zel / gz*le*ri / ne*de*niy*le / e*ki*ci*dir )
Fatma is attractive because of her beautiful eyes.
CONTRAST (RAMEN, KARIN)

Noun compounds like (ben-im) al-ma-am-a ramen, (onun) git-me-/s/i/n/e ramen structures are used in Turkish in place of although +
sentence in English. Ben-im al-ma-am, sen-in gel-me-en, biz-im
konu-ma-am.z compounds are noun + infinitive compounds, whose
second parts are made of infinitives. The [e, a] allomorphs are the
allomorphs that are attached to nouns, pronouns and noun compounds,
which help them to be used as adverbials in sentences. Ramen, karn
or neden-i/y/-le" are prepositions used after nouns attached either to [e], or
[a] allomorphs:
(O) onu (kendi-/s/i-/n/in) al-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen baar-a.ma-d
subj
|
noun + infinitive compound- /n/a
postp
|
def obj
postpositional adverbial phrase of contrast

predicate
verb
Note: The /s/ and /n/ are glides. "Kendisinin" and "o" are put here to help the
learners understand the deleted parts of the compounds. They are not used
in current Turkish because "kendisinin" and "o" can be understood from the
personal allomorphs. The mental production of this sentence is as follows:
(O) ok alt + ramen (kendi-/s/i-/n/in) ok al-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen"
He studied hard + although although he studied hard
He couldnt succeed although he studied hard.
subj
verb
adverbial clause of contrast

predicate
Ahmet (kendi-/s/i-/n/in) otomobil-i ol-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen okul-a otobs-le gel-ir.

subject
noun compound - /n/[a]

postp
|
|
|
postpositional phrase of contrast
adverbial adverbial verb
predicate
Although Ahmet has got a car, he comes to school by bus.

Yorgun ol-ma-am-a ramen al-ma-/y/a devam et-me.li-/y/im. (Liaison)
(yor*gun / ol*ma*ma / ra*men / a*l*ma*ya / de*va:*met*me*li*yim )
I must go on work-ing although I am tired.
ki kez oku-ma-am-a ramen ders-i anla-/y/a.ma-d-m.
(i*ki / kez / o*ku*ma*ma / ra*men / der*si / an*la*ya*ma*dm )
I couldnt understand the lesson although I read twice.
25

iman ol-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen hzl ko-a.bil-i.yor.
(i*man / ol*ma*s*na / ra*men / hz*l / ko*a*bi*li*yor )
Although he is fat, he can run fast.
Ayn otel-de kal-ma-am-z-a ramen birbirimiz-e rastla-ma-d-k.
(ay*n / o*tel*de / kal*ma*m*za / ra*men / bir*bi*ri*mi*ze / rast*la*ma*dk)
Although we were staying in the same hotel, we didnt meet.
On ya-/n/-da ol-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen oku-/y/up yaz-a.ma-.yor.
(on / ya*n*da / ol*ma*s*na / ra*men / o*ku*yup / ya*za*m*yor )
Although he is ten years old, he cant read and write.
Bykanne-em ok yal ol-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen ev i-i-/n/i kendi-/s/i
yap-ar. (b*y*kan*nem / ok / ya*l / ol*ma*s*na / ra*men / e*vi*i*ni /
ken*di*si / ya*par ) (Liaison)
Although my grandmother is very old, she does her housework herself.
Yoksul ol-ma-lar--/n/a ramen mutlu-dur-lar.
(yok*sul / ol*ma*la*r*na / ra*men~/ mut*lu*dur*lar )
Although they are poor, they are happy.
One can use a verb-[DK]-owned personal morpheme + halde structure
as an alternative to the above postpositional phrase of contrast:
ok al-tk-m halde baar-a.ma-d-m.
(ok / a*l*t*m / hal*de / ba*a*ra*ma*dm )
Although I studied hard, I couldnt succeed.
Gr-e.me-dik-i halde piyano al-a.bil-i.yor-du.
(g*re*me*di*i / hal*de / pi*ya*no / a*la*bi*li*yor*du )
Although he wasnt able to see, he could play the piano.
yi gr-e.me-dik-i halde gzlk tak-mak iste-me-i.yor.
(i*yi / g*re*me*di*i / hal*de~/ gz*lk / tak*mak / is*te*mi*yor )
Although he cant see well, he doesnt want to wear glasses.
Modifier + noun- [e, a] + ramen can be used like in spite of +
modifier + noun English prepositional phrase:
(Biz)
subj
iddet-li saanak-a ramen konser-e zaman-n-da yeti-ti-ik.

modifier
noun- a
postp
postp adverbial phrase of contrast
|
adverbial
predicate
|
adverbial
We got to the concert on time in spite of the heavy rainfall.

|
subj
|
verb
|
adverbial
|
preposition
modifier
noun
adverbial
prep adverbial phrase of contrast
predicate
26
|
verb

Tm glk-ler-e ramen da-n doruk-u-/n/a trman-a.bil-di-ler.
(tm / g*lk*le*re / ra*men / da*n / do*ru*u*na / tr*ma*na*bil*di*ler )
They were able to climb the peak of the mountain in spite of all difficulties.
Tm kt hava art-lar--/n/a ramen pilot uak- baar-/y/la indir-di.
The pilot landed the plane successfully in spite of all the unfavorable
weather conditions.
Kk gz-ler-i-/n/e ramen yakkl-dr.
(k*k / gz*le*ri*ne / ra*men / ya*k*k*l*dr )
He is handsome in spite of his small eyes.
Note: Some speakers and writers tend to use "karn" in place of "ramen"
to avoid this borrowed word: "Kk gzlerine karn (ramen) yakkldr".
[Ken] morpheme can also be used like while to express contrast:
Baz kimse-ler zengin-ken dier baz-lar- yoksul-dur.
(ba:*z / kim*se*ler / zen*gin*ken / di*er / ba:*z*la*r / yok*sul*dur )
While some people are wealthy, some others are poor.
Karnca al-r-ken, austos bcek-i zaman--/n/ ark syle-/y/e.rek
boa harca-ar-d. While the ant was working, the cicada used to waste
time sing-ing.
Baz kimseler ay- tercih et-er-ken, dier bazlar- kahve-/y/i tercih eder.
While some people prefer tea, some others prefer coffee.
Baz renci-ler ren-mek iin istek-li/y/-ken, dier baz-lar- ders-ler-e
kar kaytsz-dr.
While some students are eager to learn, some others are indifferent to
lessons.
PURPOSE
In order to compose an adverbial phrase of purpose, one should use a
simple sentence containing wish mood (dilek kipi) without structurally
changing it, and by doing so, the wish simple sentence becomes a
nominal phrase to be used preceding the postposition diye to compose a
postpositional phrase of purpose:
eri-ye gir-e-/y/im.
eri-ye gir-e-sin.
eri-ye gir-sin.
eri-ye gir-e-lim.
eri-ye gir-e-sin.iz.
eri-ye gir-sin-ler.
Let me go in.
I wish you to go in
Let him go in.
Let us go in.
I wish you to go in.
Let them go in.
27

eri-/y/e gir-e-/y/im diye kapy at. He opened the door to let me go in.
simple sentence
postp
|
postp phrase of purpose
object
predicate
eri gir-e.bil-e-/y/im.
eri gir-e.bil-e-sin.
eri gir-e.bil-sin.
eri gir-e.bil-e-lim.
eri gir-e.bil-e-sin.iz.
eri gir-e.bil-sin-ler.
| subj
verb
verb
obj
adv phrs of purpose

predicate
Let me be able to go in.

I wish you to be able to go in.
I wish him to be able to go in.
Let us be able to go in.
I wish you to be able to go in.
I wish you to let them be able to go in.
1. verb - [e.bil, a.bil]-[e-/y/im, e-sin, sin, e-lim, e-sin.iz, sin-ler] + diye

2. verb - [e-/y/im, a-/y/m], [e-sin, a-sn], [sin, sn, sn, sun], [e-sin.iz,
a-sn.z], [sin-ler, sn-lar] + diye
Follow the examples:
(O) (Ben) ieri-/y/e gir-e-bil-e-/y/im diye
subj
kap-/y/ a-t.
simple sentence
postposition
|
adverbial phrase of purpose
def object
predicate
|
verb
He opened the door so that I could go in.

subj
verb
def object
adverbial clause of purpose

predicate
retmen ben-i daha iyi gr-e.bil-sin diye gzlk-ler-i-/n/i tak-t.

(*ret*men / be*ni / da*ha / i*yi / g*re*bil*sin / di*ye / gz*lk*le*ri*ni / tak*t )
The teacher put on her glasses so that she could see me better.
Herkes gr-e.bil-sin diye onu daha byk iz.
(her*kes / g*re*bil*sin / di*ye / o*nu / da*ha / b*yk / iz )
Draw it larger so that everybody can see it.
eri-/y/e gir-sin diye kenar-a ekil-di-im.
(i*e*ri / gir*sin / di*ye / ke*na*ra / e*kil*dim )
I stepped aside so that she might come in.
Kimse bul-a.ma-sn diye para-/s/-/n/ dikkat-le sakla-d.
(kim*se / bu*la*ma*sn / di*ye / pa*ra*s*n / dik*kat*le / sak*la*d )
He hid his money carefully so that nobody could find it.
(In negatives, [e.me, a.ma] are used in place of [e-bil, a-bil])
28

Bir szlk al-a.bil-sin diye ona biraz para ver-di-im.
(bir / sz*lk / a*la*bil*sin / di*ye / o*na / bi*raz / pa*ra / ver*dim )
I gave her some money so that she could buy a dictionary.
Ahmet, snav- ge-e.bil-sin diye ok al-.yor.
(ah*met / s*na*v / ge*e*bil*sin / di*ye / ok / a*l**yor )
Ahmet is studying hard so that he can pass the examination.
Erken kalk-a.bil-sin diye o-/n/a bir alar saat satn al-d-m. (Liaison)
(er*ken / kal*ka*bil*sin / di*ye / o*na / bir / a*lar / sa*at / sa*t*nal*dm )
I bought an alarm clock for him so that he could get up early.
The postposition "diye" can also be used after some other simple sentences used as nominal phrases without being structurally changed. Consider
the following:
(Ben) (o) gel-e.cek diye bekle-di-im.
subj
subj
verb
|
simple sentence postposition
adverbial phrs of purpose
predicate
|
|
verb
(ge*le*cek / di*ye / bek*le*dim)

I waited hoping that he would come.
Herkes anla-m-tr diye sz-m-e devam et-ti-im. (Liaison)
(her*kes / an*la*m*tr / di*ye / s*z*me / de*va:*met*tim )
I went on talk-ing thinking that everybody must have understood me.
Ertesi gn pazar diye ge vakte kadar otur-du-uk.
(er*te*si / gn / pa*zar / di*ye / ge / vak*te / ka*dar / o*tur*duk )
We sat up late knowing that the follow-ing day was Sunday.
Otobs kalabalk diye bin-me-di-im.
(o*to*bs / ka*la*ba*lk / di*ye / bin*me*dim )
Seeing that the bus was crowded, I didn't get on.
Kedi dar-/y/a k-sn diye kap-/y/ a-t-m.
I opened the door to let the cat go out.
(I opened the door so that the cat could go out.)
All the underlined parts of the English sentences above are adverbial
clauses, and the Turkish underlined parts are adverbial phrases.
If the concept of ability is ignored, the [e.bil, a.bil] are omitted, and the se-
29

cond type of the above chain is used following the vowel and consonant
harmony. The underlined parts of the sentences below are simple sentences that are used as nominal phrases:
(O) onu hi yanllk yap-ma-sn diye dikkat-le yaz-d.
subj
|
obj
simple sentence
postposition
|
postpositional phrase of purpose adverbial
predicate
|
verb
(hi / yan*l*lk / yap*ma*sn / di*ye / o*nu / dik*kat*le / yaz*d )

He wrote it carefully so that he shouldnt make a mistake.
Gzel gr-n-sn diye yeni elbise-/s/i-/n/i giy-di.
(g*zel / g*rn*sn / di*ye / ye*ni / el*bi*se*si*ni / giy*di )
She put on her new dress so that she might (should) look beautiful.
Ka-ma-sn diye at-m- bir aa-a bala-d-m.
(ka*ma*sn / di*ye / a*t*m / bir / a*a*ca / ba*la*dm )
I fastened my horse to a tree so that it shouldnt escape.
Hi parmak iz-i brak-ma-sn diye hrsz eldiven tak-m-t.
(hi / par*mak / i*zi / b*rak*ma*sn / di*ye / hr*sz / el*di*ven / tak*m*t )
The thief wore gloves so that he shouldnt leave any fingerprints.
ngilizceem-i uygula-/y/m diye baba-am ben-i ngiltere/y/e gtr-e.cek.
(in*gi*liz*ce*mi / uy*gu*la*ym / di*ye / ba*bam / be*ni / in*gil*te*re*ye /
g*t*re*cek)
My father will take me to London so that I could practice my English.
If the subject of the main clause, and that of the adverbial phrase are the
same, an infinitive + iin postpositional phrase can be used:
Gzel gr-n-mek iin yeni elbise-/s/i-/n/i giy-di.
(g*zel / g*rn*mek / i* in / ye*ni / el*bi*se*si*ni / giy*di )
She put on her new dress to look beautiful.
Hrsz parmak iz-i brak-ma-mak iin eldiven tak-m-t.
(hr*sz / par*mak / i*zi / b*rak*ma*mak / i*in / el*di*ven / tak*mi*t )
The thief wore gloves not to leave any fingerprints.
Snav--/n/ ge-mek iin Ahmet ok al-.yor.
(s*na*v*n / ge*me*ki*in / ah*met / ok / a*l**yor ) (Liaison)
Ahmet is studying hard to pass his examination.
Kpek-e at-mak iin yer-den bir ta al-d.
(k*pe*e / at*ma*ki*in / yer*den / bir / ta*al*d ) (Liaison)
He picked up a stone to throw at the dog.
30

Islan-ma-mak iin emsiye-em-i al-d-m. (Liaison)
(s*lan*ma*ma*ki*in / em*si*ye*mi / al*dm )
I took my umbrella not to get wet.
ngilizce-/s/i-/n/i ilerlet-mek iin zel ders-ler al-.yor.
She is taking private lessons to improve her English.
Ben-i iyi (iyice) anla-mak iin dikkat-le dinle.
(be*ni / i*yi / an*la*mak / i*in / dik*kat*le / din*le )
Listen to me carefully to understand me well.
Bu kitap- anla-mak iin dikkat-le oku.
(bu / ki*ta*b / an*la*mak / i*in / dik*kat*le / o*ku )
Read carefully to understand this book.
Trke ren-mek iin ok al-ma.l-sn.
(trk*e / *ren*mek / i*in / ok / a*l*ma*l*sn)
You must study hard to learn Turkish.
PLACE
To produce an adverbial concept of place in Turkish, one can use iste-dik-in
yer-e (to the place where you wish), or nere-/y/e iste-er-se-en (where you
wish) expressions.
(Sen) iste-dik-in yer-e git-e.bil-ir-sin. You can go (to the place) where you wish.
subj
modifier noun-e
adverbial
verb
(Sen) kitap- (sen-in) bul-duk-un

subj
def obj
subj
verb
prep phrase
modifier
adverbial clause of place
yer-e koy.
(noun comp) modifier

noun-e
postp adverbial phrase of place
verb
(You) put the book (in the place) where you found it.
subj
verb
def obj
prep phrs
modifier
adverbial clause of place
Nere-/y/e git-er-se-en (git) ngilizce konu-a.bil-en bir-i-/s/i-/n/i bul-a.bilir-sin. (ne*re*ye / gi*der*sen / git / in*gi*liz*ce / ko*nu*a*bi*len / bi*ri*si*ni /
bu*la*bi*lir*sin )
You can find someone who can speak English wherever you go.
Nasrettin Hoca eek-i-/n/i kaybet-tik-i yer-de bul-du ve bu onu ok mutlu etti.
Nasrettin Hoca found his donkey where he had lost it, which made him very
happy.
31

Been-dik-in yer-e otur-a.bil-ir-sin.
(be*en*di*in / ye*re / o*tu*ra*bi*lir*sin )
You can sit wherever you like.
Onu koy-duk-un yer-i hatrla-ma-/y/a al.
(o*nu / koy*du*un / ye*ri / ha*tr*la*ma*ya / a*l)
Try to remember where you put it.
MANNER
To transform a simple English sentence into an adverbial clause of manner,
the conjunction as is put in the beginning of a sentence. In Turkish, gibi
postposition is used after a noun + infinitive compound:
AS
The mental development of an adverbial phrase of manner is as follows:
Ben sana dyle-di-im + gibi ben-im sana dyle-dik-im gibi"
I told you + as "as I told you"
(Sen) onu, (ben-im) sana syle-dik-im gibi yap.
subj
|
def obj
noun compound
postp
|
postp adverbial phrase of manner verb
predicate
(You) do it
subj
as I told you (to do).
verb obj
adverbial clause of manner

predicate
(Ben) (ben-im) konu-tuk-um gibi yaz-ar-m. I write as I talk.

subj
postpositional phrase of manner.

predicate
(ko*nu*tu*um
verb
/ gi*bi / ya*za*rm)
(Sen) onu (o-/n/un) ol-duk-u gibi brak. Leave it as it is.

subj
|
object
noun compound
postp
|
postpositional phrs of manner verb
predicate
Gel-dik-ler-i gibi git-er-ler. (Mustafa Kemal Atatrk)

(gel*dik*le*ri / gi*bi / gi*der*ler)
They will go as they came.
(Biz) onu, (onun) biz-e sylen-dik-i gibi yap-t-k.
(o*nu / bi*ze / sy*len*di*i / gi*bi / yap*tk )
We did it as we had been told.
32

The words in brackets above are used to make the meaning understandable
for the learners. They are not necessary in current Turkish. For instance,
instead of saying "(Sen) (ben-im) karde-im-i gr-d-n m? people say
"Karde-im-i gr-d-n m?" because the pronoun Sen, and the personal
allomorph n both mean sen; and the "ben-im" and "im" both mean
"my". As "sen" and "ben-im" words are optional elements, they may be
ignored, and the current sentece becomes "Karde-im-i gr-d-n m?".
Likewise, there are two personal possessive morphemes in all noun
compounds such as [im] in ben-im, and [im] in eker-im`, both of which
mean my. Therefore (ben-im) possessive pronoun may be ignored, and
only eker-im word (my sugar) is used instead of ben-im eker-im.
For instance:
"(ben-im) okul-um" (o*kul*um), "(sen-in) gz-ler-in" (gz*le*rin)
"(o-/n/un) anta-/s/" (an*ta*s), "(Biz-im) ev-im.iz" (e*vi*miz)
However, if possessive nouns are used in the possessive parts, they
cannot be ignored:
"fiyat-lar-n art-ma-/s/", "okul-un n-", "Jack-in aka-/s/", "at-n
tekme-/s/i" Jack-in araba-/s/, sorun-lar-n a-l-ma-/s/.
As it is seen in the examples above, if possessive pronouns are used in
the possessive parts of the noun compounds, these possessive pronouns
can be ignored. But If nouns are used in the possessive parts, they cannot
be ignored because only the owned parts of these compounds do not make
sense.
(Ben) gel-e.cek hafta Ankara'ya gidiyor-um
subj
pronoun
subj
personal suffix
In Turkish, it is impossible to use only the pronoun without using the

personal suffix at the end of a sentence. One has to say either Ben gelecek
hafta Ankaraya gidiyor-um, or Gelecek hafta Ankaraya gidiyor-um. It is
incorrect to say *Ben Ankaraya gidiyor, or *Ben Trke bilmiyor.
AS IF (AS THOUGH)
verb-[ [mi, m, m, mu]- (pers) + gibi verb structure is used to
express as if in Turkish. The mental development of "as if" is as
follows:
33

"Sen bir soru sor-a.cak-sn" + gibi "bir soru sor-a.cak-m-(sn) gibi"
"You are going to ask a question" + as if as if you are going to ask a question
(Sen) bir soru sor-a.cak-m-(sn) gibi grn-.yor-sun.
subj
simple sentence
postp
postpositional adverbial phrase of manner
predicate
|
verb
(bir / so*ru / so*ra*cak*m / gi*bi / g*r*n*yor*sun )

You look as if you are going to ask a question.
(It seems that you are going to ask a question.)
Bana kz-m-(sn) (gibi) gr-n-.yor-sun.
(ba*na / kz*m / g*r*n*yor*sun )
You look (sound) as if you are angry with me.
(It seems that you are angry with me.)
Bu kuma pamuk-tan yap-l-m his-/s/i ver-i.yor.
(bu / ku*ma / pa*muk*tan / ya*pl*m / his*si / ve*ri*yor )
This material feels as if it is made of cotton.
Komu-da bir-i-ler-i bir parti ver-i.yor-lar-m gibi ses-ler gel-i.yor.
(kom*u*da / bi*ri*le*ri / bir / par*ti / ve*ri*yor*lar*m / gi*bi / ses*ler /
ge*li*yor )
It sounds as if some people are giving a party next door.
(I hear that the neighbors are giving a party.)
Bir ey yan-.yor-mu gibi bir koku al-.yor-um.
(bi*ey / ya*n*yor*mu / gi*bi / bir / ko*ku / a*l*yo*rum )
I smell as if something is burning. (Something is burning.)
The same mi gibi is also used for the unreal past, but in such
sentences, nouns, modifier + noun, or simple sentences used as
nominal phrases take part.
The mental development of such sentences may be as follows:
(Ben) ocuk-um + gibi (ben) ocuk-mu-um gibi
I am a child + as if as if I were a child
(Sen) (ben) bir ocuk-mu-um gibi ben-im-le konu-ma.
subj
simple sentence
postp
postp adverbial phrase of manner
predicate
|
adverbial
|
verb
Dont talk to me as if I were a child. (I am not a child.)
34

Koca-/s//y/-m-m gibi bana bar-.yor.
(ko*ca*sy*m*m / gi*bi / ba*na / ba**r*yor )
She shouts at me as if I were her husband. (I am not her husband.)
Hizmeti-/s/i/y/-mi-im gibi bana emir ver-i.yor.
(hiz*met*i*siy*mi*im / gi*bi / ba*na / e*mir / ve*ri*yor )
She orders me round as if I were her servant. (I am not her servant.)
Hi bir ey ol-ma-m gibi al-ma-/y/a devam et-ti. (Liaison)
(hi / bir / ey / ol*ma*m / gi*bi / a*l*ma*ya / de*va:* met*ti )
He went on work-ing as if nothing had happened.
(Something had happened, but he didnt mind.)
ocuk-lar yap-a.cak-lar- bir ey yok-mu gibi bahe-de oyna-u.yor-lar.
(o*cuk*lar / ya*pa*cak*la*r / bir / ey / yok*mu / gi*bi / bah*e*de /
oy*nu*yor*lar )
The children are playing in the garden as if they had nothing to do.
Karm, (ben) bir supermen-mi-im gibi herey-i ben-im yap-ma-am-
iste-i.yor. (ka*rm ~/ bir / s*per*men*mi*im / gi*bi / her*e*yi / be*nim
/yap*ma*m / is*ti*yor )
My wife wants me to do everything as if I were a superman.
(I am not a superman.)
Salak-m-m gibi bana bak-p dur-ma.
(sa*lak*m*m / gi*bi / ba*na / ba*kp / dur*ma )
Dont stare at me as if I were a fool. (I am not a fool.)
Bana (sen-in) kle-en-mi-im gibi davran-ma.
(ba*na / k*len*mi*im / gi*bi / dav*ran*ma )
Dont treat me as if I were your slave. (I am not your slave.)
RESULT
In place of so or therefore, byle-ce, bu yzden, bu nedenle, bu
sa:ye-de, or bu ekilde adverbs may be used to supply a simple
sentence with a result concept:
Sabah-le.yin erken kalk-t-m, ve byle-ce ev dev-im-i bitir-e.bil-di-im.
(sa*bah*le*yin / er*ken / kalk*tm ~/ ve / by*le*ce / e*v*de*vi*mi /
bi*ti*re*bil*dim )
I got up early in the morning and so I was able to finish my homework.
35

ok a-m, bu yzden sandvi bile ye-/y/e.bil-ir-im.
I am very hungry; therefore, I can eat even three sandwiches.
Yamur ok iddet-li ya-.yor-du, bu neden-le bir yer-e sn-mak
zorunda kal-d-k.
It was raining heavily; therefore, we had to shelter somewhere.
Gne-li bir sabah-t, bu yz-den kr-da yr-/y/-e k-ma-/y/a karar ver-dik.
It was a sunny morning, so we decided to go for a walk in the country.

San-r-m tren tehir-li, bu yz-den bekle-mek zorunda-/y/z.
I think the train is late, so we have to wait.
Elektrik kes-il-di, bu yzden ev dev-im-i yap-a.ma-d-m.
The electricity went off; therefore, I couldnt do my homework.
Ge ol.u.yor, bu yzden ev-e dn-se-ek iyi ol-ur.
It is getting late, so we had better go back home.
Kz karde-in ev dev-i-/n/i yap-.yor, bu yzden televizyon-u kapat-sa-an iyi ol-ur.
Your sister is doing her homework; therefore, you had better turn off the TV.
SO THAT
SUCH THAT
Such result clauses are formed by an o kadar + adjective (adverb)-[time]

+ ki + simple sentence structure in Turkish as it is used in English.
Sorular o kadar g-t
subject
ki sadece birka renci cevap ver-e.bil-di
adverbial subj comp conj

deficient predicate
adv
adjective
subject
noun
|
|
indef object
verb
predicate
The questions were so difficult that only few students were able to answer.
subject
deficient predicate
conj
adv
adj
noun
subject
verb subject complement

predicate
Yk o kadar ar-d ki iki at bile araba-/y/ ek-e.me-di.

(yk / o*ka*dar / a*r*d / ki / i*ki / at / bi*le / a*ra*ba*y / e*ke*me*di )
The load was so heavy that even two horses could not pull the cart.
O kadar hzl konu-ur ki onu anla-/y/a.maz-sn.
(o*ka*dar / hz*l / ko*nu*ur / ki / o*nu / an*l*ya*maz*sn )
She speaks so fast that you cant understand her.
Otobs ofr- o kadar hzl sr-.yor-du ki tm yolcu-lar kork-tu.
(o*to*bs / o*f*r / o*ka*dar / hz*l / s*r*yor*du / ki ~/ tm / yol*cu*lar /
kork*tu )
The bus driver was driving so fast that all the passengers were frightened.
36

Sokak-lar o kadar kaygan ki kay-p d-e.bil-ir-sin.
(so*kak*lar / o*ka*dar / kay*gan / ki ~/ ka*yp / d*e*bi*lir*sin )
The streets are so slippery that you may slip and fall down.
Oda o kadar karanlk-t ki bir-i-bir-ler-i-/n/i gr-e.me-di-ler.
(o*da / o*ka*dar / ka*ran*lk*t / ki ~/ bi*ri*bir*le*ri*ni / g*re*me*di*ler )
The room was so dark that they couldnt see each other.
If a modifier", such as in an interesting book, is used as a predicate with
the intensifier ok in a simple sentence, such as kitap ok ilgin-ti, this
intensifier changes into adverbial o kadar implying that a main close will
be following the subordinate clause beginning with the ki conjunction:
o kadar + adjective + noun - [time] + ki

ok ilgin bir kitap-t. o kadar ilgin bir kitap-t
O kadar ilgin bir kitap-t ki onu bir gn-de bitir-di-im.
(o*ka*dar / il*in / bir / ki*tap*t / ki ~/ o*nu / bir / gn*de / bi*tir*dim )
It was such an interesting book that I finished it in a day.
Arkadalar-m ok hzl kouyordu. arkada-lar-m o kadar hz-l ko-u.yor-du
Arkada-lar-m o kadar hz-l ko-u.yor-du ki onlar-a yeti-e.me-di-im.
My friends were running so fast that I couldnt catch up with them.
O kadar kalabalk bir otobs-t ki bin-e.me-di-im.
(o / ka*dar / ka*la*ba*lk / bir / o*to*bs*t / ki~ / bi*ne*me*dim )
It was such a crowded bus that I couldnt get on.
O kadar ok kitap- var-d ki hangi-/s/i-/n/i oku-/y/a.cak--/n/a karar vere.me-i.yor-du.
(o / ka*dar / ok / ki*ta*b / var*d / ki~ / han*gi*si*ni / o*ku*ya*ca**na /
ka*rar / ve*re*mi*yor*du )
He had such a lot of books that he couldnt decide which one to read.
O kadar uzun sa-lar- var-d ki herkes onu kz san-.yor-du.
(o / ka*dar / u*zun / sa*la*r / var*d / ki / her*kes / o*nu / kz /
sa*n*yor*du )
He had such long hair that everybody thought he was a girl.
yle (o kadar) g-l bir rzgr var-d ki futbol oyna-/y/a.ma-d-k.
(y*le / g*l / bir / rz*gr / var*d / ki ~/ fut*bol / oy*n*ya*ma*dk )
There was such a strong wind that we couldnt play football.
37
too + adjective + to + verb and adjective + enough + to+ verb

To form a Turkish chain that can be used in place of the above first pattern,
verb-[mek, mak] + iin + ok + adjective-[time]-[pers] structure is used:
Ben basketbol oyna-mak iin
subj
ok yal-/y/m.
noun
infinitive
postp
|
|
postp adverbial phrs of reason intensifier subj comp
predicate
I am too old to play basketball. (The underlined infinities are adverbial.)

Kz-m araba sr-mek iin ok gen-ti.
(k*zm / a*ra*ba / sr*mek / i*in / ok / gen*ti )
My daughter was too young to drive.
Olum araba sr-mek iin ok yal ol-duk-um-u syle-.yor.
(o*lum ~ / a*ra*ba / sr*mek / i*in / ok / ya*l / ol*du*u*mu /
sy*l*yor)
My son says that I am too old to drive.
As an alternative to the sentences above oyna-/y/a.ma-/y/a.cak kadar,
sr-e.me-/y/e.cek kadar expressions may also be used:
Hava dar-/y/a k-a.ma-/y/a.cak kadar souk.
(ha*va / d*a*r / *ka*m*ya*cak / ka*dar / so*uk )
It is too cold to go out.
Sorular cevap ver-il-e.me-/y/e.cek kadar g.
(so*ru*lar / ce*vap / ve*ri*le*me*ye*cek / ka*dar / g )
The questions are too difficult to answer.
Sen ben-i anla-/y/a.ma-/y/a.cak kadar gen-sin.
(sen ~/ be*ni / an*la*ya*ma*ya*cak / ka*dar / gen*sin )
You are too young to understand me.
Bu araba satn al-n-a.ma-/y/a.cak kadar eski. (Liaison)
(bu / a*ra*ba / sa*t*na*l*na*ma*ya*cak / ka*dar / es*ki )
This car is too old to be bought (to buy).
al-ma-/y/a devam et-e.me-/y/e.cek kadar yorgun-um.
(a*l*ma*ya / de*vam / e*de*me*ye*cek / ka*dar / yor*gu*num )
I am too tired to go on work-ing. (Work-ing is the object of on)
When the verb is positive, verb-[e.cek, a.cak] + kadar + adjective
(adverb) + verb-[pers] composition is used in place of adjective +
enough + verb composition of the English language:
38

Soru-lar, hep-/s/i-/n/e cevap ver-e.cek kadar kolay-d.
(so*ru*lar / hep*si*ne / ce*vap / ve*re*cek / ka*dar / ko*lay*d )
The questions were easy enough to answer all of them.
Sen herey-i anla-/y/a.cak ya-ta-sn.
(sen / her*e*yi / an*la*ya*cak / ya*ta*sn )
You are old enough to understand everything.
Olum, basketbol oyna-/y/a.bil-e.cek kadar uzun boylu.
(o*lum / bas*ket*bol / oy*na*ya*bi*le*cek / ka*dar / u*zun / boy*lu )
My son is tall enough to play basketball.
Sen bu cmle-ler-i anla-/y/a.bil-e.cek kadar akll-sn.
(sen~ / bu / cm*le*le*ri / an*la*ya*bi*le*cek / ka*dar / a*kl*l*sn )
You are clever enough to understand these sentences.
DEGREE
COMPARATIVE DEGREE (COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY)
To compare something with another, at least two nominals should exist in a
sentence. These nominals may be nouns, pronouns, infinitives or noun
compounds. To add comparison to a sentence noun / noun - [den, dan,
ten, tan] + daha (az) + adjective (adverb) + verb structure is used.
Follow the example sentences:
(Ben) sen-den (daha) yal-/y/m.
subj
comparative adverbial
predicate
subj comp
am
subj
(Ben) sen-den (daha) hzl ko-ar-m. I

subj
predicate
verb
old-er
than you.
verb subj comp comparative adverbial

predicate
subj
run
verb
fast-er
than you.
comp adv comp adverbial

predicate
Trke ngilizce-den (daha) karmak-tr.

subject
comparative adverbial subj complement

predicate
Turkish is more complicated than English.

subject
verb
subject complement
predicate
Besides nouns and pronouns, noun compounds and infinitives can be

compared:
Otobs-le seyahat et-mek uak-la seyahat et-mek-ten ucuz-dur.
infinitive
subject
infinitive-ten =comparative adverbial subject comp

predicate
Travel-ing by bus is cheap-er than travel-ing by air.
39

Ben-im araba-am sen-in araba-an-dan (daha) iyi.
(be*nim / a*ra*bam / se*nin / a*ra*ban*dan / da*ha / i*yi )
My car is better than your car.
Ben-im ta-dk-m sen-in ta-dk-n-dan daha ar-d.
(be*nim / ta**d*m / se*nin / ta**d*n*dan / da*ha / a*r*d )
What I carried was heavier than what you carried (did).
Daha salk-l gr-n-.yor-sun.
(da*ha / sa*lk*l / g*r*n*yor*sun )
You look healthier (than you were before).
As the expression in parentheses is already in the minds of both the speaker
and the listener, it is not generally put into words. (Deletion)
(Sen) ben-den daha salk-l gr-n-.yor-sun.
(ben*den / da*ha / sa*lk*l / g*r*n*yor*sun )
You look healthier than I. (than I am healthy).
(Sen) bugn daha erken kalk-t-n.
(bu*gn / da*ha / er*ken / kalk*tn )
You got up earlier today. (than before).
Kz karde-in sen-den daha ok al-.yor.
(kz*kar*de*in / sen*den / da*ha / ok / a*l**yor )
Your sister works harder than you. (than you work).
Biz-im rn-ler-im.iz ithl rn-ler-den daha ucuz-dur.
(bi*zim / *rn*le*ri*miz / it*h:l / *rn*ler*den / da*ha / u*cuz*dur )
Our products are cheaper than imported ones.
Bekle-dik-im-den daha abuk ren-i.yor-sun.
(bek*le*di*im*den / da*ha / a*buk / *re*ni*yor*sun )
You are learning faster than I expected.
(Sen) gr-n-dk-n-den daha akll-sn.
(sen / g*rn*d*n*den / da*ha / a*kl*l*sn )
You are cleverer than you look.
Film-i um-duk-um-dan daha ilgin bul-du-um.
(fil*mi / um*du*um*dan / da*ha / il*gin / bul*dum )
I found the film more interesting than I expected.
40

Bu marka ayakkab-lar teki-ler-den daha az dayankl-dr.
(bu / mar*ka / a*yak*ka*b*lar / *te*ki*ler*den / da*ha / az / da*ya*nk*l*dr)
This brand of shoes is less durable than those.
Ben-im araba-am sen-in-ki/n/-den daha az konforlu.
(be*nim / a*ra*bam / se*nin*kin*den / da*ha / az / kon*for*lu )
My car is less comfortable than yours.
Kendi-/s/i-/n/i herkes-ten daha akll san-.yor.
(ken*di*si*ni / her*kes*ten / da*ha / a*kl*l / sa*n*yor )
She thinks herself to be cleverer than everybody.
Kz-lar erkek ocuk-lar-dan daha alkan-dr.
(kz*lar / er*kek / o*cuk*lar*dan / da*ha / a*l*kan*dr )
Girls are more hardworking than boys.
Sen ben-den daha az akll deil-sin.
(sen / ben*den / da*ha / az / a*kl*l / de*il*sin )
You are not less clever then me (I am).
Ucuz rn-ler pahal rn-ler-den daha az dayankl-dr.
(u*cuz / *rn*ler / pa*ha*l / *rn*ler*den / da*ha / az / da*ya*nk*l*dr )
Inexpensive products are less durable than the expensive ones.
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
The superlative degree of an adjective or an adverb is made by putting the
intensifier adverb en before an adjective or an adverb:
Ben-im araba-am ehir-de-ki en ekonomik araba-dr.
(be*nim / a*ra*bam / e*hir*de*ki / en / e*ko*no*mik / a*ra*ba*dr )
My car is the most economical car in town.
Fatma dnya/n/n en gzel kadn--dr.
(fat*ma / dn*ya:*nn / en / g*zel / ka*d*n*dr )
Fatma is the most beautiful woman of the world.
ita dnya-da-ki en hzl hayvan-dr.
(i*ta / dn*ya:*da*ki / en / hz*l / hay*van*dr )
The cheetah is the swiftest animal in the world.
ita en hz-l ko-ar.
(i*ta / en / hz*l / ko*ar )
The cheetah runs the swiftest.
41

(Ben-im) kar-m hep en iyi-/s/i-/n/i se-er.
(ka*rm / hep / en / i*yi*si*ni / se*er )
My wife always chooses the best.
Jack okul-da-ki en yakkl ocuk-tur.
(jack / o*kul*da*ki / en / ya*k*k*l / o*cuk*tur )
Jack is the most handsome boy in school.
Ocak, Trkiyede yl-n en souk ay--dr.
(o*cak / tr*ki*ye*de / y*ln / en / so*uk / a*y*dr )
January is the coldest month of the year in Turkey.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EQUALITY

All intensifiers are adverbs that intensify or weaken modifiers or adverbs.
To build up an adjectival or adverbial equality, nominal phrase + nominal
phrase + kadar + adverb (adjective) + verb chain is used. Consider the
following sentences:
Kar-m
ok
hzl
subject
intensifier
adverb
predicate
Bir kedi
subject
bir kpek
yz-e.bil-ir. My wife can swim very fast.
kadar
verb
subject
hzl
verb
intens adv
predicate
ko-a.bil-ir.
noun
postp
|
postp phrs of comparison adv
predicate
|
verb
A cat can run as fast as a dog.

Kar-m ben-im (yz-dk-m) kadar hzl yz-e.bil-ir.
subject
noun compound
postp
postp phrase of comparison
predicate
|
adverb
|
verb
My wife can swim as fast as I can (swim).

Jack kz karde-i kadar
subj
noun comp
postp
postp phrs of comparison
predicate
akll-dr.
|
verb
Jack is as clever as her sister.

(Ben) (sen-in) san-dk-n kadar akll deil-im. (san*d*n)
subj
noun compound
postp
|
postp adv phrs of comparison subj comp
predicate
I am not so (as) clever as you think.
42
|
verb

Bir Jeep kullan-mak normal bir araba kullan-mak kadar ekonomik deil.
Driv-ing a Jeep is not as economical as driv-ing an ordinary car.
Bir masal kitap- oku-mak bir ansiklopedi oku-mak kadar retici deil-dir.
Read-ing a storybook is not as instructive as read-ing an encyclopedia.
(Sen) soru-lar-a (sen-in) el-in-den gel-dik-i kadar dikkat-li cevap ver-me.li-sin.
You must answer the questions as carefully as you can. (gel*di*i)

Araba-an- baba-an kadar dikkat-li sr-me.li-sin.
(a*ra*ba*n / ba*ban / ka*dar / dik*kat*li / sr*me*li*sin )
You must drive your car as carefully as your father does.
O
subj
bir katr kadar (gibi) inat-dr. He is as obstinate as a mule.

noun
postp
|
postp adv phrs of compr subj complement
predicate
Hava dn-k (hava) kadar souk deil.

(ha*va / dn*k / ka*dar / so*uk / de*il )
It is not as cold as it was yesterday.
Kz ocuklar, erkek ocuklar-dan daha fazla anne ve babalarna dkn-dr.
Daughters are more devoted to their parents than sons.
PARALLEL PROPORTION (KOUT UYUM)

A parallel proportion can be built up using the following sentence structure:
ne + kadar + adverb (adjective) + verb -[ir, r, r, ur, er, ar]-[se, sa][pers] o + kadar + adverb (adjective) + verb
Compare and consider the following sentences:
(Sen) ne kadar erken kalk-ar-sa-an, o kadar
subject
intensifier
adverb
verb
adverbial phrase of condition
predicate
iyi (ol-ur)
|
|
intensifier subj complement
Ne kadar erken kalk-ar-sa-an o kadar iyi ol-ur.

(ne*ka*dar / er*ken / kal*kar*san / o / ka*dar / i*yi / o*lur)
The earlier you get up, the better.
43

nsan-lar ne kadar kolay yksel-ir-ler-se, o kadar kt d-er-ler.
(in*san*lar / ne / ka*dar / ko*lay / yk*se*lir*ler*se / o / ka*dar / k*t /
d*er*ler ) The easier they (the people) rise, the harder they fall.
Ne kadar ok al-r-sa-an, o kadar iyi sonu-lar al-r-sn.
(ne / ka*dar / ok / a*l*r*san ~/o/ ka*dar / i*yi / so*nu*lar / a*lr*sn )
The harder you work, the better results you (will) get.
Ne kadar erken yol-a kar-lar-sa o kadar erken var-r-lar.
(ne / ka*dar / er*ken / yo*la / *kar*lar*sa / o*ka*dar / er*ken / va*rr*lar )
The earlier they leave, the sooner they will arrive.
Telefon-la ne kadar uzun konu-ur-sa-an, o kadar fazla de-mek zorunda kal-r-sn. The longer you talk on the telephone, the more you will
have to pay.
Ne kadar hesap-l ol-ur-sa, o kadar iyi ol-ur.
(ne / ka*dar / he*sap*l / o*lur*sa / o / ka*dar / i*yi / o*lur )
The more economical, the better.
Ne kadar yetki, o kadar sorumlu-luk.
(ne / ka*dar / yet*ki / o / ka*dar / so*rum*lu*luk )
The more authority, the more responsibility.
Ne kadar az yer-se-en, o kadar iyi.
(ne / ka*dar / az / yer*sen / o / ka*dar / i*yi )
The less you eat, the better.
WISH
WISH + WOULD
The expression above is used when a speaker wishes something to happen,
or when he is complaining about the present situation. I wish is generally
translated into Turkish as keke = I wish, which may sometimes be
misleading when it is used with would. In Turkish, this sort of expression is
called dilek kipi, which means, wish mood". The structure of this
expression is as follows:
verb-([me, ma])-[se, sa]-[pers] or verb-[e.bil, a.bil]-[se,sa]-[pers]
Compare and consider the following sentences:
u adam eki grlt-/s/-/n/ bir durdur-sa!
(u / a*dam / e*ki / g*rl*t*s*n / bir / dur*dur*sa~)
I wish that man would stop hammer-ing.
44

Biri-/s/i u televizyon-un ses-i-/n/i bir ks-sa!
(bi*ri*si / u / te*le*viz*yo*nun / se*si*ni / bir / ks*sa~)
I wish someone would turn down that TV.
Biri-/s/i u telefon-a cevap ver-se!
(bi*ri*si / u / te*le*fo*na / ce*vap / ver*se~)
I wish someone would answer this telephone call.
Bir-i -/n/iz bana yardm et-se! Nasl ol-ur?
(bi*ri*niz / ba*na / yar*dm / et*se~ / nasl / o*lur)
I wish one of you would help me.
u sigara-/y/ bir brak-a.bil-se-em!
(u / si*ga*ra*y / bir / b*ra*ka*bil*sem~)
I wish I could stop smok-ing.
Araba-/y/ bu kadar hzl sr-me-se-en; ol-maz m?
(a*ra*ba*y / bu / ka*dar / hz*l / sr*me*sen / ol*maz / m )
I wish you wouldnt drive the car so fast. Wouldnt you?
nsanlar keke piknik-e git-in.ce etraf-a p at-ma-sa-lar.
(in*san*lar / ke*ke / pik*ni*e / gi*din*ce / et*ra:*fa / p / at*ma*sa*lar )
I wish people wouldnt throw litter all around when they go for a picnic.
nallah uak ge kal-maz!
(in*al*lah / u*ak / ge / kal*maz)
I wish (hope) the plane wouldnt be late!
WISH + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

People use wish and past tense in English when they regret something at
present. In place of wish, Turkish people use keke and verb [se/y/-di],
[sa/y/-d]-[pers] verb chain. This chain is also used when somebody is sorry
about a past fact or event:
Keke daha gen ol-sa-/y/d-m.
(ke*ke / da*ha / gen / ol*say*dm )
I wish I were younger. (But I am not young.)
Keke sen-in yer-in-de ol-sa/y/-d-m.
(ke*ke / se*nin / ye*rin*de / ol*say*dm )
I wish I were you.
45

Keke herey o kadar kolay ol-sa/y/-d.
(ke*ke / her*ey / o*ka*dar / ko*lay / ol*say*d )
I wish everything were (was) so easy. (They arent so easy.)
Keke btn gn hava gne-li ol-sa/y/-d.
(ke*ke / b*tn / gn / ha*va / g*ne*li / ol*say*d )
I wish it were sunny all day long. (Unfortunately, it isnt.)
Jack daha yakkl ol-ma-/y/ arzu et-er-di.
(jack / da*ha / ya*k*k*l / ol*ma*y / ar*zu / e*der*di )
Jack wishes he were (was) more handsome. (But he isnt.)
pek mas-mavi gz-ler-i ol-ma-/s/-/n/ arzu et-er-di.
(i*pek / mas*ma:*vi / gz*le*ri / ol*ma*s*n / ar*zu / e*der*di )
pek wishes she had deep blue eyes.
Herkes zengin ol-ma-/y/ arzu et-er. (e*der)
Everybody wishes they were wealthy. (But they aren't.)
Keke kar-m bu kadar inat ol-ma-sa.
(ke*ke / ka*rm / bu / ka*dar / i*nat* / ol*ma*sa )
I wish my wife werent (wasnt) so obstinate. (But she is.)
Keke sana yardm et-e.bil-se/y/-di-im.
(ke*ke / sa*na / yar*dm / e*de*bil*sey*dim )
I wish I could help you. (Unfortunately I cant.)
Keke yarn okul-a git-mek zorunda ol-ma-sa/y/-d-m.
(ke*ke / ya*rn / o*ku*la / git*mek / zo*run*da / ol*ma*say*dm )
I wish I wouldnt have to go to school tomorrow. (But I will have to go.)
Keke bir spor araba-am ol-sa/y/-d.
(ke*ke / bir / spor / a*ra*bam / ol*say*d )
I wish I had a sports car. (But I dont have.)
Daha byk bir ev-im ol-ma-/s/-/n/ arzu et-er-di-im.
(da*ha / b*yk / bir / e*vim / ol*ma*s*n / ar*zu / e*der*dim )
I wished I had a larger house.
Yabanc bir dil ren-mek keke daha kolay ol-sa/y/-d.
(ya*ban*c / bir / dil / *ren*mek / ke*ke / da*ha / ko*lay / ol*say*d )
I wish learn-ing a second language were (was) easier.
46

Keke retmen-ler daha dost davran-l ol-sa-lar-d.
(ke*ke / *ret*men*ler / da*ha / dost / dav*ra*n*l / ol*sa*lar*d )
I wish teachers were more friendly.
WISH + PAST PERFECT OR PERFECT MODAL

In Turkish, the present, the future, and the past wish concepts are all
reflected into sentences by using the previous verb chain. However, when
somebody is sorry about a past fact or event, The Past Perfect Tense or a
Perfect Modal is used in English:
Keke geen pazar konser-e git-se/y/-di-im.
(ke*ke / ge*en / pa*zar / kon*se*re / git*sey*dim )
I wish I had gone to the concert last Sunday. (I wished, but I couldnt.)
Keke dn soru-lar-a daha dikkatli cevap ver-se/y/-di-im.
(ke*ke / dn / so*ru*la*ra / da*ha / dik*kat*li / ce*vap / ver*sey*dim )
I wish I had answered the questions more carefully.
(I regret to say that I didnt answer the questions carefully.)
Keke o spor arabay satn al-a-bil-se/y/-di-im. (Liaison)
(ke*ke / o / spor / a*ra*ba*y / sa*t*na*la*bil*sey*dim )
I wish I could have bought that sports car.
Keke dn ma- kazan-a.bil-se/y/-di-ik.
(ke*ke / dn / ma* / ka*za*na*bil*sey*dik )
I wish we could have won the game yesterday.
Keke onu geen hafta bitir-e.bil-se/y/-di-im.
(ke*ke / o*nu / ge*en / haf*ta / bi*ti*re*bil*sey*dim )
I wish I could have finished it last week.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are two parts in a conditional sentence: if clause and the main
clause. In an if clause, the supposition is either real or unreal. These
real and unreal suppositions in Turkish are also classified according to their
times:
1 (a): present real supposition. 1(b): present unreal supposition. 2 (a):
past real supposition. 2 (b): past unreal supposition.
47

1 (a): If the supposition is real at present, verb-[ir, r, r, ur, er, ar][se, sa]-[pers] verb composition is used in the condition part, and The
Simple Present (Geni Zaman) is used in the result part of a conditional
sentence.
1 (b): If the supposition is unreal at present, verb-[se,sa]-[pers]
verb structure is used in the condition part, and used to (Geni Zamann
Hikyesi) is used in the result part of a conditional sentence.
2 (a): If the supposition is real in the past, verb-[di/y/, d/y/, d/y/,
du/y/, ti/y/, t/y/, t/y/, tu/y/]-[se, sa]-[pers] is used in the condition part,
and verb-[mi, m, m, mu]-[tir, tr, tr, tur] verb composition is used
in the result part of a conditional sentence.
2 (b): If the supposition is unreal in the past, verb-[se/y/, sa/y/]-[di, d][pers] verb structure is used in the condition part, and used to (imdiki
Zamann Hikyesi) is used in the result part of a conditional sentence.
1 (a): PRESENT REAL SUPPOSITION

In the if parts, and in the result parts of conditional sentences in Turkish,
there may be two personal concepts. One of them is in the beginning as a
pronoun, and the other one in the end as a personal allomorph such as:
(Sen) al-r-sa-an, and (sen) baar-r-sn
In the example sentences, the pronouns are generally omitted because the
personal allomorphs at the ends of both the condition parts and the main
clause parts are enough to express these pronouns. The personal
allomorphs attached to the condition parts are written in blue, the personal
allomorphs attached to the main clause parts are also written in blue.
(Sen) al-r-sa-an / (sen) baar-r-sn.
This conditional sentence is like the English sentence If you work, you
succeed. In the first part, sen means you, the [sa] allomorph means if.
The [ir] allomorph is The Simple Present allomorph, and the [an] allomorph
also means sen. In the result part of this conditional sentence, as in the
condition part, there are two you concepts: you and [sn], which mean the
same thing. Therefore, the personal pronouns in the beginnings of the two
parts of a conditional sentence may be ignored unless they are intentionally
stressed.
48

(Sen) al-r-sa-an (sen) baar-r-sn.
(a*l*r*san / ba*a*rr*sn ) If you work, you succeed.
The same rule is applied to all conditional sentences in Turkish. Clauses
like English clauses are used only in conditional sentences in Turkish.
Ben al-r-sa-am ben baar-r-m. (a*l*r*sam / ba*a*r*rm )
Sen al-r-sa-an sen baar-r-sn. (a*l*r*san / ba*a*rr*sn )
O al-r-sa o baar-r. (a*l*r*sa / ba*a*rr )
Ahmet al-r-sa Ahmet baar-r. (ah*met / a*l*r*sa / ba*a*rr )
Biz al-r-sa-ak biz baar-r-z. (a*l*r*sak / ba*a*r*rz )
Siz al-r-sa-an.z siz baar-r-sn.z. (a*l*r*sa*nz / ba*a*rr*s*nz )
Onlar al-r-lar-sa onlar baar-r-lar. (a*l*r*lar*sa / ba*a*rr*lar )
However, the English equivalents of the conditional sentences above are as
follows:
I will succeed if I work.
You will succeed if you work.
He will succeed if he works, etc.
Follow the examplas:
(Biz) yamur ya-ar-sa (biz) ev-de
subj
adverb clause of cond
otur-ur-uz.
subj adverbial verb-personal subj

predicate
(ya*mur / ya*ar*sa ~ / ev*de / o*tu*ru*ruz )

If it rains, we will stay at home. We will stay at home if it rains.
al-r-sa-an snav- ge-er-sin.
(a*l*r*san ~ / s*na*v / ge*er*sin )
If you study, you will pass the exam.
ok al-r-sa-an baar-a-bil-ir-sin.
(ok / a*l*r*san ~ / ba*a*ra*bi*lir*sin )
If you work hard, you can succeed.
Onu dr-r-se-en kr-l-r. (Krl-r means o krlr)
(o*nu / d**rr*sen ~ / k*r*lr )
If you drop it, it will break.
Onu tekrar yap-ar-sa-an tokat- yer-sin.
(o*nu / tek*rar / ya*par*san ~ / to*ka*d / yer*sin )
If you do that again, I will slap you.
49

Bulak-lar- yka-ar-sa-an sana ev dev-i/n/-de yardm et-er-im.
(bu*la*k*la*r / y*kar*san ~/ sa*na / ev / *de*vin*de / yar*dm / e*de*rim)
If you wash the dishes, I will help you with your homework.
Dikkat-li sr-er-se-en kaza yap-maz-sn.
(dik*kat*li / s*rer*sen~ / ka*za: / yap*maz*sn )
If you drive carefully, you wont have an accident.
Hazr-sa-an dar-/y/a k-a-bil-ir-iz.
(ha*zr*san~ / d*a*r / *ka*bi*li*riz )
We can go out if you are ready.
Seyret-me-i.yor-sa-an televizyon-u kapat.
(sey*ret*mi*yor*san ~/ te*le*viz*yo*nu / ka*pat )
Turn it off if you are not watching television.
Gel-ir-ler-se memnun ol-ur-uz.
(ge*lir*ler*se ~/ mem*nun / o*lu*ruz )
We will be happy if they come.
(In the third person plural [se] and [ler] allomorphs change places.)
Bu dme-/y/e bas-ar-sa-an asansr aa-/y/a gel-ir.
(bu / d*me*ye / ba*sar*san ~ / a*san*sr / a*a* / ge*lir )
If you press this button, the elevator will come down.
retmen bana bak-ar-sa onun bana bir soru sor-a.cak--/n/ tahmin et-er-im.
(*ret*men / ba*na / ba*kar*sa~ / o*nun / ba*na / bir / so*ru / so*ra*ca**n / tah*min / e*de*rim )
If the teacher looks at me, I can guess that he is going to ask me a
question.
Sokak-lar slak-sa dn gece yamur ya-m-tr.

(so*kak*lar / s*lak*sa ~/ dn / ge*ce / ya*mur / ya*m*tr )
If the streets are wet, it must have rained last night.
(Im sure it rained last night becase the streets are wet.)
(Sen) (kendin-i) yorgun hisset-i.yor-sa-an, dn gece ge yat-m-sn-dr.
(yor*gun / his*se*di*yor*san~ / dn / ge*ce / ge / yat*m*sn*dr )

If you feel tired, you must have gone to bed late last night.
(I am sure you went to bed late, that is why you are tired now.)
Biraz ngilizce bil-i.yor-sa-an, bu cmle-ler-i anla-m-sn-dr.
(bi*raz / in*gi*liz*ce / bi*li*yor*san ~/ bu / cm*le*le*ri / an*la*m*sn*dr )
If you know some English, you must have understood these sentences.
50

In English, there are some conditional sentences whose both parts are
simple Present Tense. These sentences are formed in Turkish as follows:
(Sen) buz-u st-r-sa-an (buz) su-/y/a dn-r.
(bu*zu / *s*tr*san / su*ya / d*n*r )
If you heat ice, it turns to water.
A-sa-ak birsey yer-iz.
(a*sak / bir*sey / ye*riz )
If we are hungry, we eat something.
Yourul-ur-sa-ak dinlen-ir-iz.
(yo*ru*lur*sak / din*le*ni*riz )
If we get tired, we rest.
1 (b): PRESENT UNREAL (CONTRARY TO FACT) SUPPOSITION

In the present unreal supposition, the verb-[se, sa]-[pers] verb chain is
used in the condition part, and "used to" (imdiki zaman'n hikyesi) is
used in the second part of a conditional sentence:
Ev-de ol-sa-am kap-/y/ a-ar-d - m.
adv clause of cond def object
verb
|
predicate
subject
(ev*de / ol*sam / ka*p*y / a*ar*dm )

If I were at home, I would open the door.
Cevap- bil-se-em sana syle-er-di-im.
(ce*va:*b / bil*sem /sa*na / sy*ler*dim )
If I knew the answer, I would tell you. (I don't know the answer.)
Sen-in yer-in-de ol-sa-am byle davran-maz-d-m.
(se*nin / ye*rin*de / ol*sam / by*le / dav*ran*maz*dm )
If I were you, I wouldnt behave like that. (Advice)
Yap-a.cak bir sr i-im ol-ma-sa sen-in-le dar-/y/a k-ar-d-m.
(ya*pa*cak / bir*s*r / i*im / ol*ma*sa / se*nin*le / d*a*r / *kar*dm)
If I didnt have a lot of things to do, I would go out with you.
(Sorry, I have a lot of things to do.)
Baba-an-n yer-i/n/-de ol-sa-am, (ben) (sen-in) araba kullan-ma-an-a izin
ver-mez-di-im. (ba*ba*nn / ye*rin*de / ol*sam / a*ra*ba / kul*lan*ma*na /
i*zin / ver*mez*dim) If I were your father, I wouldnt let you drive.
51

The present unreal suppositions can also be used to express future
disappointment:
Yarn tatil ol-sa piknik-e git-er-di-ik.
(ya*rn / ta:*til / ol*sa / pik*ni*e / gi*der*dik )
If tomorrow were a holiday, we would go for a picnic.
2 (a): PAST REAL SUPPOSITION

In the past real supposition, the if clause is supposed to be true and the
main clause is based on this true supposition. The structure of this type if
clause is verb-[di/y/, d/y/, d/y/, du/y/, ti/y/, t/y/, t/y/, tu/y/]-[se, sa][pers]. The main clause is in The Simple Past form:
(Sen) Parise git-ti/y/-se-en (sen) Eyfel Kulesi/n/i gr-d - n.
adverb clause of condition
definite object
verb
subject
predicate
If we want to add certainty to the result part of the conditional sentence

above, ve use verb-[m]-[pers]-[tr, tur] verb composition:
Parise git-ti/y/-se, Eyfel Kulesi/n/i gr-m-tr. (The third person he)
(pa*ri*se / git*tiy*se / ey*fel / ku*le*si*ni / gr*m*tr )
If he went to Paris, he must have seen the Eiffel Tower.
(I think he went to Paris, and certainly he saw The Eiffel Tower.)
Note: If no personal allomorphs are used in the condition or the result
parts of the conditional sentences, they are the third person singular.
Yeter-in.ce ok al-t/y/-sa, baar-m-tr.
(ye*te*rin*ce / a*l*ty*sa / ba*ar*m*tr )
If he worked hard enough, he must have succeeded.
(I believe he worked hard enough, and consequently he succeeded.)
Syle-dik-ler-i doru idi/y/-se, cezalandr-l-m ol.a.maz-lar.
(sy*le*dik*le*ri / do*ru / i*diy*se / ce*za:*lan*d*rl*m / o*la*maz*lar )
If what they said was true, they cant have been punished.
Kafes-i ak brak-t/y/-sa-an, ku u-up git-mi-tir.
(ka*fe*si / a*k / b*rak*ty*san / ku / u*up / git*mi*tir )
If you left the cage open, the bird must have flown away.
-i-/n/i bitir-di/y/-se ev-e git-mi-tir. (Third person singular he)
(i*i*ni / bi*tir*diy*se / e*ve / git*mi*tir )
If he finished his work, he must have gone home.
52

Araba-/s/ var-sa Bodrum-a git-mi-tir.
(a*ra*ba*s / var*sa / bod*du*ma / git*mi*tir )
If he had a car, he must have gone to Bodrum.
2 (b): PAST UNREAL (CONTRARY TO FACT) SUPPOSITION

To form an unreal past supposition, verb-[se/y/-di, sa/y/-d]-[pers] verb
chain is used in the if part of a conditional sentence, and the (imdiki Zaman'n Hikyesi) used to is used in the second part of it. Compare the
following:
al-sa/y/-d-n snav- ge-er-di - in
adv clause of cond
def object
predicate
verb
|
subject
If you had studied, you wold have passed the examnation.

(You did not study, so you did not pass the examination.)
Yarn tatil ol-sa sinema-/y/a git-er-di-ik.
(ya*rn / ta:*til / ol*sa / si*ne*ma*ya / gi*der*dik )
If tomorrow were a holiday, we would go to the cinema. (Unreal)
Bugn tatil ol-sa sinema-/y/a git-er-di-ik.
(bu*gn / ta:*til /ol*sa / si*ne*ma*ya / gi*der*dik )
If today were a holiday, we would go to the cinema. (Unreal)
Dn tatil ol-sa/y/-d sinema-/y/a git-er-di-ik.
(dn / ta:*til / ol*say*d~ / si*ne*ma*ya / gi*der*dik ) (Unreal)
If yesterday had been a holiday, we would have gone to the cinema.
(Yesterday was not a holiday, so we didnt go.)
Dn onu gr-se/y/-di-im, onun-la konu-ur-du-um.
(dn / o*nu / gr*sey*dim / o*nun*la / ko*nu*ur*dum )
If I had seen him yesterday, I would have talked to him.
(I didnt see him, so I didnt talk to him.)
Kafes-i ak brak-ma-sa/y/-d-n, ku u-up git-mez-di.
(ka*fe*si / a*k / b*rak*ma*say*dn / ku / u*up / git*mez*di )
If you hadnt left the cage open, the bird wouldnt have flown away.
(You left the cage open, so the bird flew away.)
Birka tane daha problem z-se/y/-di-im, daha iyi bir not al-r-d-m.
(bir*ka / ta:*ne / da*ha / prob*lem / z*sey*dim / da*ha / i*yi / bir / not /
a*lr*dm )
If I had solved a few more problems, I would have got a better grade.
(I couldnt solve some more problems, and so I couldnt get a better grade.)
53

abucak dur-ma-sa/y/-d-m, adam fena halde yara-lan-a.bil-ir-di.
(a*bu*cak / dur*ma*say*dm / a*dam / fe*na: / hal*de / ya*ra*la*na*bi*lir*di )
If I hadnt stopped suddenly, the man might have been badly injured.
Biz-im kaleci daha dikkat-li oyna-sa/y/-d, ma- kaybet-mez-di-ik.
(bi*zim / ka*le*ci / da*ha / dik*kat*li / oy*na*say*d ~ / ma* /
kay*bet*mez*dik )
If our goalkeeper had played more carefully, we wouldnt have lost the
match. (I regret to say that we lost it.)
O araba o kadar pahal ol-ma-sa/y/-d, onu (satn) al-r-d-m.
(o / a*ra*ba / o / ka*dar / pa*ha*l / ol*ma*say*d / o*nu / a*lr*dm )
If that car hadnt been so expensive, I would have bought it.
svirede o kadar ok saanak-a yakalan-ma-sa/y/-d-k, muhteem
manzara-/n/n zevk--/n/e var-r-d-k.
(is*vi*re*de / o / ka*dar / ok / sa*a*na*a / ya*ka*lan*ma*say*dk /
muh*te*em / man*za*ra*nn / zev*k*ne / va*rr*dk )
If we hadnt had so many thunderstorms in Switzerland, we would have
enjoyed the wonderful scenery.
ste-se/y/-di gel-ir-di.
(is*te*sey*di / ge*lir*di )
If he had wanted, he would have come.
Sometimes the if part of a conditional sentence may begin with an unreal
past supposition, but the main clause ends with an unreal present tense:
Dn bitir-se/y/-di-in, bugn onlar- postala-/y/a-bil-ir-di-ik.
(dn / bi*tir*sey*din / bu*gn / on*la*r / pos*ta*la*ya*bi*lir*dik )
If you had finished yesterday, we could post them today.
Yksel Gknel
54

English Adverbial Clauses and Turkish Adverbial Phrases-Signed

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ENGLISH ADVERBIAL

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

The green underlines indicate either English adverbial clauses

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

(Ben) ev-e git-e.cek-im + nce ben ev-e git-me-den nce

I will go home + before before I go home

(ben / e*v*de*vi*mi / o*ku*la / gel*me*den / n*ce / yap*m*tm )

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

(Ben) istasyon-a var-d-m + nce "ben istasyon-a var-ma-dan + nce"

noun + infinitive compound-dan

Ben istasyon-a var-ma-dan (nce) tren git-mi-ti.

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ev dev-i-/n/i yap-tk-tan sonra yat-t.

definite obj of yap infinitive-tan postp

He went to bed after he had done (he did) his homework.

The boys will go out

after the bell rings.

prep phrs of cause

adverbial clause of time

Bitir-dik-ten sonra kompozisyon-um-u teslim et-ti-im.

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ben okul-a gel-in.ce

ben okul-a gel-ir-ken

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

sen durak-ta bekle-/y/in.ce

sen durak-ta bekle-er-ken

(noun comp-i) definite obj

(o*ku*la / gi*din*ce / *ret*me*ni*ni / g*re*cek*sin )

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

(Siz) susa-/y/n.ca (siz) ne i-er-sin.iz?

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

adverbial clause of time

Consider the example sentences below:

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

noun-[e, a] + kadar (dek)

postp phrs of time

prep phrs of time

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

They worked in the field until the sun rose

(Sen) yarn-a kadar bekle. (You) wait until tomorrow.

prep phrs of time

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

postp phrs of time definite obj

will have finished my work by tomorrow.

If a simple sentence is needed to be transformed, verb- [e.ne, a.na] +

postpositional phrase of time

(an*nem / e*ve / d*ne*ne / ka*dar / i*i*mi / bi*tir*mi / o*la*ca*m )

adverbial clause of time

Dn-n.ce-/y/e kadar may also be used as an alternative to the above

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND TURKISH ADVERBIAL PHRASES

subject def obj postp adverbial phrs of time

since last week. (Since is a preposition.)

object prep phrase of time

Saat dokuz-dan beri bekle-i.yor-um.

(Sen) (ben-im) sen-i gr-dk-m-den beri birsey yap-ma-d-n

(ben / evdevimi / okula / gelmeden / nce / yapm*tm )

(okula / gidince / retmenini / grecek*sin )

(annem / eve / dnene / kadar / iimi / bitirmi / olacam )

(gelecek / diye / bekle*dim)

(hi / yanllk / yapmasn / diye / onu / dikkatle / yaz*d )

(bir / soru / soracakm / gibi / gr*nyorsun )