Unit 1: Living things and their Environment

Module 1: The Circulatory and the Respiratory System

Topic: Parts and Functions of the Circulatory System
Concepts Learned:
Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart while veins carry
oxygenated blood to the heart.
Arteries have strong and thick walls
The major parts of the Circulatory System are Heart, Blood Vessels and

Circulating Fluids, not Heart, Blood Vessels and Blood.

Topic: The Blood

Concepts Learned:
The Lifespan of Red Blood Cells is 120 Days
Red Blood Cells are made in the red marrow of flat bones and long

bones.
There are 4,500,000 to 5,000,000 per cubic millimeter in blood
The Blood contains 45% of Blood Cells and 55% of Blood Plasma
The White Blood cells occurs in 2 groups (Phagocyte and Lymphocyte)
There are 5 to 10,000 cubic millimeter in blood
Blood Platelets are usually not cells, they are fragments from large
cells (Megakaryocytes)
The Lifespan of Blood Platelets is 3-5 Days only.
They play a very important role in the blood clotting.
They are the smallest blood cells
There are 20,000 to 500,000 cubic millimeter in blood
The clear yellowish part of the Blood Plasma is Serum
The Shape of Red Blood Cells is Disc-shaped not Round-shaped

Topic: The Heart

Concepts Learned:
The Heart pumps 10,000 liters of blood per day
Both Right and Left Atrium are the receiving chambers of the heart

while Both Right and Left Ventricle are the Pumping Chambers of the
Heart.
Left Ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart.
The Average rate of Heartbeat is about 70 times per minute.
There are usually 3 types of blood circulations (Systemic, Pulmonary
and Coronary Circulation).

Topic: The Blood Pressure

Concepts Learned:
The Normal Blood Pressure is 120 over 80.
Sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure Blood Pressure

Topic: The Blood Typing

Concepts Learned:
Karl Landsteiner is the discoverer of 2 antigens and 2 antibodies in the

human blood
Antibodies belong to the group of blood proteins called Globulins
Antigens are usually proteins/carbohydrates in nature.
Now I know what is my Blood Type (Page

Topic: The Parts and Functions of the Respiratory System

Concepts Learned:
The Nasal Cavities serves as filter to screen out dust particles in the air
Bronchioles are the responsible for delivering air to the respiratory

surface.

Topic: The Breathing Mechanism

Concepts Learned:
The normal rate of breathing is 12 to 18 times per minute.
The External Respiration is the movement of the oxygen from the air

sacs of the lungs to the blood.

The Internal Respiration is the transport of oxygen from the blood to
the cell.
The Flow of oxygen from the lungs to the cells is [ Air sacs of the lungs
> Tissue Fluid > Blood > Cells ] while the flow of carbon dioxide from
the cell to the lungs is [ Cells > Tissue Fluid > Blood > Air sacs of the
lungs ]

Topic: The Adaptation of Mans Respiratory System

Concepts Learned:
There are incomplete rings of the trachea
The fat and protein film living the inner walls of trachea
Pleura and lymph between the 2 layers

Topic: The Smokers Body

Concepts Learned:
There are 14 chemicals thats in the Cigarette (Formaldehyde ,

Butane , Hexamine , Cadmium , Carbon Monoxide , Paint , Stearic Acid

, Nicotine , Acetic Acid , Methanol , Toluene , Ammonia , Methane and
Arsenic)
The longer the person smokes, the greater the risk of developing 1 of
15 diseases
(Hair Loss , Cataracts , Wrinkling , Hearing Loss , Cancer , Tooth
Decay , Emphysema , Osteoporosis , Heart Disease , Stomach Ulcers ,
Discolored Fingers , Miscarriage , Deformed Sperm , Psoriasis and
Buergers Disease)
Every 6.5 seconds someone dies from tobacco use (by: WHO (World
Health Organization)
Smokers most likely to die 20 to 25 years earlier than those who dont.

Unit 1: Living things and their Environment

Module 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation
Topic: Chromosomes
Concepts Learned:

It contains an enormous number of genes

Its located outside the cell nucleus
It can be single or double stranded
Also known as the bearer of hereditary factor.

Topic: Genes
Concepts Learned:
Its a factor which controls the inheritance of a trait.
Responsible for the transmission of a trait from parents to offspring.
They are located inside the chromosomes.

Topic: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Concepts Learned:
James Watson and Francis Crick was the behind on the structure of

DNA. They describe the DNA as a double helix of repeating nucleotides

that are made up of sugar (Deoxyribose) , Nitrogenous Base and the
Phosphate group ( Purines : Adenine and Guanine / Pyrimidines :
Thymine and Cytosine)
DNA is located in the cell nucleus
When copying of DNA, it unwinds and unzips then once the molecule is
separated, it copies itself. The new strand of DNA has bases identical to
the original.

Topic: The Role of DNA in the transmission of traits

Concepts Learned:
Is to repair, transmit and to replicate the genetic code .

The DNA has the mold or template for each of the proteins thats
responsible for the processes and features manifested by an individual
in short, its phenotype.