[TYPE THE COMPANY NAME]

Organizational and Behaviors

Assignment 1

Ho Thi Thanh Van, GH12073

Contents
I.

Introduction..............................................................................................................................3

II.

The different approaches to management and leadership.....................................................3

1.

Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different...................................3

2.

Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations.............7

3.

the different approaches to management used by different organisations............................9

3.1.

Management roles.........................................................................................................9

3.2.

Functions.....................................................................................................................10

Bibliography..................................................................................................................................12

I.

Introduction
There are many elements that create to be a good leader. They are also important.
They maybe are trait, behavior, contingency, function and roles, etc. And it is said that
company need leaders who appropriate in the various situations, professions. If the
leaders do not have accordant properties, element, the company cannot have the best
operation. From the analysis of business essentials of organization and behavior, the
assignment will show how and why it is a good way for group leader Steve Jobs tends to
lead his group in a transactional way, while group leader Sam Walton leads his group in a
transformational style.
The assignment concludes two main ideas:
- Understand different approaches to management and leadership
- Understand the way of using motivational theories in organisations.
Before we will come to understand different approaches to management and

II.

leadership and compare their different style to know clearer about it.
The different approaches to management and leadership
1. Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in
different.
Transactional and transformational are two common leadership styles according to
Business Essentials of Organisation and Behavior (Media). The transactional style is
based on using disciplinary power and incentives of company to give followers
enforcements, emphasis to catch the best their operations. For example, it is from task,
outcomes, rewards and punishment, etc. On the other hand, transformational leadership is
different from the transactional leadership. Leader intends to build relationship and gives
follower motive by emotion, charismatic story, etc. The leader focuses on make follower
working in group rather than alone.
And the detailed comparison of transactional and transformational leader is given in
the table below:
Transactional leadership
Focus on short term
Solving problem

Transformational leadership
Build long-term vision
Make people solve their problems by

Focus on control mechanisms

Plan, organize and control

empowerment
Create a climate of trust
Train, coach, counsel and mentor people.
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Positional power exercised

Relationship and influencing people are the

cause of leaders power

From the analysis above, I think that using these two leadership styles in a service
orientated and technology orientated organizations would be different. We can see that
transactional leadership style would be more effective in the technology orientated
organization. And transformational leadership style would be more effective in the
service orientated organization. It is chosen so by following explanation:
Now we will come to find out the leadership style of two famous leaders: Steve jobs
and Sam Walton by comparing them on trait, behavior and contingency. Before exploring
their leadership styles, the overview of two leaders will be shown following.
Steve Jobs is a legendary leader in the world. He was known as a chairman, and
former CEO of Apple (Apple) A corporation that is about designs, develops, and sells
consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers
(Technology orientated organization).
And Sam Walton (March 29, 1918 April 5, 1992) was an American businessman
and entrepreneur best known for founding the retailers Wal-Mart and Sam's Club.
Steven Jobs used transactional leadership style while Sam Walton used
transformational leadership style. It can be analysised clearly following:
Firstly, trait of the leaders will be compared by big five model (J.M. Digman):
Steve Jobs

Sam Walton

Conscientiousness: Steven Jobs has

Extraversion: Sam Walton affects his

stressed that do not have to coddle

follower by inspiration, motivation, and

employees, on the contrary. He said that if

enthusiasm, and so did his team. He wake

having a good staff, it is necessary to create

up his employees by asking start their day

pressure in order to maximize performance

with a cheer: Give me a W, give me an A,

of his/her. Steve is not interested in the

give me an L, give me a squiggly, give me

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thoughts and feelings of subordinates. The

an M, give me an A, give me an R, and

importance to him is the end result can be

give me a T! Whats that spell? Wal-Mart!

achieved or not (Bungbu)

Whose Wal-Mart is it? My Wal-Mart!

Whos number one? The customer is
always! (McAfee, 2014)
Openness: He is

open

and

unconventional in his attitude towards

love

relationships

enjoys

socializing,

and romance.
bringing

He

people

together and having many friends of both

sexes. Sam Walton values friendship very
highly and in fact, he is more comfortable
being a friend than a lover. Sam desires
an intellectual rapport or spiritual bond
with his love partner, but deep intimacy
and emotional bonding do not come
easily to him. The traditional "husband"
and "wife" roles do not appeal to Walton,
and

he

abhors

jealousy

and

possessiveness since he feels that no

person truly "belongs" to another. Sam
Walton appreciates relationships in which
his love partner allows him plenty of
freedom and is not very emotionally
demanding.
Emotional: He enjoys
intensity

and

is

attracted

emotional
to

the

mysterious, the unknown, and dangerous

or challenging experiences that draw on
all of his inner resources. He is able to
handle an emotional crisis very well and
is interested in the underlying root of
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emotional problems and how to cure

them. Sam Walton insists on bringing
feelings between people out into the open,
for he craves real closeness and intimacy
in his relationships, without barriers or
secrets. (TopSynergy)

Secondly, behavior (A.Judge, 2012) of leadership style of Steven jobs and Sam
Walton also have differences.
Steven Jobs has behavior follow task-oriented leadership. As many people assess, it
is very necessary for a good leader to let his employees to contribute ideas or leadership
to listen and choose the best ideas. However, Steve has an absolute belief in the opinion
of himself. He controlled every aspect of a product. Steve is famous as a perfectionist,
and the final decision largely comes from his idea. Not only that, Steve has been alleged
stealing other people's ideas and claiming that is his own (Bungbu).
The opposite, Sam Walton has behavior follow people-oriented leadership. He
didnt just focus too much on his teams but he also came up with the ten commandments
of business. The commandments were committing to the goals, sharing the rewards
with others, energizing the colleagues and all employees, communicating lucidly and
sharing everything that one knows, valuing everyone around, celebrating success with all,
listening to everyone regardless of who they are, delivering more than what is being
promised, working harder but also smarter than everyone else and blazing ones own path
regardless of what one was doing (Adviseamerica).
Thirdly, we will be attentive in contingency (A.Judge, 2012) factors of leadership
styles of two leaders.
According to Fiedler (A.Judge, 2012), the ability to control the group situation is
crucial for a leader. And when in a difficult situation about performance and leadership
style, the company has two main options to move to adapt and have good result: Change
the situation and Change the leader. Yet almost companies choice to change the leader but
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not to choice change the situation. Because situation concludes a lot of elements such as
company, environment, staffs, employees, etc. And instead of that, choosing to change
the leader is easier very much. Therefore, many companies fire and continue to recruit
other leaders a lot. They are performing changing the leader instead of changing the
situation.
With the above analysis, we can see that the leadership style of Steven Jobs is outgroup SJ, and the leadership style of Sam Walton is in-group. In addition, the LMX
theory can be explained by the equation T + C = Y. In which, T is the trust the superior
has in the subordinate and the subordinate feels the superior has in him and C is the
degree of control exercised by the superior over the subordinates and Y is a constant,
unchanging amount. Therefore, when trust of leader for employee is increase, leaders
the control for their employee is reduce and oppositely.

2. Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different

organisations.
Classical administration (Henri Fayol 1841-1925) emphasized a more top-down
perspective that was focused on educating management on improving processes first and
then moving to workers. Following the theory, they believed that by focusing on
managerial practices organizations could minimize misunderstandings and increase
efficiency.
And Steven jobs is one of leaders who uses classical administration managing
approaches. It is shown by the method of management that he has done following:
Steve Jobs approach to inspiring his employees was indeed bizarre. Jobs use of
foul language and insults were well known. His typical remark to an engineer was This
is shit! This is clearly not the most desirable way to provide feedback. However, Apple
employees (at least some) learned that what Jobs was really trying to say was Tell me
why this is the best way to do it. What Jobs was attempting was to challenge employees
to be creative and to find the optimal way to achieve something to make something
perfect (changingwinds, 2011)

He also offered meaning to his employees. It is known that Apples employees

worked hard on visionary projects, striving to meet targets and to satisfy their leaders
maniacal attention to detail. Jobs infused them with a sense of mission. Apple had to
leave a mark in the world of computing, improve peoples lives, be bold and, of course,
think different.
Steve Jobs has always been considered an anomaly in management. He put people
at the center. He does not imply that giving his employees what they wanted, nor that he
created a flat playful organization. He made a working environment where ideas flew
from the bottom up. Apples approach to innovation is definitely not user-driven: it does
not listen to users, but makes proposals to them. And a narration on Jobss leadership
style tells of a vertical, top-down approach, often harsh. At new product launches, he, not
the team, was the protagonist (Verganti, 2011).
Oppose to Steven Jobs, Sam Walton follows human relations approach (Elton
Mayo (1975)). He noticed about human element in management more. He believed that
the management of people (human attitudes, values, and relationships in organisations) is
important. They felt that management can get the work done from the workers by
satisfying their social and psychological needs.
Sam Walton considered his employee were business partners with him. He treated
his people respectfully rather than like hired hands. And he always listened very fully to
front-line employees who interact with customers. Walton believe these people have great
ideas and it was his job to create an atmosphere where people would feel comfortable
talking. He always gave his people responsibility to get on with their jobs. He asked
everyone for their best ideas and then actually used those ideas to improve his business.
Sam Walton also acknowledged the single important thing that did for Wal-Mart
was his visit to his own stores. He would rather be out with folks doing the real work of
retail than sit around in meeting in the home office. He was on a very specific mission.
His goal was gain firsthand competitive intelligence about his competitors stores, and
most important of spend all time to talking with his own employees (Bergdahi).
He cared about employee who worked for Wal-Mart rather than trying to use this as
a good management technique. He believed that his role was to provide the employees
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with everything they need to create a satisfy Wal-Mart customer. And Walton would
never ask any employee to do anything he was not prepared to do himself (Publishing)
In summary, from the above analysis we can see that it is agreeable for Steven jobs
uses classical administration managing approaches when he followed transactional
leadership style and Sam Walton used both human relations approach and
transformational leadership style.
3. the different approaches to management used by different
organisations
Leadership style and management approach effect a lot to management roles and
functions management of the two leaders. They were shown by:
3.1.
Management roles
Steven Jobss management role is decisional. As the founder of Apple, Jobs
acts as an initiator, designer, and encourager of change and innovation. His roles
encourage to create improvement projects and work to delegate, empower and
supervise teams in the development process.
Sam Waltons management role is interpersonal. He covered the
relationships with others. Walton brought the needs to his employees. He also
Leader builds relationships with employees and communicates with, motivates,
and coaches them. Motivating subordinates, overseeing their progress, promoting
and encouraging their development, and balancing effectiveness are something
Walton has tried to do best.
3.2.
Functions
Function of Steven Jobs:
Organising: "The organization is clean and simple to understand,
and very accountable. Everything just got simpler. That's been one of my
mantras -- focus and simplicity", he said in 2004. In other words, the
responsibilities of every employee are very clear. For each project, and
every task in that project, there will be someone accountable, a so-called
DRI (directly responsible individual) who will be congratulated or blamed
depending on how he does (Moisescot).
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Commanding: Steve Jobs was successful at motivating his

employees. Despite the accusations of his personality flaws, he was still
able to motivate his employees to create something great. He directed
efforts of others through tasks and structures. Steve influenced his
employees for strong desire of work, shared his passion with the staff, and
provided vision. Steve jobs employees knew that he was not in it for the
money but for the desire to build something great. Steve jobs hired
employees that he knew would be able to endure his rants and be further
motivated by them. He made his employees believe they can do something
great.
Controlling: Apple is "a command-and-control structure where ideas
are shared at the top" i.e. at the Monday executive meeting. All groups
would work hard on presentations for the Monday meeting where they
knew the fate of their product was at stake. Steve Jobs was famously open
to the executives' arguments and ideas at these meetings. For example,
they convinced him (after a long while) to open the iPhone platform with
the App Store But once a decision had been taken, there was no
discussion in the rest of the company: they had to execute (Moisescot).
Functions management of Sam Walton:

Planning: he plan to build offering lower prices and great service

would never work. As it turned out, the company's success exceeded even
Sam's expectations. Sam credited the rapid growth of Wal-Mart not just to
the low costs that attracted his customers, but also to his workers. He
relied on their employees to give customers the great shopping experience
that would keep them coming back. Sam shared his vision for the
company with his workers in a way that was nearly unheard of in the
industry. He made them partners in the success of the company, and firmly
believed that this partnership was what made Wal-Mart great.
Organizing: The structure of Wal-Mart is built by separate, semi
autonomous units or divisions i.e. within one corporation there can be
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different divisions and each one has their own goals and objectives to
achieve. Walton supervises the activities of the workers under his division
and is solely responsible for its success or failure. This enables him to
focus more on results as they are accountable for them (ukessays).
Coordinating: Walton gave profit-sharing to employees who could
create benefit from the profitability of the store. By offering them stock
options as well as store discounts, Walton was attempting to demonstrate
the respect he had for his workers and encourage them in their efforts. In
turn, they will treat you as a partner, and together you will all perform
beyond your wildest expectations, he predicted (evancarmichael).

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Bibliography
A.Judge, S. P. (2012). Essentials of Organizational Behavior.
Adviseamerica. (n.d.). Sam Walton Leadership Style. Retrieved from
http://www.adviseamerica.com/sam-walton-leadership-style/
Apple. (n.d.). Steve Jobs Resigns as CEO of Apple. Retrieved from Apple:
http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Steve-Jobs-Resigns-as-CEO-of-Apple.html
Bergdahi, M. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=WMqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=sam+walton+satisfy+employee&source=bl&ots=UnLL74k4&sig=x7iwFB4iTGW4jKXbrmitqAGVb3s&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=tb0JVdE2iOTyBZyFgZA
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changingwinds. (2011, 11). Steve Jobs Reality Distortion Field: Leadership or Bullying?
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Dlugan, A. (n.d.). You Can Learn to Present Like Steve Jobs. Retrieved from
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Publishing, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=WMqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=sam+walton+satisfy+employee&source=bl&ots=UnLL74k4&sig=x7iwFB4iTGW4jKXbrmitqAGVb3s&hl=vi&sa=X&ei=tb0JVdE2iOTyBZyFgZA
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TopSynergy. (n.d.). Sam Walton in relationship. Retrieved from http://famousrelationships.topsynergy.com/Sam_Walton/

ukessays. (n.d.). Organisational Structure And Culture Of Wal Mart Management Essay.
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