ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

TERM PROJECT

Sai Than Lwin (20000251)

Ni Ni Aung (20000238)
Nway Nandar Win (20000241)
May Hnin Ou (20000231)

Introduction
This project is about the design and analyze of a steel building which consists of four stores with
one story below grade.
i.

LOCATION
Williamsport, Pennsylvania
41 N latitude and 77 W longitude.

ii. ARRANGEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE

14 6

4th story

13 6

3rd story

13 6

2nd story

15 6

1st story- Below grade

Floor Area for each floor = 25 500 ft2

Floor total area =102 000 ft2

Bays
East west direction 30ft bays throughout
North south direction 45ft, 30ft and 45ft

Figure Schematic plan

Figure Complete 3 dimensional computer model

iii.

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM

East west direction Moment frames

North south direction Braced frames

Figure Lateral load resisting system

iv.

OTHER FEATURES

Faade is a lightweight metal curtain wall that extends above the roof surface.

6 ft screen wall around the middle bay of the roof to conceal mechanical equipment and
roof access.

A two story atrium in the first floor

An opening in the second floor (An area bounded by A C 4 5)

1) LOADS ON COLUMNS BASED ON TRIBUTARY AREAS

Figure- Arrangement of columns in the 1st, 3rd and 4th floors

Figure- Arrangement of columns in

the 2nd floor

RC

TC

SC

BC

RC
Column

RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC5

Tributary
area
(ft2)
168.75
675
562.5
337.5
1380

Dead load
(D)
(psf)
20
20
20
20
20

Live load
(Live
roof)(psf)
20
20
20
20
20

Snow load
(psf)

1.2D+0.5S
(ksf)

Load

Total
load
(kips)
12.65
50.62
42.18
25.3
103.5

102
102
102
102
102

75
75
75
75
75

(Kips)
12.65
50.62
42.18
25.3
103.5

Tributary
area
(ft2)

Dead load
(D)
(psf)

Live load
(Live
roof)(psf)

Reduced
live load
(Lred)(psf)

1.2D+1.6Lred

Load
(Kips)

168.75
675
562.5
337.5
1380

80
80
80
80
80

80
80
80
80
80

66.46
43.1
45.3
52.66
36.15

(ksf)
202.39
164.96
168.48
180.256
153.84

Total
load
(kips)

34.15
111.35
94.77
60.86
212.3

46.80
161.97
136.95
86.16
315.8

TC
Column

TC1
TC2
TC3
TC4
TC5

SC
Column

SC1
SC2
SC3
SC4
SC5

Tributary
area
(ft2)

Dead load
(D)
(psf)

Live load
(Live
roof)(psf)

Reduced
live load
(Lred)(psf)

168.75
675
562.5
337.5
1380

80
80
80
80
80

80
80
80
80
80

66.46
43.1
45.3
52.66
36.15

Tributary
area
(ft2)

Dead load
(D)
(psf)

Live load
(Live
roof)(psf)

Reduced
live load
(Lred)(psf)

168.75
675
562.5
337.5
1380
287.5
168.75

80
80
80
80
80
80
80

80
80
80
80
80
80
80

66.46
43.1
45.3
52.66
36.15
55.39
66.19

1.2D+1.6Lred

Load

(ksf)
202.39
164.96
168.48
180.256
153.84

(Kips)

Total
load
(kips)

34.15
111.35
94.77
60.86
212.30

80.95
273.32
231.72
147.02
528.10

1.2D+1.6Lred

Load

(ksf)
202.39
164.96
168.48
180.256
153.84
184.624
201.904

(Kips)

Total
load
(kips)

34.15
111.35
94.77
60.86
212.30
53.08
34.07

115.10
384.67
326.49
207.88
740.40
200.1
562.17

FC
Column

FC1
FC2
FC3
FC4
FC5
FC6
FC7

** Reduced live load Lred = Live load * (0.25 + 15/(A KLL))

K depends on the arrangement of the columns
Values for k can be obtained by tables in ASCE 7-10

B4

B4

B4

B4

B4

B4

B4

B7

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3

B3
B6

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2

B2
B5

B1

B1

B1

2) Load on beams based on tributary areas

B1

B1

B1

B1

ROOF

Joist/Column Tributary
area
(ft2)
J1
270
J2
180

Dead
load (D)
(psf)
20
20

Live load
(Live
roof)(psf)

Snow load
(psf)

1.2D+0.5S
(psf)

20
20

102
102

75
75

Load
(Kips)
20.25
13.5

UDL
(kips/ft)
0.45
0.45

B5

135

20

20

102

75

10.125
0.225

B6

90

20

20

102

75

6.75
0.225

For beams B1, B2, B3 & B4

B4

10.125

For Floors 3,2,1

Joist

Tributary
area (ft-sq)

Dead load
(D) (psf)

Live load
(psf)

Reduced
Live load
(psf)

1.2D+1.6L Load
(ksf)
(kips)

UDL
(kips/ft)

J1
J2
B5
B6

270
180
135
90

80
80
80
80

80
80
80
80

71.64
83.25
80
80

210.624
229.2
224
224

1.26
1.38
0.672
0.672

Beam
B1
B2
B3
B4

R
28.35
49.05
49.05
28.35

2. Design lateral bracing

L = 258 in
Fy = 36 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
A36 Steel

PU = 242.3 kips (From Etabs)

Ag (req) = PU / FY = 242.3/0.9(36) = 7.47 in2

Ae (req) = PU / FY = 242.3/0.75(58) = 5.57 in2
L/300 = 258/300 = 0.86 in

56.87
41.26
30.24
20.16

2nd Floor
F = 88 kips

h = 13 6

From similar triangles

PU = 1 x 88 x (21.57/15) = 126.54 kips

3rd Floor
F = 93 kips

h = 14 6

From similar triangles

PU = 1 x 93 x (20.15/15) = 124.93 kips

4th Floor
F = 102 kips

h = 15 6

From similar triangles

PU = 1 x 102 x (20.15/5) = 137.02 kips

Roof
F = 54 kips

h = 14 6

From similar triangles

PU = 1 x 102 x (20.86/15) = 75.1 kips

Design brace frame for maximum PU

Ag (min) = PU / FY = 137.02/0.9(36) = 4.23 in2

Ae (min) = PU / FY = 137.02/0.75(58) = 3.15 in2
Select L-section: L5 x 5 x (Ag = 4.75 in2 , rx =1.53 )
Select C-section: C9 x 15 (Ag = 4.41 in2 , rx =3.40 )
Select I-section: W6 x 16 (Ag = 4.74 in2 , rx = 2.60 )
Ae / Ag = 0.745
By using maximum L = 21.57 ft.
L-section: L / rx = 169.18 300
C-section: L / rx = 76.13 300
W-section: L / rx = 99.55 300

4. Design of columns

As single columns

RC

14 6

TC

13 6

SC

13 6

BC

15 6

In order to carry out a conservative design all end conditions were considered as pin supports.
Hence the k value is taken as 1.

RC
Column
RC1

Pu (Kips)
12.65

KL(ft)
14.5

RC2
RC3
RC4
RC5

50.02
42.18
25.3
103.5

14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5

Shape
W8x31 (230 kips)W10x33(233 kips)
W12x40(280 kips)
W14x48(332 kips)
W8x31 (230 kips)
W8x31 (230 kips)
W8x31 (230 kips)
W8x31 (230 kips)

least

weight

section

TC
Column
TC1

Pu (Kips)
46.8

KL(ft)
13.5

TC2
TC3
TC4
TC5

161.97
136.95
86.16
315.8

13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5

Column
SC1

Pu (Kips)
80.95

KL(ft)
13.5

SC2

273.32

13.5

SC3
SC4
SC5

231.72
147.02
528.10

13.5
13.5
13.5

Shape
W8x31 (248 kips)- least weight section
W10x33(253 kips)
W12x40(304kips)
W14x48(361 kips)
W8x31 (248 kips
W8x31 (248 kips
W8x31 (248 kips
W8x40 (322 kips)- least weight
section w10x45(358 kips) w12x45
(343 kips)
W14x48(361 kips)

SC
Shape
W8x31 (248 kips)- least weight section
W10x33(253 kips)
W12x40(304kips)
W14x48(361 kips)
W8x35 (280 kips) least weight section
W10x39 (305 kips)
W12x40 (304 kips)
W14x 48 (361 kips)
W8x31 (248 kips)
W8x31 (248 kips)
W8x67 (560 kips)- least weight
section w10x60(581 kips) w12x58
(553 kips) W14x61(572 kips)

FC
Column
FC1

Pu (Kips)
115.10

KL(ft)
15.5

FC2

384.67

15.5

FC3

326.49

15.5

FC4

207.88

15.5

FC5

740.4

15.5

FC6
FC7

200.1
562.17

15.5
15.5

Shape
W8x31 (212 kips)- least weight section
W10x33(213 kips)
W12x40(257 kips)
W14x48(304 kips)
W8x58 (417 kips)
W10x49(428 kips) - least weight section
W12x53(452 kips)
W14x61(515 kips)
W8x48 (340 kips)
W10x49(428 kips) - least weight section
W12x53(452 kips)
W14x53(338 kips)
W8x31 (212 kips) - least weight section
W10x33(213 kips)
W12x40(257 kips)
W14x48(304 kips)
W8 none
W10x88(789 kips)
W12x79(781 kips) - least weight section
W14x90(978 kips)
W8x31 (212 kips)
W8 none
W10x68(602 kips)
W12x65(639 kips) - least weight section
W14x68(576 kips)

Design of two story columns from 2nd floor to the 4th floor
Column
C1 (Braced
in both x
and y
direction)

Pu
(Kips)
80.95

KLx(ft) KLy(ft) Shape

13.5

13.5

C2 (Braced
in both x
and y
direction)

273.32 13.5

13.5

C3 (Braced
in both x
and y
direction)

231.72 13.5

13.5

C4
(Braced
only in y
direction)

147.02 27

13.5

W8x31 (248 kips)least weight section

W10x33(253 kips)
W12x40(304 kips)
W14x48(361 kips)
W8x35 (280 kips)
W10x39(305 kips) least weight section
W12x40(304 kips)
W14x48(361 kips)
W8x31 (248 kips)least weight section
W10x33(253 kips)
W12x40(304 kips)
W14x48(361 kips)
W8x31 (248 kips)least weight section
W10x33(253 kips)
W12x40(304 kips)
W14x48(361 kips)

Checks

KLx/[(rx/ry)]=27/1.72=15.69>kLy
Therefore use KL=16.69 and
W8x31to obtain Pn
Pn = 212 > Pu (147.02)
Therefore W8x31 is ok

C5 (Braced
in both x
and y
direction)

528.10 13.5

13.5

W8 x67 (560kips)
W10x60(581 kips)
W12x58(553 kips) least weight section
W14x61(572 kips)

5. Design of compression bracing members

Compression(max) force is equal to Tension(max) force which are indcued in section (3). It is
assumed, therefore, that the sections used to design the tension bracing will be same as
the section used for compression.

6. Design of Beams

If Wfloor is the floor load,

W = 6(Wfloor) / 1000 = 0.006 kips/ft.
R1 = R2 = 0.003 x 45W = 0.135 kips
For joist type 2,
If Wfloor is the floor load,
W = 6(Wfloor) / 1000 = 0.006 kips/ft.
R1 = R2 = 0.003 x 30W = 0.09 kips
For beams B1, B2, B3 and B4

Bending Moment Diagram,

Mmax = 18R
Bending Moment Diagram
Shear Force Diagram

Story

Load (Psf)

UDL (kips/ft)

WL/2 (kips)

75

0.45

10.125

J1

75

0.45

6.75

J2

Beam

R (kips)

Mmax (kips-ft)

Vmax (kips)

Sections

RB1

10.125

182.25

20.25

W 16 x 31

RB2

16.875

303.75

33.75

W 21 x 44

RB3

16.875

303.75

33.75

W 21 x 44

RB4

10.125

182.25

20.25

W 16 x 31

Roof

Check for sections

W 16 x 31 :
Zx = 54.0 Lp = 4.13 Lr = 11.9 Lb = 6 ; Lp < Lb < Lr
Mp = 0.9 x 50 x 54/12
= 202.5 kips-ft
Mu =MpBF(Lb-Lp)
= 202.5 10.2 ( 6 4.13 )
= 183.43 kips-ft ; OK

Shear check
Vu = (1.0) (0.6Fy) (d) (tw) = 1.0 x 0.6 x 50 x 15.9 x 0.275 = 131.75 kips ; OK
W 21x 44 :
Zx = 95.4 Lp = 4.45 Lr = 13.0 Lb = 6 ; Lp < Lb < Lr
Mp = 0.9 x 50 x 95.4/12 = 357.75 kips.ft
Mu =MpBF(Lb-Lp) = 357.75 16.8 ( 6 4.45 ) = 331.71 kips.ft ; OK
Shear check
Vu = (1.0) (0.6Fy) (d) (tw) = 1.0 x 0.6 x 50 x 20.7 x 13 = 672.75 kips ; OK
For Floors 3,2,1

Bending Moment Diagram

10R

10R

Story

Load (Psf)

UDL (kips/ft)

WL/2 (kips)

Joist

210.624

1.26

28.35

J1

224

1.34

20.1

J2

3 to 1

Beam

V(x) (kips)

M(x) (kips.ft)

Sections

B1

47.475

475.75

W 21 x 68

B2

33.6

336

W 21 x 48

33.6

336

47.475

475.75

B3
B4

W 21 x 48
W 21 x 68

Check for sections W 21 x 68 :

Zx = 160 Lp = 6.36
Mp = 0.9 x 160 x 50 /12= 600 kips.ft
Mu =MpBF(Lb-Lp)
= 600 18.8 ( 10 6.36 )
= 531.56 kips.ft ; OK
Lr = 18.7 Lb = 10 ; Lp < Lb < Lr
Shear check
Vu =273 kips ; OK
W 21x 48 :
Zx = 107, Lp = 6.09, Lr = 16.6, Lb =10 ; Lp < Lb < Lr
Mp = 0.9 x 50 x 107/12= 401.25 kips.ft
Mu =MpBF(Lb-Lp) = 401.25 14.7 (10 6.09) = 343.773 kips.ft ; OK

Story

Beam

Floor Load (Psf)

UDL (kips/ft)

Vx (kips)

Mx (kips.ft)

Sections

B5

75

0.225

2.53

14.24

W 8 x 28

B6

75

0.225

3.38

25.31

W 10 x 33

B5

210.624

1.05

11.81

66.44

W 8 x 31

B6

224

1.12

16.8

126

W 10 x 49

Roof

3 to 1

7. Redesign section with beams spanning in opposite direction in AC67 area

Dead load (D)

(psf)

Live load (L)

(psf)

Tributary area
(At) (ft2)

Lred (psf)

1.2D+1.6Lre
d

Wu (UDL)
(Kips/ft)

80
Dead load (D)
(psf)

80
Live load (L)
(psf)

30 x 15 = 450
Tributary area
(At) (ft2)

60
Lred (psf)

192
1.2D+1.6Lre
d

2.8
Wu (UDL)
(Kips/ft)

80

80

45 x 10 = 450

60

192

1.92

AC-6
Maximum bending moment Mu= moment due to the two point loads + moment due to
the uniform load = 43.2 x 15 + 0.96 x452/8
= 243 + 648 = 891 kip-ft

Unbraced length =15ft Shape = W 30 x 99 (Mn=918 kip-ft > Mu)

From the previous arrangement of joists the A67 =J 1.
It has a UDL of 1.26 kips/ft. Hence the maximum moment is 319 kip-ft.
Therefore a lesser moment occurs when the joist are arranged in the previous way.
A67
Dead load (D)
(psf)

Live load (L) (psf)

80

80

Tributary area
(At) (ft2)
30 x (45/6) = 225

Lred (psf)

1.2D+1.6Lred

Wu (UDL)
(Kips/ft)

76.56

218.5

1.64

Maximum Bending moment Mu =1.64 x 302/8 = 184.5 kips-ft

Unbraced length = 30ft Shape=12x58(Mn >Mu)
From the previous arrangement of beams the A67 beam =B2 W 21 x 48.
It requires a more light section.
C67
Dead load (D)
(psf)

Live load (L) (psf)

80

80

Tributary area
(At) (ft2)
30 x (45/6) = 225

Lred (psf)

1.2D+1.6Lred

Wu (UDL)
(Kips/ft)

76.56

218.5

1.64

Mu = moment due to the two point loads + moment due to the uniform load
= 28.8 x 10 + 1.64 x302/8
= 288 + 184.5 = 472.5 kip-ft

Unbraced length = 10 ft Shape=W18x97 (Mn =782kipft>Mu)

From the previous arrangement of beams the C67 beam =B1 W 21 x 68.
Hence, more heavy section is required.

8. JOIST SECTION (KCS)

Required moment for L = 45 ft. span
20kcs4

1366 kips.in
1371 kips.in

Bridging section no.10

Required moment for L = 30 ft. span
14kcs3
Bridging section no.6
Both joists for spacing

30
5

= 6 ft.

9. SHEAR CONNECTIONS FOR BEAMS

pply 34 449()
= v= 68 0.441 = 30 ips

607.5 kips.in
642 kips.in

Yield Failure
= 0.9 36 14.3 = 463.325 ips

Rupture Failure

= 0.75 58 14.03 = 610.3 ips

For Single Angle Bearing and Tearout For the edge

For the middle

lc = 2 (0.8125) = 1.19 n

Tearout governs

= 1.2 lctFu = 0.75 1.2 [1.2 + 1.19] 5/46 58

= 48.78 ips >

Block Shear

= 0.6 58 0.53 + 58 0.8 = 69.84 ips

= 0.6 36 0.53 + 58 0.8 = 66.70 ips
= 0.75 64.84

= 48.63 ips > K

The block shear & tear out was done for single angle however since > for both cases
the L section passes.

Plate Design

We considered the plate to have similar bolt arrangement.

If yield governs

tw 6 n = 1.37 n2
tw

= 0.23 n

If rupture governs

tw 6 n 0.875t = 1.02 n2
t= 0.20 n

From available thickness,

t=

Check For Tearout and

Bearing

lc (from center) = 2 (0.8125) = 1.1875 in < 2

Tearout governs

Therefore use a greater

thickness, consider t = 3/8

Block Shear Check

v = 3 7/16 = 1.3125 n2
v = 1.3125 1.5(0.875) 7/16 = 0.738 n2

t= 7/16 3 0.5(0.875)] 7/16 = 1.12 n2

= 0.6 58 0.738 + 58 1.12 = 90.64 ips

= 0.6 36 1.3125 + 58 1.12 = 93.31 ips
= 0.75 90.64 = 67.98 ips > K

FINAL DESIGN
Double Angle:

2Lx6x6x5/16

Rectangular Plate: 4x6x7/8