Mr.

Ahmed Al
Daifi

01111 44 66
77 3

Future forms

1 -Will ('ll ) +

{I think ,hope, expect ,sure, promise, predict}

I expect that he will win.
I am sure, you will win
I will be 50 years next year
.
1

gramma
r

- am, is, are + going to +

There is a dark cloud .I think it is going to rain.

intend
2

Im going to play computer games. I

intend

I am thirsty. I will get you a drink.

. promise (or\otherwise)
threat -4

I will punish you if you do this again.

(As soon as-after-till- if when )

5

After I finish , I will leave

( plan )

3
Im going to play chess. I planed

( decide )

4
- They are going to go shopping. They decided.

Watch out! You are going to fall.

3 ( am, is
are + V +ing )

(arrange, prepare, book, all is okay )

He is visiting his uncle . He has arranged to visit him.
I have booked two tickets. Im traveling to Spain

He's getting married next Friday.

4
he,she ,it s

The train leaves at 7:30 am tomorrow.

Our lesson starts at 12 am.
The plane takes off at 9:30 am.
The train arrives at 7 am.
5 )

( will be + v + ing

Mr. Ahmed Al
01111 44 66
gramma
( in / from ....to / all / for / at / +

Daifi
77 3
r
In 20 years ,people will be queuing to book a space trip
I will be studying English from 3 to 6 tomorrow.
Afte
r
as soon
as since
because
when

Befor
e
By the
time
When
By
then

( v ) ( v+ s he she it )

(won't +
inf

(will +
inf

until
till

( v ) ( v+ s he she it )

Before Mr. Ahmed Al Daifi leaves the office, he will send some e-mails.
After he finishes, he will leave.
Mr. Ahmed Al Daifi won't send some e-mails until he leaves the office

Countable and
uncountable

unc

ountable
Countable
a \
an :
1
A pen pens

an orange

oranges

Man (men) child

(children) - mouse (mice)

a an s

bread- money time furniture woodluggage

many
How many

Few

a Few

uch
How much

Little

a Little

(a lot of) (Plenty of)

Lots of

Some

any

Some boys some sugar

any girls
any money

( time, paper, iron, hair, orange)

(is , was , has , does , s

1 likes)

(are, were , have ,do , s

like)

( s)

4
(Police , public , people , men ,women , phenomena)

Ten million pounds is

Fifty liters of petrol is

Five kilometers is

Forty minutes is

Three plus seven is

Classics-politics-maths is

Athletics gymnastics is
\
The news is \ measles is

The passive

V. be

p.p

V. be (am

by
(is are- was
were- be being

Passive
been)

inf.
/ inf.
+s/es
am/is/are +
p.p
pp
-Ali cleans this room every day.
- This room
is cleaned every day.(by Ali)

Active

Present simple

Present continuous

Active
am/is/are + v. + ing
- Mechanic is mending my car.

Passive
am/is/are + being +pp
- My car is being mended.

Present perfect
Active
Passive
Has /have + pp
has/have +been + pp
- Somebody has planted some trees. - Some trees have been planted.
Past simple

Active
Passive
(v+ed)
was/ were +
Ahmed painted this room
pp
This room was painted yesterday.
Pastyesterday.
continuous
Active
was / were + v. +
ing

Passive
was/were + being + pp

-The dishes were being washed when I

-Somebody wasPast
washing
the
dishes
when
I
perfect arrived.
Active

Passive
had +
had + been +
pp
pp
-When Mr Ali arrived, she found that
- When Mrs Ali arrived, she found that her
thieves
shop
Future simple
Active

Passive
will/shall +
will/shall + be + pp
inf.
-New houses will be built here next year.
-The company will build new house
next
Simple modals
will / would / shall / should /can / could / may / might / has to / have to / had to /
Active
Passive
Modal +
Modal + be +
inf.
pp
- We will Active
find moreoil
- More oil will
be found.

Passive

Modal + have + pp
Modal + have + been + pp
-Someone will have opened the door. - The door will have been opened.

Active
Passive
People say that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi is perfect. People said that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi was perfect.
People think that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi is perfect.
It is said that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi is perfect.

The Zero Conditional

Conditionals

If

present simple( v , v+s) , present simple( v , v+s)

- If water is heated to 100 c, it boils.

- If I feel thirsty, I drink water.

The first conditional

If water freezes, it turns into ice.

If I feel tired, I go to bed.

will / shall + inf.

If present simple( v , v+s) ,
present simple( v , v+s)
will / shall +
If
inf.

.
- If I earn some money, Ill go abroad.
If we have enough time, well visit
Ahmed.
can / may /

- If youre hot, Ill buy you a cool drink.
must
If we have enough time, we can visit
Ahmed. will

If you see Asmaa, give him a message for me,

.
please.
- What will you do if you win a lot of
if
money?
:

.If so perhaps / may / I think
1- Perhaps it will rain tomorrow. If so, well stay at home. (If)
If it rains tomorrow, well stay at home.
must / necessary
2- She must practise well or she wont play the piano. (If)
If she doesnt practise well, she wont play the piano.

if
if
should

- If he has enough money, he will buy a car.
(Should)
Should he have enough money, he will buy
a car.

The second conditional

If past simple( , v+ed)

would/could/might/should +inf.
If

would/could/might/should +inf.

past simple( , v+ed)

- If I had a lot of money, Id travel round the world.
- If I didnt feel so tired, Id come out with you.
were If I were you
If I were you, Id look for another job.
were if

- If I were younger, Id play football with you.

(Were) Were I younger, Id play football with
you.

were

if

.to + inf were were

- If it rained, the match would be postponed.
(Were) Were it to rain, the match would be
if had
postponed.
- If he had enough time, he would go to the club.
(Had)

Had he enough time, he would go to the

club.
- What would you do if you won a lot of
money?

if

The third conditional

If past perfect( had + p. p) , would/could/might/should +have +p.p

would/could/might/ have +p.p.
past perfect( had + p. p)
If
.
- If the sky had been clear yesterday, I would have seen the eclipse.
- If you hadnt missed the bus, you wouldnt have been late for the match.
- If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it.
if
- What would you have done if you had won a lot of money?
ha if
if
d

- If he had played well, he would have won.
(Had)
:
Had he played well, he would have won.

Unless = if

not
unless if

- If Ali doesnt improve, he will fail the exam. (Unless)

Unless Ali improves, he will fail the exam.
if = In case=when= as long as = provided that = on condition that
- You can stay with us as long as you share the rent.
- Ill lend you the money on condition that you return it within 6 months.
- She will pass her exams provided that she studies hard
-Take this money in case you need it.
if = In case of = But for = Without+ v + ing (noun)

- If it werent for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.

- But for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
- If it hadnt been for his hard work, he wouldnt have succeeded.
- Without his hard work, he wouldnt have succeeded.
- In case of having enough money, he will buy a car.
( v ) ( v+ s)he she - )

If

, ( v ) ( v+ s he she it )

( v ) ( v+ s he she - it)

will +
inf

( v+ ed)
( had + p. p)

,
,

inf

would +

would have +p.p

will

Would

wold have + p.p

Direct and
indirect

That

to

If - whether

not to

1
he- she
told I you
We
they

said
that

Your
his- her

He said to me, " I have been to Luxor and Aswan."

He told me that he had been to Luxor and Aswan.
Ahmed said , " I will help you do your homework, Mohamed. "
Ali told Mohamed that he would help him do his homework.
Soha said to Ahmed, " I bought a special light bulb to save energy. "
Soha told Ahmed that she had bought a special light bulb to save

Said to
Said

energy.

Waleed said, " I am preparing for my birthday part now. "

Waleed said that he was preparing for his birthday party
then.

Direct

now
yesterday

Indirect

hen a

ha

momen
then --at
Was +
+ing
ng
we e
that
were
moment

then
the day before
(two days) ago (two days)before
last week
the week before /
the previous
week
tomorrow
the
day after
next week
the following
tonight
weeknight(that
that
(today)
day)
just now / a moment ago / a
us time
now /ago
a momen
ago/ /tell/
a
short
/says /say
sho me ago
tells/says
/ ask/say / e / e
s / ask
/ asks
/ want to know / wants
/ asks / wan
to o know / wan s

had +p.p
+p
had
p

be o eyet,
before
ye since,
already,
a eady
fors nce
the following
day, the next
day, the future

would +
wouinf
d+ n
Was
e +go
ng
Was we
, were
+going
o+infn was,
was were
we e + v
to+
v + ng
+ ing

2
said
to

told /
warned
advised
asked
-ordered

I you
she

We
they
Your
her

to

he-

his-

The doctor said to me, " Stay in bed for three days."
The doctor advised me to stay in bed for three days.
MR. Ahmed Al Daifi said to Nada, "Study hard for your exam."
MR. Ahmed Al Daifi asked Nada to Study hard for her exam.".
(Don'
t
3
said
to

told /
warned
advised
asked
-ordered

I you
she

We
they
Your
her

not
to

he-

his-

MR. Ahmed Al Daifi said to Ali, " Don't neglect your homework again."
MR. Ahmed Al Daifi warned Ali not to neglect his homework again.

4
am-is-are-was-were-do-does-did-have-has-had-will-
said
to

aske
d
Wanted to
know
wondered\inqu
ir

if \
whether

weat
her

I you
she

We
they
Your
her

he-

his-

(do-does)

I said to my brother, " Can you look these words up in a dictionary? "
I asked my brother if he could look those words up in a dictionary.
She said to her friend, " Do you help your mother cook dinner? "
She asked her friend if she helped her mother cook dinner.

She said to her friend, " did you help your mother cook yesterday ? "
She asked her friend if she had helped her mother cook the day
before.

MR. Ahmed Al Daifi said to Ali , " are you sick?"

MR. Ahmed Al Daifi asked Ali if he was sick."

5
(what-where-how-why-when.....
said
to

aske
d
Wanted to
know
wondered\inqu
ir

I you
she

We
they
Your
her

he-

his-

I said to him, " Where did you buy this nice jacket? "
I asked him where he had bought that nice jacket.
He said to his friend , " How much sugar have you bought? "
He asked his friend how much sugar he had bought.
- He said, Where did you spend your summer holiday?
He wanted to know where I had spent my summer holiday.

- He said, What are you doing now?

= He asked what I was doing then.

-She says, I dont believe this story.

story.

- She says she doesnt believe that

-2
-She said, If water freezes, it changes into ice.
- She said that if water freezes, it changes into ice.

-3

( now / just now / a moment ago / a minute ago / a short time ago /
recently)
-He said just now, I have already done my work. - He said just now he has already done his work.

Notes

Suggested/admitted /denied /apologised for/objected to

/insisted on

-He said, Lets discuss this question now.

-He suggested discussing that question then.

that
-

-He said, I wasnt there when the crime happened.

- He denied being there when the crime happened.
- He denied that he had been there when the crime happened.

(to +
inf.said
to Promised / offered / advised / agreed / threatened / reminded/decided / Refused
-He said, Ill give you all the money you need.
- He promised to give me all the money I needed.

that -

- He promised that he would give me all the money I needed.

Making
deductions

- I'm

sure
- I'm
certain
-I
think
-I
believe
Certainly
-I'm not
sure
-I'm not
certain
perhaps
-it is
possible
-I don't think
so
-I don't

Present deduction
100
Must + inf.

-She wears a white coat and

helps a doctor. She must be
a nurse.

Past

deduction
100
m
ust have + p.p.

-Ahmed was unhappy

yesterday. He must have lost
the match against Ali.
c

Can't
+teacher.
inf.
- He can't be a
He

wears a uniform and stands

at a traffic station.

70
may + inf.
- Im not sure where
Yara is. She may be in
the garden.
40
might
+ inf.
- Idont
know
why he
doesnt look happy. He
might feel ill.

an't have + p.p.

- His favourite team lost the

match yesterday. He cant have
been happy.

70
may have + p.p.

- I didnt see Omer at school

today. He may have got up
late. Its likely

40
-might
I donthave
think +
hep.p.
won the
race. He might have lost it.

- couldn't have + p.p.

prison.

- He couldn't have killed the man. He was in

( I wish , If Wishes and regrets

only)

I
wis
h

I wish I (see saw- had seen could see) him yesterday

I wish I (study studied - had studied could study)
last year

If only

I wish I (see saw- had seen could see)

him now.
I wish I (know knew- had known could know) where I put my
watch.

were

I wish I were in London now .

cheap.
I,
we

+.

could

I wish the car were

he, she ,it, they

would +
,you

I wish I (would
met - had met could meet) him tomorrow.
meet
I wish they (would meet met - had met could meet) him tomorrow.
I wish to be a doctor
( to
wish

I
( regret
ing
wish

2
I regret selling my car. = I wish I had not sold my car.
I hopeto be a doctor ( to

I
hop
e

hope1
I

hopeI will be a doctor

( will

hope

question tag

." "
.
. do / does / did
.

1- It is hot
1- They came by car, didnt they?
2- Magi speaks English well, doesnt
she?
3- Dalia has typed the letters, hasnt
she?
4- Tom wont be late, will he?
5- I shall visit you, shant I?

today, isisnntt

it

few / little / never / seldom / hardly / rarely / no longer / neither

1.
- I will never speak to her again, will I?
- They rarely visit Japan, do they?
they 2-
someone/somebody/everyone/everybody/no one/ nobody

- Nobody believes a liar, do they?
- Everyone has come to the party, havent they?
- Everything is ready,
isnt it?

. something / nothing /
everything

.4-

1- Lets go to the club, shall we?

2- Let us stay here, will (wont) you?
3- I am a dentist, arent I?
4- Open the door, will you?
5-Dont stay up late, will you?
6-This / That is fantastic, isnt it?
- Id rather have tea, wouldnt I?
- Wed prefer to go to the club,
wouldnt we?
- Wed like to eat fish, wouldnt
we?
- Youd better stay in bed, hadnt
you?
- Wed better work to a plan, hadnt
we?
- Its stopped raining, hasnt it?

it 3-

:5-
s

d
ha
d

is
has

I
t

s
ru
nni
ng

would

fast, isnt
it?

P.P
shant = shall not

V=ing

P.P
wont = will not

ll = will

6-
?) its going to rain, isnt it - I believe(think-expect
7 -
?-it's very important that we eat healthy food, isn't it
.8-
?- Ill help you if you ask, wont I

Past perfect

had +
p.p

Passiv

had been + p.p

- He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.
Afte

as soon
as

since

( had +
p.p)

becaus
e
whe
n

(v +
ed)

(v+
ed)

Afte
r
as soon
as since
because
when

( had +
p.p)

- After / As soon as I had read the novel I saw the film.

- He bought a car after she had learned to drive.
- They couldn't go swimming because they had forgotten their swimsuits.

after / as soon as

- After I read (had read) the novel, I saw the film.

- As soon as I read (had read) the novel, I saw the film.
After / As soon as + + = Having + pp
- He bought a car after she had learned to drive.
(Having) Having learned to drive, she bought a
car.
v. + ing after / before /

when

After doing his homework, he went to bed.

He had done his homework before going to bed.
When seeing the police, the thief ran away.
He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.

Before
2 By the
time
When
By
then

(v+
ed

,
Befor
e

(had
+ p.p

 (had +
p.p

By the
time
When
By
then

(v+
ed

- He finished his training. Then he got the job.

He had finished his training before he go the job.
- By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had started.
:
ing

when on
- When she saw the robber, she called the police.
On seeing the robber, she called the
police.
until

(didn't +
inf

till

(had +
p.p

till/ until
I didn't know the truth until I had met him.

When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.

When I arrived home, my father had just left.
It was the best novel I had ever read.
The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it yet.
She said she had seen the film the night before.
He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before.

No
sooner

4
Hardly

had ( v+
p.p)

than
whe
n
whe
n

scarcel
y
No
sooner
Hardly

ha
d

scarcel
y

(v +
ed)
-

than
whe
n
v+
p.p)

(v+
ed)

(v+
ed)
(v+
ed)

whe
n

( had +
p.p)

I had no sooner read the novel than I saw the film.

No sooner had I read the novel than I saw the film.
She had hardly learned to drive when he bought a car
Hardly had she hardly learned to drive when he bought a car

Past perfect continuous

since / for /

when / all day / all weekend

had been + v +
ing

- They had been waiting for an hour when the train arrived.
- We'd been waiting for three hours before our plane took off.

- There were floods because it had been raining for three days.

wait / do / study / live / work / stay / play / watch / sleep / read / write / talk / run / walk /
travel
- I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day.
- He had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
- They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived.
- What had he been doing when the accident happened?
- There were floods because it had been raining for three days.

When I met Ahmed, he had finished typing 3 reports.

Mr. Ahmed Al
01111 44 66
gramma
Daifi
77 3
r
6- Grammar unit ( 12 ) " (Gerund ) ( v + ing )" &"( to +
infinitive )" (gerund ) ( v + ing)

imagine = fancy

Ali admitted taking my pen.

boy.

(V

deny

consider

risk

miss
The driver
avoided hitting the young

+ing) to
look forward to , owing to , due to ,

thanks to , take to
v to be+ used to(accustomed to) , object to = oppose to
( to + infinitive )

agree

arrange

decide

expect

offer

plan

promise

wish

threaten

accept

Everyone agreed to meet at the airport. She offered to help her mother.
"to v to be + made

make
He made us go out .
We were made to go out.
(not to to

3
advise

ask

encourage

expect

force

help tell

want
invite


warn

order

persuade

learn
permit

allow

Ex What do you expect me to do ? Ali's father advised his son to work harder.
My sister encourages me to plan for my future. The bad weather forced people to stay at home.
Ex He was asked to answer the questions.
:

2
(allow, advise, permit ,recommend, encourage +v+ing )
:
(ing

Mr.
66.
Ex-
TheyAhmed
don't allowAl
parking here. He advis01111
ed buying 44
this car

gramma
Daifi
77 3
r
(to + infinitive
or gerund ) 4
V + ing to + inf

A) (begin \ start \continue )

Ex It started raining = It started to rain

B)(hate \love like \prefer)

V +
ing 1
this\ that

( remember
\
forget \
try \

stop \
regret)

\hereto +

inf.2

would ('d)
I usually like playing football. I like playing games .

I would like to play football. I prefer to play football here\now.

ing)

to

Mr. Ahmed Al
01111 44 66
gramma
Daifi
77 3
r
6 - A) Grammar unit (13) "Relative clauses
""

: :

This is the man

who

The doctor

This is the man

This is the car

this is the
man
\
This is the girl

The man

This is the place

We have a garden

This is my school
Summer is the time

whom

which

that

Friday is the weekend

whose

\
(
\

1- What makes him a good

myteacher is that he is polite.
his her)

where

when

what
- Which.

Mr. Ahmed Al
\
Daifi
met her .
cured your brother is my cousin.

You met
here.
\
I bought.

01111 44
77 3
\
I met.
bag
was lost
suit is black is my uncle

66
gramma
we have our tea.

r
I learnt
We go to

Alex.
all the family members meet.

I
2 This is what I bought
was born . I lived

This in my house which my father built

which

This is the article for the paper (in which for which - at which - on which) he writes .
Dr Aisha used to go to the meetings, (at which- in which) she learned to read and write.
Dr. Aisha wrote many books and articles (at which-in which )she argued for women.

- That = who- whom - which

that*

that
(in- about- to wit

that 1
Ex This is the flat in (who- whom- which- that) I live. Ali,(that who)is a doctor, is my friend
some all alone only)
that

{ It \this is (was)
that}

Ex Ali is the only boy that got bad marks in the exam. It was Ali that got the prize .

Mr. Ahmed Al
Daifi

01111 44 66
77 3
- Where.

gramma
r

This is meeting where ( in which) I learn

This is my bag where I put my books
[ where +
]

which +
)
1.[
This is the house
(which where)
I live. / This
is the house (which where)
I live in.
(visit - buy see sell ).

2. The museum was the place ( which where ) I had visited

.
)
3. This is the room (where- which) I study. / This is the room in (where- which) I study.

This is the car(which) I bought.

.
ever

It is the first time I have ever seen a fox. This is the best student I have ever
seen

6- Grammar unit ( 15 ) Future Passive "

Key
words

active

In the future
Tomorrow
Next.

passive

(by+2020 )(by+
tomorrow) (by
+next.) (by +the end of next)
(by + 6 o'clock
tomorrow)
(in a year's time) (in a month's time) (in a
day's time )(in a week's time )

+ will +
Examples

He will visit Cairo tomorrow.

They will build a house next month.

Mr. Ahmed Al
and oil will not

Petrol

Daifi be

+ will
be + P.P
Examples
In the
future, our
energy
will be
produced
from wind
power.

used as they are today.

01111 44 66

gramma

+ will haver + P.P

77 3
Examples

He will have finished the project by

2020.
They will have built a house by
next month.

+ will have been + P.P

Examples

The project will have been

finished by 2020.
The house will have been built by
next month

6-Grammar unit ( 18 ) " Modal Verbs

"

)Present
can
\
cant
=manage to
= succeed in + v+ ing
=am, is, are + (not) able to
=have / has + the ability to
=am ,is are + capable of + ing

Could)Past
\
couldnt
=managed to
= succeeded in+ v+ ing
=was,were+(not) able to
=had + the ability to
was, were+ capable of+v ing

Its uses
(not)

It
is (was)
possible\ allowed

In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.(It is permitted by the law )
In some cities, people can't use their cars every day. (It is against the law.)

2
)Present
)Past
Its uses

must
have (has)to =need to = have
got to don't(doesn't) have to

needn't = dont\doesn't need to

mustnt = can't

had to

had to
neednt have +p.p

didnt have( need) to

( )

It is (was) necessary
for.to
It is (was) not
necessary for.to

Its not allowed(banned

forbidden(illegal ) to

When you are on holiday, you don't need to go to bed early.

You neednt (dont have to\ dont need to) come with us . We will go alone .
We neednt have bought (didnt have to buy) much food. We have a lot .
You mustnt park here. It is forbidden.

3
Present
Its uses
may
()
might/could
must be
(

Past
cant be

may have + p.p.

might (could)have + p.p.
must have + PP
cant have + pp

Its(was) probably likely

\not sure

Its (was) almost sure

Its (was) almost sure

I don't know where my bag is, I might have left it on the train.
The streets are wet. It must have rained last night.

Should = ought to = had

better = If Iwere you, I would ( = V
to be) to + = Its a good idea to = Its advisable to

You had better not look at the sun. It's very dangerous.
You shouldn't look at the sun. It's very dangerous.

You should have done your homework yesterday.

5
Should (ought to) have
+ P.P. = but he didn't
:

= It was wrong of you not to = I blame...for

not
+ v+ ing

 Grammar

unit (14) " Linking Words

( Conjunctions )

Conjunctions

besides that

in addition

n. / v
besides +ing
in addition to
as well as

Examples

Besides that she cooked, Examples

she did the washing up.
-Besides cooking, she did the washing up.
- In addition we went to -In addition to going to the market, we went to
the zoo.
the market, we went to
-As well as going to the market we went to the
the zoo.
zoo.

. / v +ing

Conjunctions

because
as since
as long as

because of
owing to
due to
thanks to
as a result of

Examples
-I didnt ask her to help me
because / as she was busy.
Examples
- As / Since she was busy, I
-We lost the match due to playing badly.
didnt ask her to help me.
-We didnt play the match owing to bad weather.
- As long as you are unfit,
-He went to the doctors because of his illness.
you won't join the team.
Thanks to working hard, he became a millionaire.

Conjunctions

So / thus / Hence
this reason /

For

Because of that

Examples
It was raining, so we didn't go out.

. / v +ing
The cause of / The reason for
Examples
- The reason for his considerable progress is
that he has been studying hard for a long time.
- The cause of ( us )not going out was that it
was raining.

Mr. Ahmed Al
Daifi

01111 44 66
77 3

gramma
r

1-Although=though=evenif=

In

Conjunctions

n. / v
spite
+ingof / Despite

even though + + ,
For all /Regardless of
2- However + + \
+ v + ing,
3- \ + as + +
+ + \ ,
4-Whatever + +
Examples
5- (,but =, yet , however =. However,
-In spite of being rich ,he is unhappy.
)
Despite his strength (being strong),
Examples
Although he is rich , he is unhappy.
he couldnt work.
Rich as he is , he is unhappy .
However rich he is , he is unhappy
Whatever richness he has , he is unhappy.
- Ali is rich, but (,however) he is happy.

2


* + as well as + + 1
( v + ing )
*
Ex He studied. He watched TV.
Ex I am wrong . He is wrong. (as well as )
As well as studying , he watched TV.
I , as well as he, am wrong .
*
( ) and
Ex. He studied and watched TV .
and . He studied as well as watching TV .
Ex He was a writer .He was a poet .
He was a writer as well as (and) a poet
2 Not only + + .but also = Not only + + ......as well.
not only ...but also ....
Not only 1 ..but also 2 2 +


1

Not
only
1

..but also2 2 +
Not only
not only 2-
but also *
Ex. He wrote the letter. He sent it.
Not only did he write the letter but also
( he ) sent it .
He not only wrote the letter but also

( he ) sent it .

Ahmed
2 . Mr.

Al
( )
Daifi
Neither 1 nor 2 2 +
Either 1 or 2 2 +

01111
44of/Either
66
Neither
of+ gramma
+
77
3
r
Both and../Both of +

Not only I but also he is a teacher.

Neither of the boys is absent.
D) The purpose clause

The purpose phrase

C ( to / in order to / so as to + )
A ( )
can \may
Ex-He worked hard so as to finish early .
so that
+
could/ might
- He worked hard so that he could finish early
in order that
will be able to
to not *
could \ can not *
could\might can\may * * so as not \ in order not to
= * for fear of + v + ing/
* lest = for fear that should
She studied hard for fear of failure.

She studied hard lest she should fail.

Noun + Preposition +
reason for
cause of
increase in
decrease in
problem of
damage to

apology for
an answer to
a solution to
a reply to
a supply of
an obstacle to

Adjective + Preposition +
Brilliant at
Wonderful at
Good at
Clever at
Bad at
Terrible at

Crowded with
Bored with
Ashamed of
Proud of
Afraid of
Frightened of

 terrified of
famous for
scared of
responsible for
worried about
keen on

excited about
interested in
happy about
angry with

annoyed with
sorry about / for

disappointed with
mad about

sad about
pleased with
crazy about
delighted with

Prepositions after verbs

complain to
find out about

object to
apply for
look for
belong to

apologize to
complain about
consist of
work for

die of
go on
suffer from
escape from
crash into
blame for

help in / with
care for

hear from
accuse of

hear of / about
congratulate on

apologize for
concentrate on

prevent from
dream of / about

protect from / against

depend on

recover from
rely on

charge with
believe in

result from
succeed in

hope for
result in