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P. 6-1
low noise
low energy consumption
P. 6-2
Output Resistance
Une
Ua
positiver
Positive Eingangsruhestrom
Input Bias Current
Ua
+ Uv
Important:
Ouput circuit is galvanically independent
on the input circuit
Saturation
Ud
Saturation
- Uv
Ua V0 Ud
V0 open loop voltage gain
(Differenzverstrkung)
U CM U p U n
Ud 0 V
Ua VCM UCM
with U CM
U p Un
Ideal 0
(Gleichtaktverstrkung)
Total Amplification
U a V0 U d VCM U CM
V0
with
104 107
VCM
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-4
Ube1= Ube2
Ic1= Ic2
UA1= UA2
Ube1> Ube2
Ic1>> Ic2
UA1>> UA2
P. 6-5
Difference Amplifier
Output stage
P. 6-6
Difference Amplifier
Current Mirror
Output Stage
P. 6-7
P. 6-8
rCM
rCM
Output Resistances
P. 6-9
P. 6-10
P. 6-11
rCM
rE
uD
1
(i P i N )
2
u
CM
Common Mode Input Resistance rCM
1
(i P i N )
(Gleichtakteingangswiderstand)
rCM
Output Resistance
(Ausgangswiderstand )
rA
uA
i A u
P. 6-12
Ip
RCMN
UO
=
ud
+
ue
Ri
- = kue
In
RCMP
ua
Ib 50 fA (FET); Ib 1 A (Bipolar)
P. 6-13
-VCC
P. 6-14
Ip
RCMN
UO
=
ud
+
ue
Ri
- = kue
Ua (Ud U0 ) 0V
In
RCMP
ua
P. 6-15
U0
UO
U
U
O UV O t
UV
t
ip , i n
UN const.,U p const.
P. 6-16
U D ( )
Corresponds to the complex amplification
1 j 1 j
1
2
f1 10 Hz
Transfer Function
20 dB / Decade
f2 5 MHz
P. 6-17
k
xg
kg
xa
xa k ' xe xg k ' xe k g xa
1
k'
xe
x
xa
e
'
1
1 k kg
kg
'
k
1
xe fr k '
kg
Advantages:
Smaller amplification, but just dependent on kg if k is sufficently high
Selection of stabile circuit elements
independence on changes of amplifier properties
Band width (Frequenzbereich) becomes higher.
Input resistance of voltage Amplifiers
Output resistance
by current output
P. 6-18
Amplification
Amplification
k'
Amplification of the
system with feed
back
'
1 k kg
k'
1 k 'k g
fg' 1 k 'kg
P. 6-19
GBW V0 fg 0
P. 6-20
u A
SWR
t max
P. 6-21
V
CMR 20 lg
VCM
80120 dB
Signal-Noise-Ratio: SNR
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-22
P. 6-23
Ie 0
Ue 0
Ue
Ua
no cut-off frequency
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-24
Ua
20 lg
Ue
fg cut-off frequency
20 dB / Decade
ideal behaviour
real behaviour
fT
k'
k0'
f
1 j
fg
P. 6-25
P. 6-26
f1
Real amplifier
Many amplification stages
k'
k0'
f
f
f
1 j f 1 j f 1 j f
1
2
3
P. 6-28
Ip
ReN
UO
=
ud
Ri
ue
In
= kue
ua
ReP
P. 6-29
Rq
Ri
ue
Uq
= kue
IR
R1
In
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
ug
ua
R2
P. 6-30
Rq
Ri
ue
Uq
IR
= kue
R1
ua
ku
In
ug
R2
Uq 0, I p In 0
Input Mesh:
UO Ug 0
Ua (UO )
R1 R2
UO
R2
P. 6-31
Rq
Ri
ue
Uq
- = kue
IR
R1
ug
In
Influence of Ip
R2
Uq 0, UO 0, In 0
Ua (I p )
ua
R1 R2
Rq I p
R2
Uq 0, UO 0, I p 0
Input Mesh:
Ug 0
Ug In IR R2
In IR
Ua (In ) R1 In
P. 6-32
Rq
=
ue
Uq
Ri
- = kue
IR
R1
In
ug
ua
R2
Superposition principle
Ua (Uq ,UO ,I p ,In )
R1 R2
R2
R R
Uq UO Rq I p 1 2 In
R1 R2
R1 R2
R R2
Uq UO Rq I p In 1
Uq UO Rq IO
R2
R2
P. 6-33
Rq
UE
RDn Rq
R RG
Ua T
Ue
RG
P. 6-34
Ua (In ) RGIn
Ie
Ip over RDp has a similar influence to UO
Iq
Rq
RDp
RG
RDpIp RgIn
Ua (Ip ,In ) 1
Rq
RDp
RGRq
Rq RG
P. 6-35
P. 6-36
Subtraction
R4
V
R3
R4
i1
R2 R3 R4
V
R1 R2 R3
R3
-
u1
+
u2
R1
ua
R2
R1 R3
R2 R4
R4
V
R3
P. 6-37
R2
U a U 2 U1
R1
Amplification changes only by changing two resistances!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-38
U1 U2
IR1
R1
V1' IR1 R1 R2 U2
V2' U2 IR1 R2
Ua V2' V1'
Ua IR1 R1 2R2
2 R2
U 2 U1
U a 1
R1
P. 6-39
Multiplication
1
2
2
u1 u2 u1 u2 u1 u2
4
u1
u2
Xk
ua
ua k u1 u2
e. g. Thermal Transducer
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-40
Division
ig
Rg
Xk
i1
ug
R1
u2
u1
ua
ug k uau2
ug
kuau2
u1
ig
i 1
Rg
Rg
R1
Rg
ug
u1
R1
ug
Rg
u1
ua
k u2
k R1 u2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-41
ie
ig kG ua
ua k 'ie
'
+
ua
ua k 'ie
k'
IU
1
ie
kG
1
kG
Feedback Amplification
divide
Multiply
square root
square
integrate
differenciate
logarithmize
exponentiate
P. 6-42
++++
-- --
F pA
[As]
Q Charge
F Force
k Transfer Faktor
[N]
F
Uq
F0
Uq0
t
tq = RqCq
~1 s
43
Charge
Q ( t ) i ( t )d t
i (t )
dQ ( t )
du ( t )
C A
dt
dt
u A (t )
1
Q (t )
C
P. 6-44
Integration
PI-Regulator
Rg
ie R
e
ue
Cg
ua
Rg
1
ue
ue dt
Re
ReCg
ua
P. 6-45
Re
Ce
Cg
ua
Rg Ce
due
1
ua
u RgCe
ue dt
R C e
dt ReCg
g
e
P. 6-46
Xa (t ) Xe (t ) g(t )
g(t ) h(t )
t
Frequency Domain
Transfer Function
G( p) (g(t ))
X a ( p) ( X a (t ))
X e ( p) ( X e (t ))
Xa ( p) G( p) Xe ( p)
1
G( p)
h(t ) 1
p 2j
pt
x
(
t
)
e
dt
a
pt
x
(
t
)
e
dt
e
0
G( p) p t
e dt
p
j
F( j) g(t ) e jt dt Fourier(g(t ))
47
xa(t)
F(P)
1/F(P)
sensor
xe(t)= xa(t)
* g(t)
dynamic
correction
x e (t )
t:
1
xa t x a
k
Time constant
xe (t ) xa (t t ) dt xa (t ) * g (t )
0
Transfer Function:
g(t ) L11/ F (P )
1
2
1
x e (t ) x a
x a 2 xa
k
0
0
: Attenuation ratio
0: Angular frequency
of non attenuated oszillation
48
Zk
virtual ground
ie
Ze
ue
+
ua
Zg
ua
ue
Ze
49
50
51
Transfer Function
1
1
R1C
1
p
R2C
Transfer Function
PID-Regulator
t
R2
R2C
U
1 e
R1
Transfer Function
1
1
p
p
R
C
R
C
2 2
1 1
R2C2
p
Transfer Function
1
1
(t )
U R2 C1
t
R1C1R2C2
R1C1 R2C2
52
53
Low pass
Pass Band
Attenuation Band
High pass
Band pass
Notch
Passive Filter: R, L, C - Filter
Active Filter: Op-Amps, No Inductivities
sperr
54
1
2
(3dB)
55
Ue
Ua
G( p)
1
1 RCp
A0
n
1 ci p i
i 1
ci
n
real Filter-Coefficients
Order of the filter
n negative pols
P. 6-56
Active filter
57
Bessel (2):
Butterworth (3):
t gr
g
Tgr
t gr
2
58
59
4. Ordnung
1 RC with critical damping
2 Bessel
3 Butterworth
4 Tschebyscheff with 3 dB ripples
Butterworth
maximal constant
frequency response
10. Ordnung
P. 6-60
3 Butterworth
4 Tschebyscheff with 3 dB ripples
Bessel
Group delay time
independent on frequency
in the pass Band
P. 6-61
G(S)
S
Multiple feedback
A0
1 a1S a2S 2
p
j
g g
G(S)
R2 R1
R2R3
S 2gC1C2R2R3S 2
1 gC1 R2 R3
R1
Comparison of Coefficients A0 R2
R1
R2R3
a1 gC1 R2 R3
R1
a2 g2C1C2R2R3
62
A0
G(S)
1 a1S a2S 2
R2
A0
R1
RR
a1 gC1 R2 R3 2 3
R1
a2 g2C1C2R2R3
R1
R2
A0
C2 4a2 1 A0
C1
a12
a2
R3
4 2fg2C1C2R2
63
Low pass
High pass
Band pass
Z1 = R1
Z2 = open
Z3 = 1/s C1
Z4 = R2
Z5 = 1/s C2
Z1 = 1/s C1
Z2 = open
Z3 = R1
Z4 = 1/s C2
Z5 = R2
Z1 = R1
Z2 = open
Z3 = 1/s C1
Z4 = 1/s C2
Z5 = R3 // C3
64
Low pass
High pass
Band pass
Transfer function
A0
G(S)
1 a1S a2S 2
Amplification is hold on a
specific value
A0
A1 g C1R1 R2 1 R1C2
a2 g2C1C2R2R3
Prof. Dr.-Ing. O. Kanoun
Chair for Measurement and Sensor Technology
P. 6-66
A0
R3 ( 1)
a1 gRC1
a2 gRC
Critic
Damping
1,0
BesselFilter
ButterworthFilter
1,268
1,856
Tschebyscheff-Filter
with 1 dB ripple
1,955
P. 6-68
Resonance frequency
(Extreme low damping)
fr
1
2 RC
k
3k
Amplification at fr
Ar
Performance of rejection
f
1
Q r
f 3 k
69
Resonance frequency
(unfinite barrier effect)
fr
1
2 RC
Amplification
A0 k
Performance of rejection
f
1
Q r
f 2 (2 k )
70